L'endothélium artériel pulmonaire joue un rôle déterminant dans la régulation du tonus vasomoteur en libérant des substances vasodilatatrices et vasoconstrictrices. Toute perturbation des fonctions endothéliales entraîne une perte de l'équilibre physiologique très finement régulé entre réponse vasoconstrictrice et vasodilatatrice, avec perte conjointe du contrôle de la prolifération des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires et de l'effet antiagrégant plaquettaire. Ces modifications conduisent à un remodelage du lit vasculaire pulmonaire avec une augmentation des résistances vasculaires parfois à l'origine d'une hypertension pulmonaire (HTP) irréversible. Le rôle de l'hypoxémie n'y est pas exclusif. Le réseau bronchique est soumis quant à lui à des agressions physiques par les particules inhalées. Celles-ci peuvent entraîner un remodelage bronchique et une perturbation du tonus bronchique et de la broncho-réactivité, dont les médiateurs peuvent être en partie partagés par la dysfonction vasculaire.Le but de ce travail était d'évaluer dans un premier temps l'existence d'une dysfonction endothéliale, en tant que précurseur potentiel d'une HTP, dans deux modèles de bronchopathies chroniques à des stades opposés de la sévérité de l'atteinte respiratoire : la mucoviscidose terminale et le tabagisme avec peu ou pas d'impact sur la fonction respiratoire.Nous avons ainsi montré à partir d'explants pulmonaires qu'une dysfonction endothéliale était fréquente au cours de la mucoviscidose au stade pré-greffe et qu'elle était au-moins en partie liée à une surexpression vasculaire pulmonaire de l'ET-1 et de ses récepteurs ET-A.Nous avons montré par ailleurs que 25% environ des sujets fumeurs à fonction respiratoire normale ou peu altérée présentaient également une telle dysfonction. Nous en avons étudié ici deux voies physiopathologiques potentielles, celle de l'ET-1 et celle qui gouverne la synthèse du NO : la balance NO Synthases (NOS)/arginases. Nous avons mis en évidence une surexpression des récepteurs ET-A de l'ET-1 chez les sujets avec dysfonction ainsi qu'une corrélation inverse entre cette expression et la réponse vasoactive à l'Acétylcholine (Ach). Par ailleurs, si le NO a entre autres un effet anti-prolifératif sur les cellules musculaires lisses, la voie des arginases - système enzymatique compétitif avec les NOS - mène quant à elle à la réparation et au remodelage. Nous avons étudié l'expression vasculaire de ces différentes enzymes ainsi que l'effet pharmacologique d'inhibiteurs des NOS ou des arginases sur la réponse vasoactive à l'Ach. Nous avons montré qu'il n'existait pas de déficit d'expression des NOS et qu'il ne semblait pas y avoir d'effet délétère des arginases dans la dysfonction endothéliale dans ce modèle.Parallèlement aux mécanismes sous-tendant le remodelage vasculaire au cours du tabagisme nous avons recherché l'existence d'une « dysfonction » bronchique chez ces fumeurs, qui pourrait précéder le remodelage bronchique qui les caractérise. La présence d'une hyperréactivité bronchique est un marqueur prédictif de remodelage des voies aériennes et de l'obstruction bronchique qui en découle. Le rôle de la balance NOS/arginases dans le contrôle du tonus bronchique est encore méconnu. Notre premier objectif était d'évaluer l'expression de cette balance enzymatique dans le tissu bronchique de ces patients et le second d'étudier les effets de l'inhibition des NOS et des arginases sur la réponse bronchoconstrictrice à l'Ach. Nous avons montré qu'une augmentation d'expression bronchique de la NOS 2 chez les fumeurs était impliquée dans la régulation du tonus bronchique et dans l'obstruction bronchique, tandis qu'une augmentation de l'activité des arginases était impliquée dans la sensibilité bronchique. / Pulmonary arteriel endothelium has a key role in the regulation of vascular tone by the release of dilating and constrictive mediators. Impairment of endothlium functions leads to a loss of the physiological equilibrium between vasoconstriction and vasodilation, together with the loss of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) proliferation. These alterations induce pulmonary vascular remodeling and elevation of vascular resistance which can lead to an irreversible pulmonary hypertension (PH). The role of hypoxemia is not exclusive. Airways are exposed to physical aggressions