Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:42:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1331628 bytes, checksum: d23d15fc5ae8b94e243a3f2ec1f29ed1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Embrapa Dairy has been developing for 25 years the National Program for Improvement of Dairy Gir - PNMGIL - which aims to promote the breeding Gir through the selection of top bulls. The program uses information from progeny of bulls on test, it is important to have information on paternity, since misidentification of membership can affect the genetic gain. This work used molecular markers to verify the pedigree of animals belonging to PNMGIL, check the frequency of paternity errors by farms and bull tested, verify the frequency of alleles in the analyzed population and the efficiency of markers used. Blood samples from 303 daughters were collected of 55 bulls from 74 different farms, 15 farms Gir pure and 59 of Gir x Holstein. 11 markers belonging to Kit StockMarks for Cattle® Bovine Paternity PCR Typing and five additional markers recommended by ISAG (International Society of Animal Genetics) were used. PCR products were analyzed on DNA sequencer MegaBACE 1000. The analysis of the fragments was done in the Fragment Profiler software and the application software POPGENE 1.32 was used to calculate observed and expected heterozygosity, allelic frequency and number of alleles. PIC values were calculated in the program PowerStats v1.2 and SAS ® software was used to estimate errors frequencies per farms. Paternity exclusion was seen when two or more markers were not shared between father and daughter. We found a total of 18.15% of paternity errors in all cases analyzed. Errors of 19.28% and 17.73% were found on Gir cattle farms and Gir x Holstein, respectively. The 55 tested bulls, in 22 were not errors observed and 33 presented at least one error of paternity. The bulls with semen for insemination of more widespread cows had a greater number of errors when compared to bulls with semen less widespread. The markers with highest number of alleles were ETH3, 11-3 and 28-2 with 17 alleles each and a marker with the lowest was the BM1824 with 9 alleles. The mean expected and observed heterozygosity of the markers were 0.7682 and 0.7136, respectively. The average PIC for all markers was 0.78, ranging from 0.59 (ETH3) to 0.86 (28-2), values which show high polymorphisms rate to markers. Combined power of exclusion for the markers used in this study was higher than 99.99%, showing that they were efficient to perform the paternity test while not specific to the population studied. Using the most informative markers for the population tested can reduce the number of markers used, which could reduce the cost of paternity testing. For this, a specific panel for zebu must be prepared. / A Embrapa Gado de Leite e a ABCGIL vêm desenvolvendo há 25 anos o Programa Nacional de Melhoramento de Gir Leiteiro PNMGIL que tem como objetivo promover o melhoramento genético da raça Gir por meio da seleção de touros geneticamente superiores, por meio de informações de suas progênies. Para avaliação genética dos touros em teste de progênie utiliza-se as informações das suas filhas, sendo importante a precisa informação de paternidade, uma vez que erros de identificação de filiação podem afetar o ganho genético. O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar marcadores moleculares para verificar a genealogia de animais pertencentes ao PNMGIL, verificar a freqüência de erros de paternidade encontrada por fazenda e touro analisados, a freqüência dos alelos encontrados na população e a eficiência dos marcadores utilizados. Para isso foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 303 filhas de 55 touros diferentes em 74 fazendas, sendo 15 fazendas criadoras de Gir puro e 59 criadoras de Gir x Holandês. Foram analisados 11 marcadores pertencentes ao Kit StockMarks for Cattle® Bovine Paternity PCR Typing recomendados pela ISAG (International Society of Animal Genetics) e cinco marcadores adicionais. Os produtos de PCR foram analisados no seqüenciador de DNA Megabace 1000, a análise dos fragmentos foi feita no software Fragment Profiler e os valores de heterozigosidade esperada e observada, freqüência alélica e número de alelos foram calculados com o aplicativo POPGENE 1.32. Os valores de PIC (conteúdo polimórfico informativo) foram calculados no programa PowerStats v1.2 e os valores das freqüências de erros por fazendas foram calculados no software SAS®. A exclusão de paternidade foi considerada quando os alelos de dois ou mais marcadores não foram compartilhados entre pai e filha. Foi encontrado um total de 18,15% de erros de paternidade em todos os casos analisados. Erros de 19,28% e 17,73% foram encontrados nas fazendas de gado Gir e Gir x Holandês, respectivamente. Analisando o número de erros por touros foi encontrado que 22 touros não apresentaram erros e 33 touros tiveram pelo menos um erro de paternidade. Os touros com sêmen mais difundido para inseminação das vacas apresentaram maior número de erros, quando comparados aos touros com sêmen menos difundido. Os marcadores com maior número de alelos foram o ETH3, 11-3 e 28-2 com 17 alelos cada um e o marcador com menor número foi o BM1824 com 9 alelos. As médias da heterozigosidade esperada e observada dos marcadores foram de 0,7682 e de 0,7136, respectivamente. O valor médio de PIC para todos os marcadores foi de 0,78, variando de 0,59 (ETH3) a 0,86 (28-2), valores que demonstram o alto índice de polimorfismo dos marcadores. O poder de exclusão combinado para os marcadores utilizados no presente estudo foi maior que 99,99%, mostrando que estes foram eficientes para realização do teste de paternidade mesmo não sendo específicos para a população analisada. Utilizando-se marcadores mais informativos para a população analisada pode-se reduzir o número de marcadores utilizados, o que poderá diminuir o custo dos testes de paternidade. Para isso, um painel específico para zebuínos deve ser elaborado.

