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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Reações de acoplamento-cruzado de heck catalisadas por metais de transição: um estudo mecanístico baseado na teoria do funcional de densidade / Transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling Heck reactions: A mechanistic study based on Density Functional Theory

Vitor Hugo Menezes da Silva 25 August 2017 (has links)
Neste trabalho, várias reações de Heck foram investigadas utilizando principalmente métodos baseados na Teoria do Funcional de Densidade (DFT). Na primeira parte foi proposto um novo ciclo catalítico de Heck, com etapas aniônicas e neutras combinadas desencadeado por um complexo de paládio (Pd) suportado por um ligante carbeno N-heterocíclico (NHC) inédito. Posteriormente, a influência estérica do ligante NHC foi investigada na seletividade da reação de Heck inicialmente estudada. Para o NHC pouco volumoso, a componente eletrônica era majoritária comparada às contribuições de caráter não-covalente. Entretanto, quando o NHC com maior impedimento estérico foi analisado, somente alguns funcionais de densidade (TPSS-D3, ωB97x-D, BP86-D3, e M06-L), juntamente com o método de função de onda DLPNO-MP2, foram capazes de predizer a tendência de seletividade experimental. Por fim, a natureza do metal foi analisada por meio de uma comparação entre catalisadores NHC de níquel (Ni) e Pd nas reações de Heck. Os resultados teóricos forneceram indícios mecanísticos para o entendimento da menor atividade catalítica usualmente encontrada nos processos envolvendo complexos NHC de Ni e da necessidade experimental da formação de complexos de Ni catiônicos para atingir uma maior eficiência catalítica nessas reações. Na segunda parte deste estudo, dois exemplos marcantes da literatura sobre as reações de Heck-Matsuda enantiosseletivas foram teoricamente investigadas. Os cálculos DFT mostraram a influência crucial do substrato (olefina) na seletividade destas reações. Em um dos casos a seletividade da reação foi aprimorada através dos dados mecanísticos fornecidos pelos cálculos DFT. / In this work, several examples of Heck reactions were investigated using mostly Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods. At the first part, a new Heck catalytic cycle was proposed with combined anionic and neutral steps initiated by a newly N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) based palladium (Pd) complex. Posteriorly, the influence of steric demanding of NHC ligand was investigated on selectivity of Heck reaction initially studied. In the case of small NHC ligand, the electronic component is more important than the noncovalent contributions. However, when the crowded NHC ligands were studied only selected density functionals (TPSS-D3, ωB97x-D, BP86-D3, e M06-L), and the wavefunction based method DLPNO-MP2, were capable to predict the experimental selectivity trends reported. Finally, the metal nature was analyzed by a comparison of the nickel (Ni) and Pd catalyzed Heck reactions. The theoretical results provided mechanistic insights that help to understand the low catalytic activity usually reported when Ni catalysts were used and the experimental requirement of cationic intermediates to achieve some efficiency for NHC-Ni-catalyzed Heck coupling. At second part, two representative examples from literature about the enantioselective Heck-Matsuda reactions were theoretically investigated. DFT calculations shown the crucial influence of substrate (olefin) on the selectivity of these reactions. One of cases studied, the selectivity of reaction was improved by the DFT results
62

Aldolisation des alpha-trialkylsilyl-alpha-diazoacétones induite par l'ion fluorure / Fluoride induced aldol reaction of α-trialkylsilyl-α-diazoacetones