by inhaled particles, which can lead to bronchial remodeling and impaired bronchial tone and reactivity, the mediators of which can be partly shared by endothelial dysfunction.Our goal was to evaluate the existence of endothelial dysfunction as a precursor of PH in 2 models of chronic bronchopathy of opposite stages of disease severity: end-stage cystic fibrosis (CF) and tobacco smoking with or without impaired lung function. We showed that in end-stage CF pulmonary explants, endothelial dysfunction is frequent and that it was at least partly due to a vascular upregulation of the endothelin (ET)-1 pathway.Furthermore, approximately ¼ of smokers with normal or poorly impaired lung function also displayed a similar endothelial dysfunction. We studied therein 2 potential physiopathological pathways, that of ET-1 and that which governs nitric oxide (NO) synthesis: the NO synthases (NOS)/arginases balance. We showed an upregulation of ET-A receptor expression and an inverse correlation between this expression and the vasoactive response to acetylcholine (Ach). If NO has an anti mitogenic effect on SMC, the arginases pathway-competitive with the NOS- leads to tissue repair and remodeling.We studied the vascular expression of these enzymes and the pharmacological effect of NOS and arginases inhibitors on response to Ach. We showed that the expression of NOS was not deficient and that arginases did not seem to have a deleterious effect on endothelial function in this model.Concomitantly to these mechanisms leading to vascular remodeling, wr searched for a bronchial dysfunction in smokers which could antecede bronchial remodeling, a well known feature of tobacco smoking. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness is a predictive marker of airway remodeling and subsequent bronchial obstruction. The role of the NOS/arginases pathway in the control of bronchial tone is still unknown. We evaluated the bronchial expression of the NOS/arginases balance in smokers and the effects of NOS and arginases inhibitors on bronchoconstrictive response to Ach. We found that an upregulation of NOS2 expression in COPD patients is involved in airway tone regulation and functional airflow limitation, whereas increased arginase activity is involved in airway sensitivity.

Introduction : Chez les malades porteurs d’une broncho-pneumopathie chronique obstructive (BPCO) modérée à sévère, l’hypoxie induit à la fois une augmentation du tonus vasculaire pulmonaire et la survenue d’un remodelage tissulaire touchant les trois tuniques des vaisseaux pulmonaires. Des données récentes montraient que la voie RhoA/Rho-kinase était impliquée dans le dysfonctionnement endothélial et dans la vasoconstriction induite par l’endothéline-1 (ET-1) chez les sujets tabagiques et les patients porteurs d’une hyperension artérielle pulmonaire (HTAP). Objectifs : Le but de ce travail était de clarifier le rôle de la voie RhoA/Rho-kinase dans la vasodilatation pulmonaire dépendante de l’endothélium et la vasoconstriction pulmonaire induite par l’ET-1, ainsi que les différents niveaux d’interaction entre la voie RhoA/Rho-kinase et celle de la NO synthase endothéliale (NOS-3) chez les patients BPCO post-tabagiques. Matériels et Méthodes : Les prélèvements d’artères pulmonaires et de tissus pulmonaire provenaient des patients porteurs d’un cancer broncho-pulmonaire, opérés pour une lobectomie ou pneumonectomie. L’expression protéique de la NOS-3, des récepteurs de l’ET-1 (ET-A et ET-B), des Rho-kinases (ROCK- 1 et ROCK-2), de la petite protéine G RhoA (sous sa forme activée, liée au GTP, ou sous sa forme inactivée), et de la forme phosphorylée de la sous-unité pMYPT-1 ont été évaluées par immunohistochimie, western blot, et immunoprécipitation. Les activités enzymatiques de la NO synthase et de la Rho-kinase, ainsi que la concentration du GMPc ont été mesurées par la méthode Elisa. L’expression des ARNm de l’ET-1, ET-A, et ET-B a été quantifiée par RT-PCR. Résultats : La relaxation dépendante de l’endothélium des vaisseaux pulmonaires était nettement réduite chez les BPCO par rapport aux témoins (P < 0,05). De façon plus surprenante, nous avions retrouvé la même différence significative entre le groupe témoin et le groupe des patients tabagiques sans TVO. La vasoconstriction pulmonaire en réponse à l’ET-1 était augmentée chez les patients BPCO par rapport aux deux