The present work examines the debate about the permissibility of conversion in the Parsi community of India. It explores the historical development of the debate with a focus on the main groups and their ideologies. It shows that both of the sides of the debate aimed to formulate their convictions in a Westernized language for a greater social prestige, while in both cases largely preserving the traditional endogamic rules in practice.

The present work examines the debate about the permissibility of conversion in the Parsi community of India. It explores the historical development of the debate with a focus on the main groups and their ideologies. It shows that both of the sides of the debate aimed to formulate their convictions in a Westernized language for a greater social prestige, while in both cases largely preserving the traditional endogamic rules in practice.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:48:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alceu Lourenco Souza Jr.pdf: 1426049 bytes, checksum: a43ba9fd5ed8a97a9fd393b5638d130b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-03 / The religious endogamy is a social institution historically well established in the Presbyterian tradition. However, an important part of church members get involved emotionally, dating and marrying people outside of approved religious group. This study researched how was the spread, maintenance and social legitimacy of endogamy concept in the Brazilian Presbyterianism, since the missionary Presbyterianism introduction in the country, trying to understand how religious endogamy has been justified in brazilians social and religious plurality. This study is specially importante nowadays, qhen some people believe that religious institutions legitimacy determine behavior patterns is getting out of use. Comparative studies on endogamy among immigrant populations, the history of endogamous precept in Christianity, the analysis of biblical texts that underlie endogamy and a field survey among attendees at a Presbyterian community on São Paulo, Brazil, contributed to the understanding of the issue from the point of view of the institution and from the perspective of its faithful ones. / A endogamia religiosa é uma instituição social bem estabelecida historicamente na tradição presbiteriana. Entretanto, uma parcela importante dos adeptos da igreja se envolve afetivamente, namora e se casa com pessoas de fora do grupo religioso aprovado. A pesquisa averiguou como se deu a difusão, legitimação e manutenção social do conceito de endogamia no presbiterianismo brasileiro, desde o período da implantação do presbiterianismo de missão no país, procurando compreender como a endogamia religiosa tem se justificado em meio à pluralidade social e religiosa brasileira, especialmente na contemporaneidade em que se aponta um enfraquecimento da legitimidade das instituições religiosas para determinar o padrão de conduta e pensamento de seus fiéis. A comparação com estudos sobre endogamia entre populações imigrantes, a história do preceito endogâmico no Cristianismo, a análise dos textos bíblicos que fundamentam a endogamia e uma pesquisa de campo entre os frequentadores de uma comunidade presbiteriana paulistana contribuíram para a compreensão da questão tanto do ponto de vista da instituição quanto da perspectiva dos seus fiéis.

