Film is a medium which is mainly used for entertainment. It is a medium that is constantly expanding, and beside from it being a relaxing activity it can also be used for educational purposes. This is an aspect of film that should be valued, since it has the possibility to engage, educate and move its viewers. This is a study which aim is to analyze how employees within the care of disabled in Umeå have perceived educational movies. The movies that the staff has watched are a part of a basic training program, which all employees are required to fulfill. It is a total of three movies that have been watched by the workers. To examine their opinions six qualitative interviews were held with members of the staff. This study has therefor analyzed the employees’ views of the movies, rather than the movies themselves. The interviews were later analyzed in relation to the study’s theories, which include reception analyses, encoding/decoding and learning within an organization.The study has shown that the educational movies had both positive and negative aspects. When it comes to the movies' content, the informants had mostly positive things to say. They liked the information, the way the movies were made and have in some aspects incorporated what they learnt from the movies in their everyday life. When it comes to the experience of watching the movies, the informants have a more negative view. This mostly comes from the fact that they were disturbed while watching the movies, but also tired since they watched the movies late in the afternoon. These factors made it hard for the employees to concentrate while watching the movies.The study have shown that both the movies' content and the experience of watching the movies play two key roles in how the employees have perceived them. It is important that both parts satisfy the staff, in order for the organization to get their message across.

Steganography is a technique which hides secret information. In this work, we will hide a secret information in the packets which are produced during a Skype call. Skype is one of the best known and the most widely used VoIP applications. We will propose, describe and implement a steganography method by which we will send the secret message during the Skype call. For embedding the message into packets and extracting them, we will use steganographic method called matrix encoding. To avoid packet loss, we will increase the robustness of this method by error-correcting and self-synchronising codes. As error-correcting codes, we will use the binary Hamming (7, 4) -codes and for the self-synchronising, we will use T-codes. 1

The rise of XML as a de facto standard for document and data exchange has created a need to store and query XML documents in relational databases, today's de facto standard for data storage. Two common strategies for storing XML documents in relational databases, a process known as document shredding, are Interval encoding and ORDPATH Encoding. Interval encoding, which uses a fixed mapping for shredding XML documents, tends to favor selection queries, at a potential cost of O(N) for supporting insertion queries. ORDPATH Encoding, which uses a looser mapping for shredding XML, supports fixed-cost insertions, at a potential cost of longer-running selection queries. Experiments conducted for this research suggest that the breakeven point between the two algorithms occurs when users offer an average 1 insertion to every 5.6 queries, relative to documents of between 1.5 MB and 4 MB in size. However, heterogeneous tests of varying mixes of selects and inserts indicate that Interval always outperforms ORDPATH for mixes ranging from 76% selects to 88% selects. Queries for this experiment and sample documents were drawn from the XMark benchmark suite.

The inhomogeneous B1 field at higher main fields (B0) becomes more serious, leading to unsatisfactory MR image quality. To improve the signal homogeneity of routinely used T1-weighted image, usually acquired by a well-known sequence, Magnetization Prepared Rapid Acquisition Gradient Echo (MPRAGE), a new pulse sequence, Magnetization Prepared 2 Rapid Acquisition Gradient Echoes (MP2RAGE), was proposed in 2009. This technique acquires two sets of high-resolution three- dimentional images at different inversion times after a series of inversion pulses. After any of two simple calculations of the raw images (Ratio or MP2RAGE reconstruction), the output volume was obtained with dramatically reduced spatial inhomogenuity of MR signal. In this study, the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) optimation at 3 T was implemented independently to reproduce the previous results of other group. After that, the simulation of scanning parameters was done to optimize CNR of brain tissue at 1.5 T according to different encoding methods, different pulse sequences, and different reconstruction algorithms. Phantom and human experiments were carried on a 1.5 T scanner for further validation. The results of phantom experiment showed that both MP2RAGE and Ratio reconstructions can achiever better B1 homogeneity than MPRAGE, even with the vendor-equipped correction packages, SCIC and PURE. In addition, the agreement was made between simulation and in-vivo imaging that MP2RAGE provides higher CNR than Ratio when centric encoding also outduels linear encoding.

Colours have been proven to have both a great physical and psychological impact on human beings. This essay investigates the rebranding of 37 Health Care Centers, located in Norrbotten, Sweden, and how 10 interviewees have experienced the new choice of colour on the logotypes of these Health Care Centers. The theoretical framework used in this research process, consists of theories related to rebranding, the communication process, encoding/decoding and Goethe’s Theory of Colours. To gather information about how the 10 inhabitants have experienced the new choice of colour, a semistructured form of interview was used. In addition to these interviews, three people employed by Norrbotten County Council (NLL) were interviewed, to get to know more about the rebranding process and the message behind the chosen colours of the logotype. Results show that the inhabitants had an overall positive reaction to the new colour choices, but that younger target groups lacked information about the new logotype and the rebranding. Due to these results, recommendations were made that NLL should expand the quantity of media channels to reach these younger target groups, and thereby be able to attract more patients to their Health Care Centers. NLL would also profit from investigating the inhabitants experiences related to the new colour choices themselves, but in a larger scale, to achieve greater knowledge of how to proceed with colour choices in the future.