autres groupes (P < 0,05). L’expression protéique de la NOS-3 ainsi que les expressions en ARNm de l’ET-1 et des récepteurs ET-A et ET-B n’étaient pas significativement différentes entre les trois groupes (P > 0,05). L’expression de la RhoA-GTP, ROCK-1, ROCK-2, et pMYPT-1 était augmentée chez les patients BPCO mais également chez les fumeurs sans TVO (P < 0,01 et P < 0,05). L’activité de la NOS-3 était diminuée chez les BPCO avec et sans hypoxémie (P < 0,01, P < 0,05). La concentration du GMPc dans les tissus pulmonaires et dans les artères pulmonaires était diminuée de façon parallèle chez les patients BPCO hypoxémiques par rapport aux BPCO non-hypoxémiques. En revanche, l’activité des Rho-kinases n’était augmentée que chez les patients BPCO (P < 0,001) et ne semblait pas être augmentée chez les fumeurs sans TVO par rapport aux témoins. Conclusion : Notre étude a montré que la voie de signalisation RhoA/Rho-kinase module la fonction endothéliale en diminuant l’expression et l’activité de la NO synthase et en favorisant l’effet de l’ET-1, ce qui aboutit à une augmentation du tonus vasculaire pulmonaire des patients porteurs d’une BPCO post-tabagique mais également chez des fumeurs sans TVO / Background : In patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hypoxia induces an increase of pulmonary vascular tonus and vascular remodeling. Recent data showed that RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway had been involved in endothelial dysfunction and vasoconstriction induced by endothelin-1 (ET-1) in smokers and in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PA). Objective : The aims of study were to clarify the role of RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway in pulmonary vasodilatation endothelium dependent and the interaction between Rho-A/Rho-kinase and endothelial NOS (NOS-3) signalization in cigarette smoke-induced COPD patients. Material and Methods : Lung tissues and pulmonary arteries from patients with broncho-pulmonary cancer, operated for lobectomy or pneumonectomy. Protein expression of NOS-3, ET-1 receptors (ET-A and ET-B), Rho-kinase (ROCK-1 and ROCK-2), a small protein G RhoA (active form combined to GTP or inactive forme), and phosphorylated form of pMYPT-1 subunit had been evaluated by immunohistochemistry, western blot, and pull-down assay. Enzyme activity of NO synthase, Rho-kinase, and the concentration of cGMP had been measured by Elisa. mRNA expression had been quantified by RT-PCR. Results : Endothelium-dependent relaxation of pulmonary vessels was clearly reduced in COPD patients in comparison with control subjects (P < 0.05). Surprisingly, we founded the significant difference of relaxation between smokers without airflow obstruction and control subjects. Pulmonary vasoconstriction in response to ET-1 was increased in COPD patients as compared to two other groups (P < 0.05). Protein expression of NOS-3 and mRNA expression of ET-1 and ET-A/ET-B receptors were not significant different between three groups (P > 0.05). Expression of GTP-Rho-A, ROCK-1, ROCK-2, and pMYPT-1 were increased in COPD and in smokers without airway obstruction (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05). NOS-3 activity was reduced in COPD patients with and without hypoxemia (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05). The concentration of cGMP in lung tissues and pulmonary arteries were reduced in hypoxemic COPD patients in comparison with non-hypoxemic COPD patients. Whereas, Rho-kinase activity had been increased predominantly in COPD patients (P < 0.001) than in smokers without COPD as compared to control subjects. Conclusion : The present study showed that RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway modulated the endothelial function by decreasing the expression and activity of NO synthase. It facilitated the effect of ET-1 in pulmonary vasoconstriction. These phenomena produced an increase of pulmonary vascular tonus in cigarette smoke-induced COPD and in smokers without airway obstruction