Mémoire (M.Sc.)-- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1992. / "Mémoire présenté pour l'obtention du grade de maître es sciences (M.Sc.)" Ce mémoire a été réalisé à l'UQAC dans le cadre du programme de maîtrise en médecine expérimentale de l'Un. Laval extensionné à l'UQAC. CaQCU CaQCU Bibliogr.: f. 61-68. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

L’évolution humaine n’est pas seulement génétique, elle est aussi culturelle, et les processus culturels et génétiques interagissent entre eux. Plus particulièrement, le système de parenté, en déterminant quand, où et avec qui les individus se reproduisent et élèvent leurs enfants, est un facteur clé de l’évolution génétique des populations humaines. Cependant la grande majorité des études de génétique des populations humaines ignorent l’existence de ces structures sociales. L’objectif de cette thèse est de remédier à ce manque en explorant par une approche pluridisciplinaire et quantitative l’influence des systèmes de parenté sur la diversité génétique de 12 populations d’Asie du Sud-Est présentant des règles de filiation patrilinéaire, matrilinéaire et cognatique associées à des règles de résidence patrilocale, matrilocale et multilocale. Nous avons tout d’abord mis en évidence que les systèmes de parenté se répercutent sur les variables ethno-démographiques d’importance pour l’évolution génétique des populations, et notamment sur les migrations maritales sexe-spécifiques. En particulier nous avons observé que les systèmes patrilinéaires et matrilinéaires ne sont pas symétriques. Il existe une plus grande flexibilité de la règle de résidence chez les populations patrilinéaires par rapport aux populations matrilinéaires. Cette différence a pour conséquence des taux de migrations d’hommes similaires entre les systèmes de parenté alors que les taux de migrations de femmes sont plus élevés chez les populations patrilinéaires que matrilinéaires. En outre, nous avons montré que les populations matrilinéaires et cognatiques avec résidence matrilocale prédominante ont une endogamie de village plus élevée que les populations patrilinéaires. Les raisons ethnologiques de ces observations sont discutées, particulièrement en lien avec l’hypothèse du « puzzle matrilinéaire ». Puis, nous avons exploré l’impact de ces différences ethno-démographiques entre populations suivant des systèmes de parenté différents sur leur diversité génétique uniparentale. Nous avons pu observer l’effet de la plus grande flexibilité de la règle de résidence chez les populations patrilinéaires : en effet, la diversité du chromosome Y suit le patron de migration des hommes, et est similaire entre les systèmes de parenté alors que celle de l’ADN mitochondrial suit le patron de migration de femmes et est plus élevée chez les populations patrilinéaires que matrilinéaires. Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’effet des systèmes de parenté sur la diversité autosomale et plus spécifiquement sur la consanguinité. Nous avons montré que le taux de consanguinité est plus élevé dans les populations matrilinéaires et cognatiques que dans les populations patrilinéaires, ce qui s’explique par la différence d’endogamie de village entre les systèmes de parenté.Pris ensemble, ces résultats montrent qu’il est nécessaire de prendre en compte le système de parenté comme une combinaison de règles (de filiation, de résidence et d’alliance) qui se croisent et interagissent, et dont l’effet sur la diversité génétique ne peut être appréhendé que par une analyse quantitative des variables ethno-démographiques pertinentes. / In humans, evolution is not only biological but also cultural. In addition, biological and cultural processes interact with each other. Kinship system is particularly interesting for population geneticists since it conditions when, where and with whom men and women reproduce and raise their children. It is therefore a key factor in the genetic evolution of human populations. However, most studies in human population genetics do not take into account the influence of social structures. The aim of this Phd thesis was to deepen our understanding of the influence of kinship system on genetic diversity. We undertook a pluridisciplinary and quantitative approach by collecting genetic and ethno-demographic data from 12 Southeast Asian populations exhibiting a wide variety of descent (matrilineal, patrilineal, or cognatic) and residence (matrilocal, patrilocal, or multilocal) rules.We first showed that kinship systems influence ethno-demographic variables that impacts the evolution of genetic diversity, notably sex-specific migrations. We found that patrilineal and matrilineal systems are not the symmetric opposite of each other. There was a higher residence rule flexibility in patrilineal populations compared to matrilineal populations. In consequence, male migration rates were similar between kinship systems whereas female migration rates were higher in patrilineal populations compared to matrilineal populations. In addition, we showed that matrilineal populations and cognatic populations with predominant matrilocal residence had a higher village endogamy compared to patrilineal populations. The ethnological reasons for these observations were discussed, in particular in the light of the matrilineal puzzle hypothesis. We then tested to which extent such ethno-demographic differences between populations following different kinship systems impact their uniparental genetic diversity. We could detect the impact of the higher residence rule flexibility in patrilineal populations: indeed, Y chromosome diversity followed the male migration pattern, and was similar between kinship systems, whereas mitochondrial DNA diversity followed the female migration pattern, and was higher in patrilineal populations compared to matrilineal populations. Finally, we focused on the influence of kinship systems on autosomal diversity, more specifically on inbreeding levels. We demonstrated that, due to larger village endogamy, inbreeding level was higher in matrilineal and cognatic populations compared to patrilineal populations Together these results showed that the kinship system has to be considered as the combination of a set of crossing and interacting rules (descent, residence and alliance), whose effects on genetic diversity can be disentangled only by going beyond categorizations and performing a quantitative assessment of relevant ethno-demographic variables.

