Orientador: Gabriela Alves Macedo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T02:54:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fraga_LairaPriscila_M.pdf: 554432 bytes, checksum: 56119a190bf37124ca4c590d3059597c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Cutinases são enzimas amplamente encontradas na natureza, podendo ser obtidas de fontes vegetais ou microorganismos. Trata-se de uma esterase que atua tanto como esterase quanto como lipase, capaz de hidrolisar uma ampla variedade de ésteres sintéticos e triglicerídeos. Este perfil de atividade oferece-lhe um número de aplicações importantes nas indústrias como detergentes de roupas e louças, alimentos, fármacos, agroquímicos e cosméticos. Utilizando a fermentação em estado sólido (FES) é possível a produção de uma enzima com características interessantes de catálise, com baixo custo de produção e bom rendimento, e que possa ser empregada na indústria de modo geral. Este trabalho utilizou FES para produção de cutinase por Fusarium oxysporum utilizando sub-produtos agrícolas visando à seleção dos melhores meios e indutores para produção da enzima (utilizando fontes de carbono e minerais), otimização das condições de cultivo (avaliando os parâmetros temperatura e quantidade de água do meio além do estudo do inóculo), produção de cutinases utilizando diferentes substratos (farelo de trigo, casca de soja, farelo de arroz e produzida por meio líquido) e comparação entre eles, além da aplicação das enzimas em reações de esterificação para separação enantiomérica de substâncias racêmicas como o 2-octanol e o Ibuprofeno. De um modo geral o trabalho mostrou a produção de enzima de grande interesse comercial usando substratos diferentes e seu comportamento frente a reações de esterificação. Três meios sólidos foram selecionados (farelo de trigo, casca de soja e farelo de arroz) e suas condições de cultivo otimizadas (temperatura 28ºC e quantidade de água do meio 100%). Nos testes de aplicação das cutinases, para resolução enantiomérica do 2-octanol todas as cutinases tiveram bons valores de esterificação e enantioseletividade com destaque para farelo de trigo (76,4% de esterificação após 200 horas) e casca de soja (71,9% de esterificação após 200 horas). Para resolução do fármaco racêmico Ibuprofeno as cutinases mais efetivas foram as produzidas por farelo de arroz (5,1% de conversão após 200 horas) e meio líquido (2,9% de conversão após 200 horas). Esses resultados mostraram a diferença entre o comportamento de cutinases, do mesmo microorganismo, produzidas em diferentes meios, e a grande possibilidade de utilização de cutinases para processos de interesse industrial / Abstract: Cutinases enzymes are often found in nature and may be obtained from plant sources or microorganisms. This is an enzyme that acts both as esterases and as lipases, capable of hydrolyzed a several variety of synthetic esters and triglycerides. This activity profile gives a number of important applications in industries such detergents, clothes and dishes, foods, drugs, chemicals and cosmetics. Using solid state fermentation SSF it is possible production of an enzyme interesting of catalysis with low production cost and good yields, and it can be employed in the industries. This work used SSF for the cutinase production by Fusarium oxysporum using agro-industrial sub-products to find selection of the best media and inducer to enzyme production (using sources of carbon and minerals), optimization of fermentation conditions (modifying the parameters temperature and water amount and after the inoculum study), cutinases production using different substrates (wheat bran, soy rind, rice bran and produced by liquid medium), comparison among them and enzymes application in esterification reactions to enantiomeric separation of racemic substances such 2-octanol and drug Ibuprofen. In general the work showed enzyme production of great commercial interest using various substrates and their behavior in esterification reactions. Three solid media were selected (wheat bran, soy rind, and rice bran) and their fermentation conditions optimized (temperature 28ºC and water amount 100%). In tests of cutinases application for enantiomeric resolution of 2-octanol all cutinases had good values to esterification and enantioselectivity and the best results was using wheat bran (76.4% of esterification after 200 hours) and soy rind (71.9% of esterification after 200 hours). The test using racemic drug Ibuprofen the more effective resolution was found with cutinase produced by rice bran (5.1% of esterification after 200 hours) and liquid medium (2.9% of esterification after 200 hours). These results showed the difference among behavior of cutinases using same strain, produced by different media, and the great possibility of cutinases with interesting catalysis characteristics and it can be employed in the industry / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