The development of tissue engineered blood vessel mimics for the testing of intravascular devices in vitro has been established in the Cal Poly tissue engineering lab. Due to the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients and minimal accessible studies regarding the interactions between diabetes and intravascular devices used to treat vascular disease, there is a need for the development of diabetic models that more accurately represents diabetic processes occurring in the blood vessels, primarily endothelial dysfunction. This thesis aimed to create a diabetic blood vessel mimic by implementing a high glucose environment for culturing human endothelial cells from healthy umbilical veins (HUVECs) and from diabetic coronary arteries (DHCAECs). The characterization of these BVMs was achieved using immunofluorescence, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and qPCR gene expression analysis. From this study, it was determined that HUVECs and DHCAECs are robust enough to be cultured in a high glucose environment – analogous to hyperglycemia – and these cells exhibited different characteristics when evaluated under microscopy and qPCR gene expression. The immunofluorescence and SEM imaging showed presence of cells within each blood vessel mimic. The qPCR gene expression analysis demonstrated that mRNA expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM), and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) differs between HUVECs and DHCAECs, as well as between cells cultured in v normal and elevated glucose concentrations. These differences in gene regulation indicate the potential of the diabetic BVM to more accurately represent the endothelial response to diabetes and to the implementation of intravascular devices in the future. It was determined that culturing DHCAECs in a high glucose cell media for use in blood vessel mimics results in a model that differs considerably from HUVECs grown in normal glucose media. It was also determined that there was a difference between DHCAECs cultured in high glucose media and normal glucose media, as well as HUVECs cultured in high glucose media and normal glucose media. This study aided the development of a diabetic BVM; however, there are still improvements to be made, namely the inclusion of vascular smooth muscle cells in the model and improving the confluency of the BVM.

Die chronische Herzinsuffizienz gehört zu den häufigsten internistischen Krankheitsbildern in Europa. Eine wichtige Rolle in der Therapie der chronischen Herzinsuffizienz spielt das moderate körperliche Ausdauertraining. HDL ist als Vasoprotektor bekannt und ist in der Lage, über die Regulation der endothelialen Stickstoffmonoxidsynthase (eNOS) die Dilatationsfähigkeit von Gefäßen zu regulieren. Da eine gestörte Endothelfunktion verbunden mit einer geringeren eNOS-Expression einen wichtigen Aspekt in der Pathophysiologie der Herzinsuffizienz darstellt, war das Ziel dieser Arbeit zunächst, die HDL-induzierte eNOS-Aktivierung und NO-Produktion in Endothelzellen bei chronisch Herzinsuffizienten mit der von Gesunden zu vergleichen. Des Weiteren wurde der Einfluss körperlichen Ausdauertrainings auf die HDL-Funktion bei chronischer Herzinsuffizienz untersucht. Dafür wurde HDL jeweils aus Blutserum von herzgesunden Probanden und Herzinsuffizienten vor und nach körperlichem Ausdauertraining isoliert. Damit wurden humane aortale Endothelzellen inkubiert und anschließend mittels Western Blot die HDL-induzierte Phosphorylierung der endothelialen Stickstoffmonoxidsynthase (Regulation der eNOS-Aktivierung), der Proteinkinase C-βII sowie der p70S6K ermittelt. Des Weiteren wurde ESR-spektroskopisch die HDL-induzierte NO-Produktion in Endothelzellen gemessen. Letztendlich bestand die Frage, worin der Unterschied zwischen HDL von Gesunden und HDL von Herzinsuffizienten besteht, der die funktionalen Differenzen erklären kann. Dazu wurde die Menge des HDL-gebundenen Malondialdehyds ermittelt. Die Endothelfunktion wurde sonographisch als Fluss-vermittelte Vasodilatation bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen belegen, dass die HDL-induzierte eNOS-Aktivierung bei Patienten mit chronischer Herzinsuffizienz im Vergleich zu Gesunden vermindert ist. Des Weiteren kann der Einfluss von HDL auf die eNOS-Aktivierung durch körperliches Ausdauertraining bei Patienten mit chronischer Herzinsuffizienz verbessert werden. Die Verbesserung der HDL-induzierten NO-Produktion korreliert dabei mit der verbesserten Fluss-vermittelten Vasodilatation. Als Unterschied zwischen HDL von Gesunden und dem von chronisch Herzinsuffizienten konnte bei den Letztgenannten eine höhere Menge von gebundenem Malondialdehyd nachgewiesen werden.