Abid Walha, Imen 17 January 2017 (has links)
Les composés diazocétoniques sont des intermédiaires utiles en synthèse organique et l’élaboration de motifs diazocarbonylés est à ce titre un enjeu important. Les diazocétones terminales peuvent subir une addition sur des aldéhydes dans des conditions basiques pour conduire de façon convergente à des composés béta-hydroxy-alpha-diazocétoniques à fort potentiel synthétique. Dans ce contexte, notre projet visait à promouvoir ce type de réaction dans des conditions douces et peu basiques. La stratégie adoptée reposait sur l’utilisation des alpha-trialkylsilyl-alpha-diazoacétones et leur activation nucléophile spécifique par un ion fluorure. Dans un premier temps, la synthèse de la TES-diazoacétone a été optimisée, puis une étude approfondie des paramètres réactionnels a permis la mise au point de la réaction d’aldolisation de la TES-diazoacétone, induite par le TBAF. Deux protocoles expérimentaux faciles de mise en œuvre ont ainsi été mis en place pour conduire à une large gamme de béta-hydroxy-alpha-diazoacétones avec des rendements élevés. L’extension asymétrique de cette méthodologie a ensuite été étudiée en mettant en jeu un fluorure d’ammonium chiral dérivé d’alcaloïde de Cinchona conduisant à la formation des premières béta-hydroxy-alpha-diazoacétones énantioenrichies (e.e = 35%) avec des rendements élevés. Enfin, cette méthodologie a été étendue avec succès à la TIPS-diazoacétone. La robustesse du groupement protecteur TIPS permet d’envisager une large gamme de transformations synthétiques « methyl-side », sans induire une désilylation partielle de la position azométhine du diazo-aldol. Ceci ouvre la voie à l’exploration future de la réactivité des diazoaldols TIPS. / Diazoketones are valuable intermediates in organic synthesis and the elaboration of α-diazocarbonyl scaffolds has aroused a steady interest for many years. The terminal diazoketones can be added to aldehydes under basic conditions to produce beta-hydroxy-alpha-diazoketone compounds with a high synthetic potential. In this context, our project aimed at promoting this type of reaction under mild conditions without using a base. The strategy adopted was based on the use of α-trialkylsilyl-α-diazoacetones and their specific nucleophilic activation by a fluoride ion. Initially, the synthesis of α-trialkylsilyl-α-diazoacetone was optimized and then, an extensive study of the reaction parameters allowed the development of an efficient aldolisation of TES-diazoacetone induced by TBAF. The nucleophilic, weakly basic conditions employed tolerate a wide range of substrates and constitute a practical high-yielding experimental procedure. The asymmetric extension of this methodology was then studied by using a chiral ammonium fluoride derived from Cinchona alkaloid. The condition set up allowed to elaborate the first enantioenriched beta-hydroxy-alpha-diazoacetones (e.e = 35%) in high yields. Finally, this methodology was successfully extended to TIPS-diazoacetone. The robustness of the TIPS protective group makes it possible to envision a range of synthetic « methyl-side » transformations without desilylation of the azomethine position of the diazo-aldol. This study paves the way for future exploration of the reactivity of TIPS diazoaldols.
63

Characterization and Directed Evolution of an Alcohol Dehydrogenase : A Study Towards Understanding of Three Central Aspects of Substrate Selectivity

Hamnevik, Emil January 2017 (has links)
Many different chemicals are used in the everyday life, like detergents and pharmaceuticals. However, their production has a big impact on health and environment as much of the raw materials are not renewable and the standard ways of production in many cases includes toxic and environmentally hazardous components. As the population and as the life standard increases all over the planet, the demand for different important chemicals, like pharmaceuticals, will increase. A way to handle this is to apply the concept of Green chemistry, where biocatalysis, in the form of enzymes, is a very good alternative. Enzymes do not normally function in industrial processes and needs modifications through protein engineering to cope in such conditions. To be able to efficiently improve an enzyme, there is a need to understand the mechanism and characteristics of that enzyme. Acyloins (α-hydroxy ketones) are important building blocks in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. In this thesis, the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase A (ADH-A) from Rhodococcus ruber has been in focus, as it has been shown to display a wide substrate scope, also accepting aryl-substituted alcohols. The aim has been to study the usefulness of ADH-A as a biocatalyst towards production of acyloins and its activity with aryl-substituted vicinal diols and to study substrate-, regio-, and enantioselectivity of this enzyme. This thesis is based on four different papers where the focus of the first has been to biochemically characterize ADH-A and determine its mechanism, kinetics and its substrate-, regio-, and enantioselectivity. The second and third paper aims towards deeper understanding of some aspects of selectivity of ADH-A. Non-productive binding and its importance for enantioselectivity is studied in the second paper by evolving ADH-A towards increased activity with the least favored enantiomer through protein engineering. In the third paper, regioselectivity is in focus, where an evolved variant displaying reversed regioselectivity is studied. In the fourth and last paper ADH-A is studied towards the possibility to increase its activity towards aryl-substituted vicinal diols, with R-1-phenyl ethane-1,2-diol as the model substrate, and the possibility to link ADH-A with an epoxide hydrolase to produce acyloins from racemic epoxides.
64