Il y a plus de soixante-dix ans que la résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) a été découverte, mais elle est toujours prospère et vivante, couvrant un large éventail d'applications dans les sciences, technologies et industries. Une application omniprésente de la résonance magnétique nucléaire est une technique d'imagerie appelée imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM), qui a trouvé beaucoup d'applications en médecine, sciences, et technologie. Les techniques de transformation de Fourier dites par ''encodage dans l’espace k'' sont des méthodes d'IRM basées sur l'acquisition d'un signal de résonance magnétique en fonction d’un paramètre "k" qui sera ensuite transformé en une image par transformation de Fourier. Aujourd'hui, les techniques de Fourier sont les plus importantes en IRM, mais il existe des alternatives parmi lesquelles ''l'encodage spatial'', qui est le sujet principal de cette thèse. Dans l’encodage spatial (également connu sous le terme d’encodage temporel ou encodage spatiotemporel), l'acquisition du signal s'effectue de telle manière que l'intensité du signal ressemble à l'objet. Par conséquent, dans l'encodage spatial, la transformation de Fourier n'est pas nécessaire pour la reconstruction de l'image.Il a été montré que les techniques d'imagerie hybride à balayage unique, qui utilisent l'encodage k traditionnel dans une direction et l'encodage spatiotemporel dans l'autre, sont supérieures aux méthodes traditionnelles qui utilisent l'encodage k dans les deux directions, notamment pour supprimer les effets de variations de fréquence (causées par des champs magnétique inhomogènes, ou par la présence de plusieurs déplacements chimiques, ou toute autre source de variations de fréquence), et conduisent à des images beaucoup moins déformées que les méthodes d'imagerie traditionnelles. Dans cette thèse, l'idée de l'imagerie par résonance magnétique par encodage spatial sera discutée. La formation de l'image et les propriétés des images résultant de différentes séquences d'encodage spatial seront brièvement étudiées.Les effets de la diffusion sur une séquence hybride établie appelée "acquisition rapide par excitation séquentielle et refocalisation" (RASER) sont étudiés. On montrera que dans les séquences d'encodage spatial, l'atténuation du signal due à la diffusion n'est souvent pas uniforme sur l’ensemble de l'objet, provoquant un contraste trompeur dans l'image. Afin d'éliminer ce faux contraste, une séquence d'impulsion comprenant deux impulsions balayées en fréquence (DC-RASER) est proposée. Les résultats expérimentaux sont conformes à nos prévisions théoriques sur les effets de la diffusion dans ces séquences. Ils confirment que l'atténuation du signal due à la diffusion est uniforme sur l’ensemble de l’objet.Afin de développer les applications de l'encodage spatial à balayage unique, nous montrons comment on peut améliorer le contraste dans la séquence originale RASER. En changeant le déroulement de la séquence d'impulsions, nous avons réalisé une variante de RASER appelée RASER avec écho décalé (ES-RASER), qui fournit un niveau de contraste réglable.Enfin, nous montrons comment on peut améliorer quelques aspects des séquences à encodage temporel disponibles. En réarrangeant les gradients positifs et négatifs, nous montrons comment on peut réduire la vitesse de la commutation des gradients. Ceci est important, car une commutation rapide des gradients n'est pas toujours techniquement possible et peut en plus stimuler involontairement le système nerveux du patient. En utilisant un gradient supplémentaire, nous avons pu modifier l'ordre de détection dans la séquence originale d’encodage temporel. Cela conduit à un temps d'écho identique pour tous les échos, et à une atténuation uniforme du signal due à la relaxation. Finalement, nous montrons comment on peut répartir l’acquisition des séquences d'encodage temporel de façon entrelacée, afin de réduire l'atténuation du signal due à la diffusion. / Although Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) has been discovered more than seventy years ago, it is still thriving and alive, covering a broad spectrum of applications in science, technology and industry. One of the most ubiquitous applications of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance is an imaging technique dubbed Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), which has found many applications in science, technology, and particularly in medicine. Fourier or k-encoding techniques are MRI methods based on acquiring a magnetic resonance signal as a function of the parameter “k”, a subsequent Fourier transform then will convert the signal to an image. Although nowadays Fourier techniques are prominent in MRI, there are other alternatives, among which spatial encoding, the main subject of this dissertation, should be mentioned. In spatial encoding (also known as time- or spatiotemporal-encoding), signal acquisition is performed in such a way that the signal intensity itself resembles the object. Consequently, in spatial encoding there is no need for a Fourier transform for image reconstruction.Single-scan hybrid imaging techniques that use traditional k-encoding in one direction, and spatial (time-)encoding in the other have been shown to be superior to traditional full k-encoding methods (that use k-encoding in both directions) in suppressing the effects of frequency variations (caused by inhomogeneous magnetic fields, the presence of more than one chemical shift, or any other frequency variation) and lead to images that are much less distorted than traditional single-scan imaging methods. In this dissertation the main idea behind spatial encoding magnetic resonance imaging will be introduced. Image formation and image properties in different spatial encoding sequences will also be briefly investigated.Then, the effects of diffusion on an established hybrid sequence called “Rapid Acquisition by Sequential Excitation and Refocusing, RASER” are investigated. It will be shown that in spatial encoding sequences, the attenuation of the signal due to diffusion is often not uniform across the entire object, leading to misleading contrast in the image. In order to eliminate this misleading contrast, a double-chirp RASER (DC-RASER) pulse sequence is proposed in this work. The experimental results are in accordance with our theoretical investigations about the effects of diffusion in these sequences. They also confirm that the signal attenuation due to diffusion is uniform, as expected theoretically for DC-RASER.In order to develop applications of single-scan spatial encoding MRI we show how one can enhance the contrast in the original RASER sequence. By changing the timing of the pulse sequence, we achieved a variant of RASER called Echo-Shifted RASER (ES-RASER), which provides a tunable contrast level.Finally, we show how one can improve a few aspects of the available time-encoding sequences. By rearranging positive and negative gradients we show how one can reduce the switching rate of the gradients. This is important because fast gradient switching is not always technically feasible; in addition, it may unwittingly stimulate the patient’s nervous system. By using an additional gradient we can change the detection order in the original time-encoding sequence. This leads to an identical echo-time for all echoes, and hence a uniform signal attenuation due to relaxation. Furthermore, we show how one can implement time-encoding sequences in an interleaved fashion in order to reduce signal attenuation due to diffusion.