The doctoral dissertacion is focused on the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of preterm labor. In the first part, we describe the current view on pathophysiology of preterm labor. In the second part, we evaluated the relationship of specific markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction to preterm birth and fetal inflammatory response. The most important findings of our study was that we found decreased levels of MMP-2 and decreased levels of sRAGE in women with preterm labor in comparison with the control group of pregnant women. Similarly, we found decreased levels of MMP-2 in women with subsequent diagnosed fetal inflammatory response. sRAGE is currently ranked among patttern recognition receptors. In the case of sRAGE we followed the results of our pilot project, it can be assumed that the its low level are connected with tissue damage. We confirmed that it can play an important role in the pathogenesis of preterm labor. We assume abnormal regulatory mechanisms of the production of MMP-2. In both cases, however, further studies are required to elucidate the functional significance of our results.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (MScMedSc (Biomedical Sciences. Medical Physiology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction: The discovery of the endothelium as a regulator of vascular tone, and the subsequent discovery of nitric oxide (NO) as the major endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), has opened up vast possibilities in the continued efforts to prevent and manage cardiovascular disease. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is defined as reduced NO bioavailability and hence the reduced ability of the endothelium to maintain vascular homeostasis. ED represents the first, reversible step in the initiation of atherosclerotic disease and is thus regarded as a strong predictive tool of ischaemic heart disease (IHD). ED and its underlying mechanisms have been largely under-investigated in myocardial capillary-derived endothelial cells (cardiac microvascular endothelial cells, CMECs), and this study aimed to address this gap in the literature. Oleanolic acid (OA) is a bioactive triterpenoid derived from leaf extracts of African medicinal plants such as Syzigium cordatum (Water berry tree), and has been reported to elicit vasodilatory, hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic properties. However its effects particularly on CMECs and its putative role in reversing ED remain unclear, and this study aimed to investigate such effects. Aims: The aims of this study were to: (1) Establish an in vitro model of ED in cultured myocardial capillary-derived CMECs by developing protocols for the induction of ED. (2) Asses ED induction by measurement of the following biomarkers: (i) intracellular NO production, (ii) superoxide (O2-) production, (iii) nitrotyrosine expression and (iv) NADPH oxidase expression. (3) Investigate underlying cellular mechanisms of our ED model by measuring and comparing eNOS and PKB/Akt expression and activation in control and dysfunctional CMECs. (4) Investigate the effects of OA derived from leaf extracts obtained from Syzigium cordatum (Hochst.) [Myrtaceace], in both control and dysfunctional CMECs. Methods: (1) To induce ED, hyperglycaemia and inflammation were simulated by incubation with 25 mM glucose (24 hours) and 1 ng/ml TNF-á (24 hours) or 5 ng/ml TNF-á (6 and 24 hours) respectively. Reduced intracellular NO production was used as the main indicator of ED. NO production and cell viability were quantified by FACS analysis of the fluorescent probes, DAF-2/DA and propidium iodide (PI) / Annexin V respectively. Cellular mechanisms were investigated by measurement of O2- levels via FACS analysis of DHE fluorescence, and measurement of total and activated PKB / Akt and eNOS, p22-phox, nitrotyrosine expression via Western