Les travaux de recherche fondamentale présentés ici sont ancrés au cœur de la chimie organique de synthèse moderne, et plus particulièrement dans le domaine de la multi-organocatalyse énantiosélective. Dans ce manuscrit, nous avons identifié deux organocascades originales et démontré la pertinence synthétique de l'une d'elle par des applications en synthèse totale de produits naturels. L’originalité de ce travail repose sur l’utilisation d’un NHC de la classe des 1,3-imidazol-2-ylidenes comme base de Brønsted ou base de Lewis organocatalytique / The basic research work presented herein is anchored at the core of modern synthetic organic chemistry, and more specifically in the field of enantioselective multi-organocatalysis. In this manuscript, we have identified two original organocascades and demonstrated the synthetic relevance of one of these through applications in total synthesis. The originality of the work lies on the use of a 1,3-imidazol-2-ylidene NHC as an organocatalytic Brønsted or Lewis base.

Chloroperoxidase (CPO) is a heme-containing glycoprotein secreted by the marine fungus Caldariomyces fumago. Chloroperoxidase contains one ferriprotoporphyrin IX prosthetic group per molecule and catalyzes a variety of reactions, such as halogenation, peroxidation and epoxidation. The versatile catalytic activities of CPO coupled with the increasing demands for chiral synthesis have attracted an escalating interest in understanding the mechanistic and structural properties of this enzyme. In order to better understand the mechanisms of CPO-catalyzed enantioselective reactions and to fine-tune the catalytic properties of chloroperoxidase, asparagine 74 (N74) located in the narrow substrate access channel of CPO was replaced by a bulky, nonpolar valine and a polar glutamine using site-directed mutagenesis. The CPO N74 mutants displayed significantly enhanced activity toward nonpolar substrates compared to wild-type CPO as a result of changes in space and polarity of the heme distal environment. More interestingly, N74 mutants showed dramatically decreased chlorination and catalase activity but significantly enhanced epoxidation activity as a consequence of improved kinetic perfection introduced by the mutation as reflected by the favorable changes in kcat and kcat/KM of these reactions. It is also noted that the N74V mutant is capable of decomposing cyanide, the most notorious poison for many hemoproteins, as judged by the unique binding behavior of N74V with potassium cyanide. Histidine 105 (H105) was replaced by a nonpolar amino acid alanine using site-directed mutagenesis. The CPO H105 mutant (H105A) displayed dramatically decreased chlorination and catalase activity possibly because of the decreased polarity in the heme distal environment and loss of the hydrogen bonds between histidine 105 and glutamic acid 183. However, significantly increased enantioselectivity was observed for the epoxidation of bulky styrene derivatives. Furthermore, my study provides strong evidence for the proposed histidine/cysteine ligand switch in chloroperoxidase, providing experimental support for the structure of the 420-nm absorption maximum for a number of carbon monoxide complexes of heme-thiolate proteins. For the NMR study, [dCPO(heme)] was produced using 90% deuterated growth medium with excess heme precursors and [dCPO(Phe)] was grown in the same highly deuterated medium that had been supplemented with excess natural phenylalanine. To make complete heme proton assignments, NMR spectroscopy has been performed for high-resolution structural characterization of [dCPO(heme)] and [dCPO(Phe)] to achieve unambiguous and complete heme proton assignments, which also allows important amino acids close to the heme active center to be determined.