Steganography is a technique which hides secret information. In this work, we will hide a secret information in the packets which are produced during a Skype call. Skype is one of the best known and the most widely used VoIP applications. We will propose, describe and implement a steganography method by which we will send the secret message during the Skype call. For embedding the message into packets and extracting them, we will use steganographic method called matrix encoding. To avoid packet loss, we will increase the robustness of this method by error-correcting and self-synchronising codes. As error-correcting codes, we will use the binary Hamming (7, 4) -codes and for the self-synchronising, we will use T-codes. 1

In this thesis, a method for encoding and decoding arrays in systems based on the standard High Level Architecture is presented. High Level Architecture is a standard in the simulation industry, which enables interoperability between different simulation systems. When simulations share specific data with other simulations, they always send all parts of the data. This can become quite inefficient when the data is of an array type and only one or a few of its elements' values have changed. The whole array is always transmitted regardless whether the other simulations in the system need all elements or just the ones that have been modified since the last transmission. Therefore there might be more traffic on the network than needed in these cases. The proposed method, named Temporal Sparse Encoding, only encodes the modified elements when it needs to, plus some additional bytes as overhead, that allows for only sending updated elements. The method is based on the concept of sparse arrays and matrices, and is inspired by the Coordinate format, which uses extra arrays with indices referring to specific elements of interest. In a small simulation system, acting as a testing environment, it is shown how Temporal Sparse Encoding can save both time and above all, bandwidth, when sharing updates. Each test was carried out 10 times and in each test case 1 000 updates were transmitted. In each test case the transmission time was measured and the compression ratio was calculated by dividing the number of bytes in the encoding containing all elements by number of bytes in the encoding containing just the updated ones. The biggest compression ratio was calculated to be 750.13 and came from when 1 out of 1 000 elements were updated and transmitted. The smallest compression ratio was 1.00 and came from all the cases where all the array's elements were updated and transmitted. Some of the conclusions that were made was that the Temporal Sparse Encoding can save up to 33% of the time compared to the standard encoding and that a lot of the transmission time is spent on extracting elements once they have been decoded. These findings suggest that endeavors in optimization should be focused at the language level, specifically on management of data, rather than the transmission of data when there is not a lot of traffic occurring on the network.

No description available.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1992 / Town and Country Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California / In the event of a NASA Space Shuttle mission landing at the While Sands Missile Range, White Sands, New Mexico, a data communications system for processing Shuttle’s telemetry data has been installed there in the Master Control Telemetry Station, JIG-56. This data system required a Viterbi decoder since the Shuttle’s data is convolutionally encoded. However, the Shuttle uses a nonstandard code, and the manufacturer which in the past has provided decoders for Shuttle support, no longer produces them. Since no other company produced a Viterbi decoder designed to decode the shuttle’s data, it was necessary to develop the required decoder. The purpose of this paper is to describe the functional performance requirements and design of this decoder.