blotting. (2) Effects of OA on CMECs were investigated by pre-treatment with 30 or 40 ìM OA for 5 and 20 min followed by NO production and cell viability measurements. To investigate the effects of OA on ED, CMECs were pre-treated with 40 ìM OA 1 hour prior ED induction followed by NO, cell viability, and eNOS expression / activation measurements. Results: (1) 25 mM glucose (24hours), 1 ng/ml TNF-á (24 hours) and 5 ng/ml TNF-á (6 hours) failed to induce ED as verified by an increase in NO production in the treated cells. A model of ED was successfully achieved by incubating CMECs with 5 ng/ml TNF-á (24 hours), as verified by a significant decrease in NO production. Investigations into cellular mechanisms underlying our TNF-á-induced ED model, showed that activated eNOS and PKB / Akt levels were reduced. Furthermore, O2- levels remained unchanged, however p22-phox (NADPH) expression was significantly increased suggesting oxidative stress. Nitrotyrosine levels (an oxidative / nitrosative stress marker and indirect measure of eNOS uncoupling) remained at control levels. (2) Investigations into the effects of OA on CMECs showed that 30 ìM OA increased NO production after 5 and 20 min of incubation whereas 40 ìM increased NO production after 20 min only. Pre-treatment with 40 ìM OA significantly reversed ED by restoring NO production back to control levels. Data from cellular mechanism investigations showed that 40 ìM OA significantly increased eNOS activation in both normal and dysfunctional CMECs. Cellular viability was not negatively affected by any of the above interventions. Discussion and Conclusions: Based on our findings, reduced activation of the PKB / Akt-eNOS pathway appears to be the primary mechanistic pathway of the TNF-á-induced model of ED. Though O2- levels remained at control levels, the significant increase in p22-phox is indicative of increased expression of the O2- producing enzyme, NADPH oxidase, thus suggesting oxidative stress. However, based on our nitrotyrosine expression data, there was no strong evidence of eNOS uncoupling in our ED model. OA significantly stimulated NO production in our model of CMECs. Furthermore, our findings showed that OA is able to reverse ED. The NO production stimulatory effects of OA in our cells appear to be achieved via the increased activation of eNOS. We have, for the first time as far as we are aware, developed a TNF-á-induced model of ED in myocardial capillary-derived endothelial cells. It appears that reduced activation of the PKB/Akt-eNOS pathway is the primary mechanism leading to decreased NO production in this model. However, we did find some evidence of elevated oxidative stress, which led us to believe that eNOS uncoupling cannot be excluded as a mechanism of ED in our model. In this study, we report for the first time convincing evidence that OA has powerful NO-increasing properties in myocardial capillary-derived CMECs. Our study also show novel data, which suggest that OA is able to reverse ED in this model. Follow-up investigations could shed more light on the exact mechanisms underlying OA.s effects in this model. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inleiding: Die ontdekking dat endoteel 'n reguleerder van vaskulêre tonus is, en die gevolglike ontdekking dat stikstofoksied (NO) die belangrikste endoteel-afgeleide verslappingsfaktor (EDRF) is, het verskeie moontlikhede in aangaande pogings om kardiovaskulêre siektes te voorkom en hanteer, ontsluit. Endoteel-disfunksie (ED), word gedefineer as verlaagde NO biobeskikbaarheid en dus 'n ingekorte vermoë van die endoteel om vaskulêre homeostase te handhaaf. ED verteenwoordig die eerste, omkeerbare stap in die ontstaan van aterosklerotiese siekte en word dus beskou as 'n sterk instrument waarmee isgemiese hartsiekte voorspel kan word. Studies oor ED en sy onderliggende meganismes, veral in miokardiale kapillêre-afgeleide endoteelselle (kardiale