Ce travail de thèse s’est focalisé sur la formation de liaisons carbone-oxygène à partir d’alcènes et d’allènes non activés via des réactions intramoléculaires d’hydroalcoxylation ou d’hydroacylalcoxylation catalysées par des complexes de terres rares.Premièrement, la version racémique de ces réactions catalysées par deux systèmes différents a été étudiée : les tri-alkyls ainsi que les triflates de terres rares. Lors de cette étude, les différents effets stériques ou électroniques ainsi que les différentes substitutions sur l’insaturation ont été évalués. Pour les deux systèmes catalytiques, une sélectivité Markovnikov a été mise en évidence ; pour chacun de ces systèmes catalytiques deux mécanismes différents sont proposés. En effet, en plus des propriétés acide de Lewis, le fait que les alkyls de terres rares soient des bases de Brønsted, explique la différence de comportement catalytique des deux systèmes.Par la suite, ces réactions ont été étudiées dans leur version asymétrique. Pour cela, différents ligands chiraux ont été associés au triflate de scandium ; d’autre part, de nouveaux complexes mono-alkyl binaphtolate de terres rares dérivés des tri-alkyls ont également été synthétisés. Avec ces derniers, des éthers cycliques ont été obtenus avec des excès énantiomériques allant jusqu’à 34%.Etant donné que les triflates de terres rares ont montré une très bonne activité et que les mono-alkyl binaphtolates de scandium et d’yttrium ont conduit à d’encourageantes énantiosélectivités, il a été proposé de créer un nouveau complexe de terre rare muni de ligands chiraux associés par des liaisons ioniques ; les premiers essais de préparation de binaphtolate monotriflate de scandium et d’yttrium sont très prometteurs.Enfin, dans le cadre d’une collaboration, de nouveaux complexes de terres rares comportant des ligands dérivés de la BINAM ont été synthétisés et une étude RMN HMBC ¹H/¹ ⁵N a été réalisée afin de déterminer les différences forces de liaisons métal-azote. Ces complexes chiraux ont été notamment utilisés afin de mettre en évidence le concept de ligand relai avec la réalisation monotope de deux réactions métallocatalysée et organocatalysée consécutives. / This thesis is focused on intramolecular carbon-oxygen bond formation of non-activated alkenes and allenes by hydroalkoxylation or hydroacylalkoxylation reactions catalyzed by rare earths complexes.Firstly, the racemic version of these reactions catalyzed by two different systems has been studied: tri-alkyls and triflate rare earth. In this study, different steric or electronic effects and different substitutions on insaturations have been evaluated. For both systems, Markovnikov selectivity was evidenced; two different mechanisms for each system have been proposed. Indeed, in addition to the Lewis acid properties, the fact that rare earth alkyls are also Brønsted bases, could explain the difference of catalytic behavior of these systems.Thereafter, enantioselective versions of these reactions have been studied. For that, different chiral ligands have been associated on scandium triflate; on the other hand, new mono-alkyl binaphtholate complexes from tri-alkyl complexes have been synthesized. Therewith, cyclic ethers have been obtained with enantiomeric excesses up to 34%.As triflate rare earths have shown an excellent activity and yttrium and scandium mono-alkyl binaphtholate led to encouraging enantioselectivity, it has been proposed to create a new rare earth complex with chiral ligand associated with ionic bonds; the first tests of scandium and yttrium binaphtholate monotriflate preparation are very promising.Finally, in the frame of a collaboration, new rare earth complexes bearing ligands derived from BINAM have been synthesized and a HMBC ¹H/¹ ⁵N NMR study have been realized to determine the strength of the different carbon-nitrogen bonds. These chiral complexes have been especially used to highlight the concept of relay ligand with one pot consequent metallocatalyzed and organocatalyzed reactions.

L'organocatalyse, et plus particulièrement l'organocatalyse par les phosphines, est devenu au cours de ces dernières décennies un domaine incontournable en chimie organique. De nombreux groupes ont montré le potentiel des phosphines dans diverses transformations chimiques. Par exemple, on peut noter le développement des réactions de Rauhut-Currier, Morita-Baylis-Hillman, d'additions de Michael ou encore de cyclisations. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés aux réactions de cyclisations organocatalysées par les phosphines, pour la synthèse de molécules contenant le squelette spirooxindole. En effet, ce motif est présent dans de nombreux composés bioactifs et naturels. Une réaction de cyclisation [3+2] entre une oléfine activée et un allénoate a ainsi été mise au point, permettant l'accès à une nouvelle famille de spirooxindoles hautement fonctionalisés. Ces composés étant des analogues d'inhibiteurs de l'interaction MDM2-p53, leurs propriétés anticancéreuses ont ensuite été évaluées. Un composé possédant une constante d'inhibition (IC50) de 13 nM, similaire aux inhibiteurs précédemment décrits, a pu être mis en évidence.Lors de l'extension de cette réaction de cylisation [3+2], une nouvelle réactivité a pu être découverte. En effet, l'utilisation d'un allénoate substitué en position gamma par un groupement benzylique a permis de réaliser des cylisations [4+2] et ainsi former une nouvelle famille de spirocyclohexane-oxindoles.Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons également developpé l'utilisation d'une phosphine chirale, portant une chiralité hélicoïdale. Ces phosphahélicènes ont permis de réaliser des réactions de cyclisations [3+2] entre une oléfine et un alléne activé, avec des excès énantiomériques atteignant 97%. Ces cyclisations constituent les premiers exemples en organocatalyse utilisant une phosphine hélicoïdale et illustrent le potentiel des phosphahélicènes en organocatalyse énantiosélective. / This last decades, phosphine organocatalysis became an important field in organic chemistry. Various groups showed the potential of phosphines to promote a lot of reactions. For example, Rauhut-Currier reaction, Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction, Michael addition or cyclizations can be promoted by phosphines. During this thesis, we were particularly interested by cyclization reactions. Moreover, spirooxindole scaffold being present in many bioactive and natural compounds, we focused our attention on this scaffold. A [3+2] cyclisation methodology between electron poor olefins and allenoates has been developed to have access to a new family of highly functionalized spirooxindoles. These compounds being analogs of well know MDM2-p53 interaction inhibitors, we then evaluated them as anticancer agents. One of these compounds showed an inhibition constant (IC50) of 13 nm, which is similar to inhibitors previously describe. During the scope of the [3+2] cyclization methodology, a new reactivity of allenoate has been discovered. Indeed, allenoates bearing benzyl group on gamma position are able to induce [4+2] cylizations. With this new reactivity in hand, a family of highly susbtituted spirocyclohexane-oxindoles have been synthesized. This manuscript also reports the use of new family of chiral phosphines bearing a helical chirality and named phosphahelicenes. These helical catalysts were able to promote [3+2] cyclizations between electron poor olefins and activated allenes with enantiomeric excesses up to 97%. These cyclizations are the first examples of the use of helical phosphines in organocatalysis with high level of enantioselectivity.