Nouvelles applications de l'addition de Michael organo catalysée dans des réactions domino multicomposés énantiosélectives

Sanchez Duque, Maria del Mar 02 December 2011 (has links)
Au cours de ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à explorer le potentiel d’une réaction multicomposés initiée par une addition de Michael conduisant à des dérivés de 2,6-DABCO. Dans ce contexte, nous avons tout d’abord étudié l’étendue de la réaction en modifiant les différents partenaires et paramètres réactionnels. Dans le but de rendre ce procédé plus éco-compatible, l’utilisation de liquides ioniques recyclables a aussi été étudié. Dans certains cas, les liquides ioniques ont permis de s’affranchir du solvant organique toxique et du catalyseur hétérogène de la réaction. Enfin, afin de mettre en œuvre une synthèse multicomposés énantiosélective de 2,6-DABCO, nous avons été amenés à développer une nouvelle méthodologie d’addition de Michael énantiosélective organocatalysée de béta-cétoamides sur des dérivés carbonylés alpha,béta-insaturés. Ainsi, des adduits comportant un centre stéréogène quaternaire entièrement carboné ont pu être obtenus avec de bons rendements et des excès énantiomériques qui atteignent 99%. Une étude sur la réactivité de ces adduits nous a permis d’accéder à différentes familles de composés poly(hétéro)cycliques optiquement actifs d’un grand intérêt synthétique. / In this work, we explored the potential of a Michael addition-initiated multicomponent reaction leading to 2,6-DABCO derivatives. In this context, we first studied the scope of the reaction by changing the partners and the parameters of the reaction. In view of making the process more eco-friendly, the use of ionic liquids was also investigated and found that in some cases, the ionic liquids could replace the toxic organic solvent and the heterogeneous catalyst of the reaction. Finally, the implementation of an enantioselective multicomponent synthesis of 2,6-DABCO led us to develop a new methodology of an organocatalytic enantioselective Michael addition of beta-ketoamides to alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyls. In this way, adducts containing an all-carbon quaternary stereocenter were obtained in good yields and high to excellent enantiomeric excesses (up to 99%). The study of the reactivity of these adducts allowed the access to different families of optically active poly(hetero)cyclic compounds of high synthetic interest.
65

Additions de Michael stéréosélectives pour la formation de centres quaternaires chiraux / Stereoselective Michael additions for the creation of chiral quaternary stereocenters