mikrovaskulêre endoteelselle, CMECs), word redelik afgeskeep in die literatuur, en hierdie studie het dit ten doel gehad om die gaping in die literatuur aan te spreek. Oleanoliese suur (OA) is 'n bio-aktiewe triterpenoïede wat gevind word in blaar ekstrakte van inheemse medisinale plante soos bv. Syzigium cordatum (Waterbessie boom). OA het bewese vasodilatoriese, hipoglukemiese en hipolipidemiese eienskappe. OA se effekte op CMECs, en sy moontlike rol in die omkering van ED, is egter onbekend, en hierdie studie het dit ten doel gehad om sulke effekte te ondersoek. Doelwitte: Die doelwitte van hierdie studie was: (1) Die vestiging van 'n in vitro model van ED in gekultuurde CMECs afkomstig van miokardiale kapillêre deur protokolle vir die induksie van ED te ontwikkel. (2) Die evaluering van ED induksie deur die volgende bio-merkers te meet: (i) intrasellulêre NO produksie, (ii) superoksied (O2-) produksie, (iii) nitrotirosien uitdrukking en (iv) NADPH oksidase uitdrukking. (3) Die ondersoek na onderliggende sellulere meganismes van ED in ons model deur die meting en vergelyking van eNOS and PKB/Akt uitdrukking en aktivering in kontrole en disfunksionele CMECs. (4) Ondersoek na die effekte van OA afkomstig van blaar ekstrakte verkry van Syzigium cordatum (Hochst.) [Myrtaceace], in beide kontrole en disfunksionele CMECs. Metodes: (1) Daar was gepoog om ED te induseer deur hiperglukemie en inflammasie te simuleer met onderskeidelik 25 mM glukose (24 uur) en 1 ng/ml TNF-a (24 uur) of 5 ng/ml (6 en 24 uur) inkubasie. Verlaagde intrasellulere NO produksie was ingespan as die hoof indikator van ED. NO produksie en sellewensvatbaarheid was gekwantifiseer deur vloeisitometriese analises (FACS) van die fluoresserende agense, DAF-2/DA en propidium jodied (PI) / Annexin V onderskeidelik. Sellulere meganismes was ondersoek deur O2- vlakke via FACS analise van DHE fluoressensie te meet, asook die meting van totale en geaktiveerde PKB / Akt en eNOS, p22-phox, nitrotirosien uitdrukking via Western blot tegnieke. (2) Effekte van OA op CMECs was ondersoek deur vooraf-behandeling met 30 of 40 µM OA vir 5 en 20 min gevolg deur NO produksie en sellewensvatbaarheid metings. Resultate: (1) 25 mM glukose (24 uur), 1 ng/ml TNF-a (24 uur) and 5 ng/ml TNF-ƒaa (6 uur) kon nie daarin slaag om ED te induseer nie, soos blyk uit die verhoogde NO produksie waargeneem in die behandelde selle. 'n Model van ED was suksesvol verkry deur CMECs met 5 ng/ml TNF-a (24 uur) te inkubeer, soos waargeneem deur verlaagde NO produksie. Ondersoek na sellulere meganismes onderliggend tot ons TNF-a-geinduseerde ED model, het getoon dat geaktiveerde eNOS en PKB / Akt vlakke verlaag was. Verder is gevind dat O2- vlakke onveranderd gebly het hoewel p22-phox (NADPH) uitdrukking betekenisvol toegeneem het, wat 'n aanduiding van oksidatiewe skade is. Nitrotirosien vlakke (.n oksidatiewe / nitrosatiewe stres merker en indirekte maatstaf van eNOS ontkoppeling) het onveranderd rondom kontrole vlakke gebly. (2) Ondersoek na die effekte van OA op CMECs het getoon dat 30 µM OA tot verhoogde NO produksie na 5 en 20 min inkubasie gelei het, terwyl 40 µM slegs na 20 min NO-verhogende effekte gehad het. Vooraf behandeling met 40 µM OA het ED betekenisvol omgekeer deur NO terug na kontrole vlakke te laat herstel. Ondersoek na sellulere meganismes het getoon dat 40 µM OA eNOS aktivering betekenisvol verhoog het in beide normale en disfunksionele CMECs. Sellulere lewensvatbaarheid was nie negatief geaffekteer deur enige van bogeneemde ingrepe nie. Bespreking en afleidings: Gebaseer op ons bevindinge, blyk verlaagde aktivering van die PKB/Akt-eNOS pad die primere meganistiese pad in ons TNF-a-geïnduseerde model van ED te wees. Alhoewel O2- vlakke rondom kontrole vlakke gebly het, was die betekenisvolle toename in p22-phox .n aanduiding van verhoogde uitdrukking van die O2- produserende ensiem, NADPH oksidase, wat dus suggererend