Depuis une vingtaine d’années, la question du mariage en situation migratoire s'est progressivement posée aux familles de migrants marocains de la vallée de la Garonne, avec la succession des générations. A travers les récits de vie et les entretiens recueillis auprès des sujets concernés, ainsi que le travail sociographique, il s’agit ici de cerner les stratégies matrimoniales mises en place par ces familles. Ces stratégies croisent les logiques migratoires des prétendants à l'immigration, générant l’apparition d’une nouvelle forme de mariage, le « mariage-papier ». L'enquête, menée auprès des parents migrants, de leurs enfants et auprès des prétendants aux mariages au Maroc et en France, met en évidence les contraintes sociales et culturelles qui pèsent sur la famille migrante qui a le « devoir de venir en aide aux siens » et sur les candidats à l'immigration qui subissent la « fermeture » des frontières. La thèse montre que le mariage des enfants d'immigrés en situation migratoire révèle des conflits intergénérationnels, de l'instrumentalisation de l'islam et des normes de conjugalité, mais aussi de l'assujettissement des migrants aux familles du bled favorisé par le souci de continuité culturelle et de la reproduction de l'endogamie « socio-ethnique ». Malgré les difficultés récurrentes, le « mariage-papier » apparaît comme une « solution » à des familles assujetties à ces contraintes complexes qui conditionnent leurs possibilités d'action mais aussi des pratiques matrimoniales qu’elles cherchent à inscrire dans leurs logiques migratoires. / For twenty years, with the succession of generations, the issue of marriage migration situations has gradually risen in families of Moroccan migrants in the valley of the Garonne. Through the life stories and interviews collected from people involved, and the sociographic work, this is to identify matrimonial strategies implemented by these families. These strategies intersect migration logical contenders for immigration, generating the appearance of a new form of marriage, "marriage-paper." The request, conducted among migrant parents, their children, and among contenders for marriages in Morocco and in France, highlights the social and cultural constraints faced by the migrant family that has the "duty to assist their relatives", and the immigration applicants who undergo "closed" borders. This thesis demonstrates that the marriage of the children of immigrants, and their migration situation reveals intergenerational conflict, the instrumentalization of Islam and standards of conjugal. Additionally, it shows the subjugation of the migrant families of a village favored by the desire for cultural continuity and reproduction of inbreeding "socio-ethnic." Despite recurring difficulties, the "marriage-paper" appears as a "solution" to families subject to these complex constraints. As a result, affects their possibilities for action, but also marriage practices they seek to include in their migration logic.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:54:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1478559 bytes, checksum: bfcc6768887b41929d22a869a9f654ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study aimed to evaluate genetic groups using multivariate analysis, and to study the association between carcass and ham traits using canonical correlation analysis in a pig population for the production of dry cured ham. The genetics groups were: DULL= Duroc x (Landrace x Large White), DULA= Duroc x Landrace, DUWI= Duroc x Large white, WIWI= Large White, DUDU= Duroc. Carcass traits were obtained: hot carcass weight (HCW), backfat thickness (BT) and loin depth (LD), and ham traits were obtained: gross ham weight (GHW), trimmed ham weight (THW), ham inner layer fat thickness (HIFT), ham outer layer fat thickness (HOFT), pH (PH), and color (COL), with animals slaughtered at 130 kg and at 160 kg weights. In the genetic lines evaluation study, the first and the second canonical variables explained 97.51 %, 93.55% and 88.81% of the total variation of the carcass traits at 130 kg and 160 kg, and ham traits at 130 kg, respectively. In the dispersion graph concerning the canonical means, it was observed significant distance between the genetic groups DUDU and WIWI relative to the carcass traits at 130 kg and 160 kg, and ham traits at 130 kg. Pigs with 50% Duroc were little dispersed relative to the carcass