Mailhol, Damien 15 December 2011 (has links)
Dans le contexte de la synthèse éco-compatible, la réactivité et le transfert de chiralité de sulfoximines dans quelques réactions domino ou consécutives diastéréosélectives ont été étudiés pour la synthèse de carbocycles et d’hétérocycles d’intérêt. L’emploi de béta-cétosulfoximines comme pronucléophiles dans des additions de Michael diastéréosélectives a aussi été étudié. Dans la plupart de ces cas, l’induction asymétrique de l’atome de soufre chiral s’est révélée faible. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié l’addition de Michael énantiosélective des cyclobutanones activées sur les nitroalcènes par une approche organocatalytique. En utilisant un catalyseur bifonctionnel, les produits attendus présentant deux centres stéréogènes contigus dont un quaternaire, ont pu être obtenus avec de très bons rendements et d’excellentes diastéréo- et énantiosélectivités. Le potentiel synthétique de ces dérivés cyclobutaniques a pu être démontré, en particulier pour la synthèse de gamma-lactones optiquement actives. / In the context of eco-compatible synthesis, reactivity and chirality transfer of sulfoximines in some domino or consecutive diastereoselective reactions have been studied for the synthesis of carbocycles and heterocycles of interest. The use of béta-ketosulfoximines as pronucleophiles in diastereoselective Michael additions has also been studied. In most of these cases, the asymmetric induction of chiral sulfur atom was low. Then, we investigated the enantioselective Michael addition of activated cyclobutanones onto nitroalkenes by an organocatalytic approach. The resulting adducts exhibit two contiguous chiral carbon atoms including an all-carbon quaternary stereocenter. They were obtained with very good yields and excellent diastereo-and enantioselectivities by using a bifunctional catalyst. The synthetic potential of these cyclobutane derivatives could be shown, especially for the synthesis of optically active gamma-lactones.
66

Approche combinée théorie-expérience pour la catalyse d’hydrogénation asymétrique / Combined approaches theory experiment for the asymmetrical catalysis of hydrogenation

Aloui, Asma 02 December 2010 (has links)
Plusieurs études ont rapporté l’influence de la pression d’hydrogène, plus précisément la concentration réelle en hydrogène dissous dans le milieu réactionnel, sur l’énantiosélectivité des réactions d’hydrogénations catalytiques intervenant des catalyseurs à base de rhodium. Cependant, l’identification de l’étape ou les étapes enantiodéterminantes ou limitantes ainsi que l’explication de l’effet de la pression d’hydrogène sur cet étape, exigent la détermination des constantes cinétiques de chaque étape élémentaire. Ce projet de recherche vise une telle détermination en combinant deux études expérimentale et théorique. Dans un premier temps, un système catalytique présentant deux effets opposés de la pression de l’hydrogène en fonction de la nature du substrat, a été identifié : un effet néfaste avec le M-acrylate (MAA) et un effet bénéfique avec l’E-emap. Ensuite, deux études ont été menées sur les réactions d’hydrogénation de ces deux substrats par le Rh(I) /(R,R)-Me-BPE. L’étude cinétique expérimentale est basée sur le modèle cinétique proposé par Halpern dans le but d’estimer les paramètres cinétiques des différentes étapes élémentaires, alors que celle théorique consiste à étudier les différents chemins réactionnels possibles par calcul DFT en utilisant le logiciel de modélisation Gaussian 03. L’exploitation des résultats obtenus a permis de revisiter les concepts clés de la catalyse d’hydrogénation asymétrique et de mener une discussion par rapport à la fiabilité des méthodes théoriques à prévoir l’expérience. / Several studies brought back the influence of the hydrogen pressure, more precisely the real hydrogen concentration dissolved in solution, on the enantioselectivity of the catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation for rhodium based catalysts. However to identify the enantiodetermining step(s), and to gain some further understanding on the hydrogen pressure-enantioselectivity relationship, the determination of the kinetic constants is required. We have thus embarked a project aiming such determination by coupling experimental work and theoretical chemistry. Two studies were undertaken on the asymmetric hydrogenation of both substrates by the Rh (I)/ (R,R)-Me-bpe catalyst. The experimental kinetic work study is based on the kinetic model suggested by Halpern in order to estimate the parameters kinetic of each elementary step, whereas that theoretical, consists in studying the various possible pathways by DFT calculation using the software of modelling Gaussian 03. The analysis of the obtained results made it possible to revisit the concepts’ key of the catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation and to hold a discussion about the reliability of the theoretical methods to envisage the experiment.
67