van oksidatiewe stres was. Aan die ander kant was daar nie sterk bewyse van eNOS ontkoppeling in ons ED model nie, gebaseer op die nitrotirosien uitdrukking data. OA het duidelik NO produksie in ons model van CMECs gestimuleer. Verder wys ons resultate dat OA in staat is om ED om te keer. Die NO produksie-stimulerende effekte van OA in ons selle blyk die gevolg te wees van verhoogde aktivering van die PKB / Akt-eNOS pad. Ons het hier vir die eerste keer, sover ons bewus is, 'n TNF-a-geinduseerde model van ED in CMECs afkomstig van miokardiale kapillere gevestig. Dit blyk dat verlaagde aktivering van die PKB/Akt-eNOS pad die primere meganisme was waardeur verlaagde NO produksie in ons model veroorsaak was. Ons het egter wel bewyse van verhoogde oksidatiewe stress gevind, wat ons laat glo dat eNOS ontkoppeling nie heeltemal as .n meganisme van ED in ons model uitgesluit kan word nie. In hierdie studie toon ons vir die eerste maal oortuigende bewyse dat OA kragtige NO-verhogende eienskappe in miokardiale kapillere-afgeleide CMECs het. Ons studie bring ook nuwe data na vore, wat suggereer dat OA in staat is om ED in hierdie model om te keer. Opvolgstudies sal meer lig kan werp op die onderliggende meganismes van OA in hierdie model.

Patients with chronic kidney disease are at higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease. The complex, interaction between the kidney and the cardiovascular system is incompletely understood, particularly at the early stages of the cardiovascular continuum. The overall aim of this thesis was to clarify novel aspects of the interplay between the kidney and the cardiovascular system at different stages of the cardiovascular continuum; from risk factors such as insulin resistance, inflammation and oxidative stress, via sub-clinical cardiovascular damage such as endothelial dysfunction and left ventricular dysfunction, to overt cardiovascular death. This thesis is based on two community-based cohorts of elderly, Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (ULSAM) and Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS). The first study, show that higher insulin sensitivity, measured with euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp technique was associated to improve estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in participants with normal fasting plasma glucose, normal glucose tolerance and normal eGFR. In longitudinal analyses, higher insulin sensitivity at baseline was associated with lower risk of impaired renal function during follow-up. In the second study, eGFR was inversely associated with different inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, serum amyloid A) and positively associated with a marker of oxidative stress (urinary F2-isoprostanes). In line with this, the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio was positively associated with these inflammatory markers, and negatively associated with oxidative stress. In study three, higher eGFR was associated with better endothelial function as assessed by the invasive forearm model. Further, in study four, higher eGFR was significantly associated with higher left ventricular systolic function (ejection fraction). The 5th study of the thesis shows that higher urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) and lower eGFR was independently associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular mortality. Analyses of global model fit, discrimination, calibration, and reclassification suggest that UAER and eGFR add relevant prognostic information beyond established cardiovascular risk factors in participants without prevalent cardiovascular disease. Conclusion: this thesis show that the interaction between the kidney and the cardiovascular system plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular disease and that this interplay begins at an early asymptomatic stage of the disease process.