traits at 130 kg and 160 kg and were not divergent to the genetic group DUDU relative to the ham traits 130 kg. In the clustering analysis using the single linkage method DULL, DULA and DUWI were grouped with a high similarity level, relative to the carcass traits with at 130 kg and 160 kg, and ham traits with at 130 kg. In the Tocher optimization method, pigs with 50% Duroc and 100% Duroc were grouped relative to the ham traits at 130 kg, suggesting that 50% Duroc pig s ham traits are similar to the 100% Duroc one. In this context, the utilization of the genetic groups Duroc x Large White, Duroc x Landrace and Duroc x (Landrace x Large White) production of dry cured ham should be recommended. In the study of association between carcass and ham traits it was observed that they were not independent. The canonical correlations (r) between the carcass and ham traits with slaughter weight at 130 kg were 0.77; 0.24; and 0.20 for the first, second and third canonical pair, respectively and all were significant using Wilks test (P<0.01). The canonical correlation between the three canonical variate pairs for the carcass and ham traits with slaughter weight at 160 kg was 0.88; 0.42; 0.14, respectively. All the canonical correlations were significant, except the third, that correspond to third canonical variate pair using Wilks test (P>0.05). The hot carcass weight (HCW) was the higher correlation with the first canonical variate pair relative to carcass traits with slaughter weight at 130 kg and 160 kg. The ham traits gross ham weight (GHW) and trimmed ham weight (THW) were the higher canonical correlation values for slaughter weights 130 kg and 160 kg, relative to the first canonical variate pair. The carcass traits backfat thickness (BT) and loin depth (LD), the last one with negative values,were the higher canonical correlation, for slaughter weights at 130 kg and at 160 kg, relative to the second canonical variate pair. In the ham traits group, ham outer layer fat thickness (HOFT) was the higher canonical correlation values for slaughter weights at 130 kg and 160 kg, relative to the second canonical variate pair. The correlations between the traits and the canonical variates showed an association among hot carcass weight (HCW), gross ham weight (GHW) and trimmed ham weight (THW), as well an association between backfat thickness (BT) and ham outer layer fat thickness (HOFT). These results allows to conclude that the carcass traits group should be used to cull pigs that are not suitable to the dry cured ham production. / O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar grupos genéticos utilizando-se técnicas de análise multivariada, e estudar a associação entre características de carcaça e de pernil com utilização da análise de correlações canônicas, em uma população de suínos para produção de presuntos maturados. Os seguintes grupos genéticos foram utilizados: DULL= Duroc x (Landrace x Large White), DULA=Duroc x Landrace, DUWI= Duroc x Large White, WIWI= Large White, DUDU= Duroc. Foram obtidas as seguintes medidas de carcaça: peso da carcaça quente (PCQ), espessura do toucinho (ET) e profundidade do músculo Longissimus (PM); e as seguintes medidas de pernil: peso bruto do pernil (PB), peso refilado do pernil (PR), espessura de gordura da borda interna do pernil (EIN), espessura de gordura da borda externa do pernil (EEX), pH do músculo Semimembranosus (pH) e cor superficial do músculo Semimembranosus (COR). Na avaliação de grupos genéticos, observou-se no diagrama de dispersão em relação às médias canônicas uma considerável distância entre os grupos genéticos DUDU e WIWI referente às características de carcaça, com abate aos 130 kg e aos 160 kg, e de pernil, com abate aos 130 kg. Os animais com 50% Duroc situaram-se próximos nas características de carcaça com abate aos 130 kg e 160 kg e foram pouco divergentes em relação ao grupo DUDU nas características de pernil com abate aos 130 kg. Na análise de agrupamento pelo método do vizinho mais próximo os animais DULL, DULA e DUWI foram agrupados com um nível de similaridade alto, em relação às características de carcaça, com abate aos 130 kg e aos 160 kg, e às características de pernil com abate aos 130 kg. No método de otimização de Tocher, os animais 50 % Duroc foram agrupados com os animais puros Duroc, nas análises relativas às características de Pernil, com abate aos 130 kg, o que indica que os animais 