Die Zirconiumalkoxid-katalysierte Aldol-Tishchenko-Reaktion von Keton-Aldolen / The zirconium alkoxide-catalyzed aldol-Tishchenko reaction of ketone aldols

Hansch, Markus 27 January 2005 (has links)
No description available.
68

Modulating Enzyme Functions by Semi-Rational Redesign and Chemical Modifications : A Study on Mu-class Glutathione Transferases

Norrgård, Malena A January 2011 (has links)
Today, enzymes are extensively used for many industrial applications, this includes bulk and fine-chemical synthesis, pharmaceuticals and consumer products. Though Nature has perfected enzymes for many millions of years, they seldom reach industrial performance targets. Natural enzymes could benefit from protein redesign experiments to gain novel functions or optimize existing functions. Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are detoxification enzymes, they also display disparate functions. Two Mu-class GSTs, M1-1 and M2-2, are closely related but display dissimilar substrate selectivity profiles. Saturation mutagenesis of a previously recognized hypervariable amino acid in GST M2-2, generated twenty enzyme variants with altered substrate selectivity profiles, as well as modified thermostabilities and expressivities. This indicates an evolutionary significance; GST Mu-class enzymes could easily alter functions in a duplicate gene by a single-point mutation. To further identify residues responsible for substrate selectivity in the GST M2-2 active site, three residues were chosen for iterative saturation mutagenesis. Mutations in position10, identified as highly conserved, rendered enzyme variants with substrate selectivity profiles resembling that of specialist enzymes. Ile10 could be conserved to sustain the broad substrate acceptance displayed by GST Mu-class enzymes. Enzymes are constructed from primarily twenty amino acids, it is a reasonable assumption that expansion of the amino acid repertoire could result in functional properties that cannot be accomplished with the natural set of building blocks. A combination approach of site-directed mutagenesis and chemical modifications in GST M2-2 and GST M1-1 resulted in novel enzyme variants that displayed altered substrate selectivity patterns as well as improved enantioselectivities. The results presented in this thesis demonstrate the use of different protein redesign techniques to modulate various functions in Mu-class GSTs. These techniques could be useful in search of optimized enzyme variants for industrial targets. / biokemi och organisk kemi
69

Synthesis and Evaluation of Functionalized Dirhodium(II) Carboxylate Catalysts Bearing Axially Chiral Amino Acid Derivatives / 軸性不斉アミノ酸リガンドを有する官能基化されたロジウムカルボキシラート触媒の合成と反応開発

Wenjie, Lu 23 March 2017 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(薬科学) / 甲第20303号 / 薬科博第72号 / 新制||薬科||8(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院薬学研究科薬科学専攻 / (主査)教授 川端 猛夫, 教授 高須 清誠, 教授 竹本 佳司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences / Kyoto University / DGAM
70

Compréhension et prédiction de l'énantiosélectivité des lipases / Comprehension and prediction of lipases enantioselectivity