11 Abstract Penicillin G acylases (PGAs) belong among enantioselective enzymes catalyzing a hydrolysis of stable amide bond in a broad spectrum of substrates, often having high application potential. PGAEc from Escherichia coli and PGAA from microorganism Achromobacter sp. CCM 4824 were used to catalyze enantioselective hydrolyses of seven selected N-phenylacetylated (N-PhAc) α/β-amino acid racemates. The PGAA showed higher stereoselectivity for three (S) enantiomers: N-PhAc-β-homoleucine, N-PhAc-α-tert- leucine and N-PhAc-β-leucine. We have constructed a homology model of PGAA that was used in molecular docking experiments with the same substrates. In-silico experiments reproduced the data from experimental enzymatic resolutions confirming validity of employed modeling protocol. We employed this protocol to evaluate enantiopreference of PGAA towards seven new substrates with application potential. For five of them, high enantioselectivity of PGAA was predicted for. PGAA was further studied in kinetically controlled syntheses of β-lactam antibiotics (SSBA). The PGAA was significantly more efficient at synthese of ampicillin and amoxicillin (higher S/H ratio and product accumulation) compared with PGAEc . Analogously to prediction of enantioselectivity of PGAA towards new substrates this protocol was applied...

Molecular modelling strategies for evaluation of enzyme selectivity wereinvestigated with a focus on principles of how molecular interactionscould be evaluated to provide information about selectivity. Althoughmolecular modelling provides tools for evaluation of geometrical andenergy features of molecular systems, no general strategies for evaluationof enzyme selectivity exist. Geometrical analyses can be based uponinspection and reasoning about molecular interactions, which provide aneasily accessible way to gain information, but suffer from the risk of biasput in by the modeller. They can also be based on geometrical features ofmolecular interactions such as bond lengths and hydrogen-bond formation.Energy analyses are appealing for their modeller independenceand for the possibility to predict not only stereopreference, but also itsmagnitude.In this thesis, four examples of enantio- or regioselective serinehydrolase-catalysed reaction systems are presented together with developedmodelling protocols for explanation, prediction or enhancement ofselectivity. Geometrical as well as energy-based methodology were used,and provided an understanding of the structural basis of enzymeselectivity. In total, the protocols were successful in making qualitative explanationsand predictions of stereoselectivity, although quantitative determinationswere not achieved.