50 % Duroc são próximos dos animais puros Duroc com relação às características de pernil. Com base nos resultados obtidos pode-se recomendar a utilização de animais produtos de cruzamento Duroc x Large White, Duroc x Landrace e Duroc x (Landrace x Large White) para a produção de presunto maturado. No estudo da associação entre as características de carcaça e de pernil foi observado que as características de carcaça e de pernil não são independentes. As correlações canônicas (r) entre os conjuntos de características de carcaça e de pernil com abate aos 130 kg foram 0,77; 0,24 e 0,20 para o primeiro, segundo e terceiro par canônico respectivamente, sendo todas consideradas significativas pelo teste de Wilks (P<0,01). Para os grupos de características de carcaça e pernil com abate aos 160 kg, as correlações canônicas (r) entre os três pares canônicos foram 0,88; 0,42; 0,14, respectivamente, sendo a última, correspondente ao terceiro par, a única não significativa pelo teste de Wilks (P >0,05). Ao examinar o primeiro par canônico, observou-se que a variável PCQ obteve maior correlação com as variáveis canônicas dentro do grupo de características de carcaça com abate aos 130 kg e aos 160 kg. Nas características de pernil, com relação ao primeiro par canônico, as características PB e PR obtiveram as maiores correlações com as variáveis canônicas nos dois pesos de abate, 130 kg e 160 kg. Com relação ao segundo par canônico, as variáveis com maiores valores de correlação com as variáveis canônicas foram ET e PM, sendo o último com valores negativos, para as características de carcaça com abate aos 130 kg e 160 kg. Dentro do conjunto de características de pernil, com abate aos 130 kg e 160 kg, em relação ao segundo par canônico, a característica com maior valor de correlação foi a espessura de gordura da borda externa do pernil (EEX). As correlações entre as características e as variáveis canônicas possibilitaram observar que existe associação entre o peso da carcaça quente (PCQ), o peso bruto do pernil (PB) e o peso refilado do pernil (PR), bem como entre a espessura de toucinho (ET) e a espessura de gordura da borda externa do pernil (EEX). Deste modo, é possível concluir que o grupo de características de carcaça pode ser usado para descarte prévio de animais que não se enquadrem nos padrões estabelecidos para produção de presunto maturado.

À l’aide des données du recensement canadien de 2006, ce mémoire examine les assortiments éducationnels des couples exogames immigrants-natifs à titre d’indicateur de stratification sociale. Premièrement, les résultats tirés de régressions logistiques multinomiales confirment la présence d’échange (social status exchange : Merton 1941; Davis 1941) entre les natifs et les immigrants, c’est-à-dire qu’un immigrant est davantage susceptible de s’unir avec un natif s’il est plus scolarisé que ce dernier. Ces résultats supportent l’existence d’une stratification sociale entre les immigrants et les natifs. Deuxièmement, l’analyse révèle que l’échange apparait chez les immigrants des deux sexes ayant au moins un baccalauréat, alors que chez les moins scolarisés l’échange ne ressort que chez les hommes. Troisièmement, chez les immigrants de minorité visible, l’échange perdure de la première à la deuxième génération d’immigrant, alors que parmi ceux n’appartenant pas à une minorité visible, l’échange ne concerne que les immigrants de première génération. / Using the 2006 Canadian census data, this thesis examines the educational assortative mating of exogamous couples formed of an immigrant and a native as an indicator of social stratification. First, results from multinomial logistic regression confirm the presence of exchange (status exchange: Merton 1941; Davis 1941) between natives and immigrants, meaning that an immigrant is more susceptible to have native spouse if his education level is higher than the native’s. These results support the existence of a social stratification between natives and immigrants. Second, the analysis reveals that exchange appears for immigrants of both sexes that have at least a bachelor degree, whereas for immigrants that are less educated, exchange is only apparent with men. Third, for immigrants of visible minorities, exchange is present for immigrant of first and second generation, whereas for immigrants who are not of a visible minorities, exchange only appears for first generation immigrants.