Lafaquière, Vincent 19 January 2010 (has links)
Cette étude a porté sur l’analyse de l’énantiosélectivité de la lipase de Burkholderia cepacia (BCL) pour les acides 2-substitués, synthons chiraux d’intérêt pharmaceutique, avec pour objectif d’examiner le rôle de l’accès au site actif enfoui de BCL sur l’énantiosélectivité et de développer une procédure d’ingénierie permettant de créer des mutants d’énantiosélectivité améliorée. Pour traiter le problème, une nouvelle approche de calcul, basée sur des algorithmes de planification de mouvements issus de la robotique a été développée. Elle permet l’exploration conformationnelle des espaces multi-dimensionnels contraints et a été appliquée au calcul des trajectoires de plusieurs racémiques dans le site actif de BCL et à l’identification de résidus pouvant potentiellement gêner le déplacement du substrat le long du site actif. Les résultats obtenus in silico ont révélé une corrélation qualitative avec les valeurs d’énantiosélectivité et ont permis de proposer des cibles de mutagénèse. Sur cette base, l’ingénierie du site actif de BCL a été entreprise pour moduler sélectivement l’accès des énantiomères R et S à la triade catalytique. Un système d’expression hétérologue de BCL chez E. coli compatible avec une expression en microplaque, a été développé. Une librairie de 57 (3x19) mono-mutants sur les positions : Leu17, Val266 et Leu287 a été construite par iPCR puis criblée en utilisant une procédure à moyen débit pour identifier les variants actifs pour l’hydrolyse du pNPB. L’énantiosélectivité de ces mutants a ensuite été évaluée pour l’hydrolyse du racémique (R,S)-2 bromophényl acétate de 2-chloro-éthyle, par utilisation d’une nouvelle procédure de criblage en deep-wells. Ce crible a permis de mettre en évidence plusieurs mutants dont les plus prometteurs ont été caractérisés. Ainsi les mutants Leu17Ser et Leu17Met présentent une augmentation de l’énantiosélectivité d’un facteur 10 accompagnée d’une augmentation de leur activité d’un facteur 4 à 5. Le mutant Val266Gly présente, quant à lui, une inversion de l’énantiosélectivité pour le substrat d’intérêt. L’étude des trajectoires par les techniques de planification combinée à une représentation sous la forme de carte de voxels a été réalisée en parallèle. Pour les mutants sélectionnés, une bonne corrélation a été observée entre les résultats obtenus in silico et expérimentalement. De plus, cela a permis de proposer de nouvelles combinaisons de mutations ayant conduit à l’identification de deux double-mutants Leu17Met/Val266Met et Leu17Ser/Leu287Ile d’énantiosélectivité supérieure à 150 pour le substrat modèle, révélant ainsi l’intérêt de l’approche semi-rationnelle proposée / This work has been focused on the understanding of the Burkholderia cepacia lipase (BCL) enantioselectivity towards 2-substituted acids which are chiral building blocks of pharmaceutical interest. The main objective of this work was the investigation of the potential role of substrate accessibility toward the buried active site of BCL on enantioselectivity and the development of an engineering procedure for the design of enantioselective mutants. To study further this hypothesis, a novel computational approach, based on motion-planning algorithms, originally used in robotics, was developed. It allows the conformational exploration of constrained high-dimensional spaces and was applied to the computation of trajectories for a set of racemates within the catalytic site. This methodology also enables the identification of residues potentially hindering substrates displacement along the active site. Results obtained in silico were correlated qualitatively with experimental values of enantioselectivity. On the basis of these results, engineering of the narrow active site of BCL has been undertaken to modulate selectively the access of R and S enantiomers to the catalytic triade. An heterologous expression system of BCL in E. coli compatible with production at microplate scale was developed. A library of 57 (3x19) variants targeted at positions Leu17, Val266 and Leu287 was built by iPCR and subsequently screened using a medium-throughput procedure to identify active variants against pNPB hydrolysis. Next, the enantioselectivity of these mutants was evaluated towards a given racemate, the (R,S)-2-chloro ethyl 2-bromophenylacetate, using a novel screening procedure developed in deep wells. Such screening enabled the identification of several variants amongst which the most promising were characterized. Mutants Leu17Ser and Leu17Met showed a remarkable 10-fold increase of their enantioselectivity and a 4- and 5-fold improvement of their specific activity. Compared to the wild-type enzyme, mutant Val266Gly displayed a reversed enantioselectivity for the substrate of interest. Investigation of the trajectories using motion-planning techniques combined to a voxel map representation was carried out. For selected variants, a fair correlation was observed between in silico and experimental results. Moreover, this enabled us to suggest novel combinations of mutations that led to the identification of two double-mutants Leu17Met/Val266Met and Leu17Ser/Leu287Ile showing an enantioselectivity value higher than 150 for the racemic substrate, revealing thus the effiency of the semi-rational strategy

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