La catalyse à l’Au(I) est un outil très puissant pour la synthèse d’hétérocycles, en particulier dans des réactions impliquant des alcynes ou des allènes. Il est notamment possible de l'appliquer dans la synthèse de molécules complexes et dans un contexte de synthèse totale. Au cours de ce travail de thèse, nous avons développé de nouveaux complexes d'Au(I) chiraux, mais également de nouvelles réactions catalytiques. Nous avons développé une nouvelle famille de phosphines chirales énantiopures à chiralité hélicoïdale, obtenues par une étape-clé de cyclotrimérisation [2+2+2] d’alcynes. Elles ont pu être engagées dans des étapes de fonctionnalisations tardives, de manière à modifier l’environnement stérique et de modifier l’excès énantiomérique obtenu lors des étapes catalytiques. Nous avons étudié la complexation des phosphines avec des sels d'Au(I). Les phosphahélicènes obtenus ont ensuite été évalués dans une réaction de cycloisomérisation, et une bonne activité catalytique et un excès énantiomérique atteignant 94 % a été mesuré. De nouvelles réactions de synthèse de dérivés spiroindoliques par catalyse à l’Au(I) ont aussi été mises au point, par le biais de réactions de cyclisation désaromatisante sur des N-propargyl tryptamines. Ainsi, de nouveaux spirooxindoles et de nouvelles spiroindolénines ont été synthétisées. Enfin, une réaction énantiosélective de cycloisomérisation d'un allenyl pyrrole a été mise au point en utilisant des complexes d'Au(I) chiraux. Elle a conduit à un intermédiaire synthétique avancé, qui a été converti en quelques étapes en (-)-rhazinilame, un produit naturel d'intérêt biologique. Ainsi nous avons décrit la plus courte synthèse totale de ce composé. / Au(I) catalysis is a powerfull tool for heterocycles synthesis, particularly in reactions involving alkynes or allenes. It can be applied both in the synthesis of complex molecules or in the context of total synthesis. During this PhD work, we have developed new chiral Au(I) complexes and new catalytic reactions. We have developed a new family of enantiopure chiral phosphines featuring helicoïdal chirality, obtained by a [2+2+2] cyclotrimerization of alkynes as key step. They have been engaged in late stage functionalization, so as to modify the steric environment and to modify the enantiomeric excess obtained during the catalytic steps. We then studied the phosphine complexation with Au(I) salts. The corresponding phosphahelicenes have been engaged in cycloisomerization reactions. With the best catalyst, a good catalytic activity and an enantiomeric excess of 94 % have been measured. New reactions catalyzed by Au(I) complexes for the synthesis of spiroindolic compounds have been studied, by dearomatizing cyclisation of N-propargyl tryptamines. With this approach, new spirooxindoles and new spiroindolenines have been synthetized. Finally, the enantioselective cycloisomerization of an allenyl pyrrole was studied with chiral Au(I) catalysts. This reaction led to an advanced intermediate, which was converted in few steps to (-)-rhazinilam, a natural product featuring interesting bioactivities. Thus we have described the shortest total synthesis of this natural compound.

Les hélicènes sont des composés polyaromatiques générant un squelette hélicoïdal. Si ces structures ont trouvé de nombreuses applications en chimie des matériaux, les résultats en catalyse asymétrique sont moins nombreux, surtout en ce qui concerne les hélices phosphorées. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons développé des nouvelles voies d'accès à des phosphines possédant une chiralité hélicoïdale, et où le phosphore est inclus dans l'hélice elle-même, à son extrémité. Les structures hélicoïdales souhaitées ont été synthétisées par deux méthodologies différentes, faisant intervenir soit une étape de photocyclisation diastéréosélective ou soit une réaction de cyclotrimérisation [2+2+2] d'alcynes. Les deux voies synthétiques développées font intervenir le même motif phosphindole. Les phophahélicènes synthétisés ont été évalués en tant que ligand en catalyse énantiosélective à l'or. Une bonne activité catalytique et des excès énantiomériques atteignant 96% ont été mesurés dans des réactions de cycloisomérisation d'énynes ou de cycloadditions [2+2] et [4+2].Les phosphahélicènes ont aussi été testés dans des réactions d'organocatalyse par les phosphines. Dans ce cas, des excès énantiomériques allant jusqu'à 97% ont été obtenus dans une réaction de cyclisation [3+2] entre une oléfine activée et un allénoate. / Helicenes are ortho-fused polyaromatic compounds in which benzene rings are angularly annulated to give helically-shaped molecules.Molecular scaffolds with helical chirality have been rarely used for building phosphorus ligands and catalysts. In this context, with the purpose of accessing unprecedented chiral auxiliaries for organo- and organometallic catalysis, we have synthesized new series of phosphahelicenes. These compounds have been prepared via two differents procedures: a diastereoselective photochemical cyclization and a [2+2+2] cyclotrimerisation of alkynes, starting from phosphindole as a key building block. These phosphahelicenes have been evaluated as chiral ligand in gold promoted cyclisation reactions. These helical gold complexes proved to be highly efficient both in terms of catalytic activity and enantioselectivity in enyne cycloisomerizations, [2+2] and [4+2] cycloaddition reactions. Phosphahelicenes have also been used in phosphine organocatalysis. Good yields and enantiomercic excesses up to 97% have been obtained in [3+2] cyclizations between olefins and allenoates.

No description available.