Dans les dernierès années la politique des entreprises s'est concentrée sur la recherche de solutions industrielles plus écologiques pour réduire l'impact sur l'environnement et l'énergie consommée. La tendance s’est élargie aux machines stationnaires dans l'automatisation industrielle. Il inclut la technologie d’entraînement pour contrôler le mouvement séquentiel de plusieurs axes dans les presses à injecter. La conception des systèmes se focalise sur une approche conduisant à l’amélioration du rendement énergétique aussi bien que l’augmentation de la pression de service, la réduction de cycle de la machine et l’amélioration de sa répétabilité. Toutes ces exigences ont poussé la technologie d’entraînement à se développer en augmentant l'intérêt pour les modules électromécaniques et électro-hydrostatiques (EHM). Dans cette thèse, une solution innovatrice d'EHM est proposée qui associe un convertisseur, un servomoteur AC brushless et la pompe à palettes Parker. En détail, l'intérêt de recherche concerne le développement d'un modèle à niveau système de la pompe à palette. L'objectif principal est de permettre l'évaluation des pertes d'énergie de la pompe et la performance de module pendant des phases spécifiques du cycle de la machine : accélération, dépressurisation et phase de maintien de la pression. Premièrement analysée au moyen de l'approche analytique, la dynamique est alors évaluée par des modèles plus avancés basés sur le prototypage virtuel construit dans l'environnement LMS-AMESim. Les avantages concernant la prévision des performances du module EHM et sur l’évaluation des paramètres fondamentaux inconnus (comme la compressibilité du fluide et le contenu d’air dans le fluide) sont montrés par comparaison avec des résultats expérimentaux obtenus dans le laboratoire. Les phénomènes de la cavitation et d’aération sont aussi pris en compte pendant les phases d'accélération et des modèles sont ainsi développés pour prévoir les conditions de fonctionnement qui promeuvent ces phénomènes. La consommation d'énergie de l'EHM est alors analysée au moyen des modèles thermo-hydrauliques capables de déterminer les échanges de chaleur entre les composants de module et l'environnement. / In last years companies’ policy has been focusing on research of more eco-friendly solutions in order to reduce the environmental impact and the consumed energy. The trend has been affecting the stationary machinery in the industrial automation too. It includes the drive technology for motion control in the injection moulding machines. The design studies concern energy efficiency improvement, as well as increased service pressure, shorter cycle time and repeatability over a long period of time. All these requirements have led the drive technology to evolve by increasing the interest for the electro-mechanical and electro-hydrostatic modules (EHM). In this thesis an innovative solution of EHM is proposed that associates industrial inverter, AC brushless servo motor and fixed-displacement low-noise Parker vane pump. In detail, the research interest concerns the development of a system level model of the vane pump. The main objective is to enable assessing the pump energy losses and full module performance in specific phase of machine’s cycle: acceleration, depressurisation and holding pressure phases. Firstly analysed by means of analytical approach, dynamics are then evaluated through more advanced models based on virtual prototyping built in LMS-AMESim environment. The advantages on predicting the EHM performance and on estimating the unknown fundamental parameters (e.g. Bulk Modulus and fluid air content) are showed through comparison with experimental results obtained in laboratory. The cavitation/aeration phenomena are also taken into account during acceleration transients and models are thus developed in order to predict the operating conditions which promote these phenomena. Energy behaviour of the EHM is then analysed by means of thermal hydraulic models able to determine the heat exchanges between module components and environment.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / With the globalization and the competitiveness in all the levels of the industrial sector, the final product quality search became higher. On the other hand, energy saving became another important factor in modern industry. The consumption of electric energy in the industrial sector represents 45.5% of the total consumption of the country. The motor force represents most of this consumption, arriving to be superior of 80% in the textile, paper and cellulose sectors. This work presents two strategies of control, auto-adjustable PID and fuzzy controller, the objectives are a better final product quality and the energy saving. Ventilation and compression industrials process are used in this work. An analysis of limit cyclesâ presence through the descriptive function of the fuzzy controller is carried through, providing a previously validation of fuzzy controllerâs parameters by simulations, saving time in the adjust phase. Set-point changes are easily made and on-line, still the process is running, in the two considered controllers. Comparisons of energy consumption are made between the conventional strategies and the two strategies considered in this work. / Com a globalizaÃÃo e a competitividade em todos os nÃveis do setor industrial, a qualidade do produto final se tornou de importÃncia crescente. Por outro lado, a conservaÃÃo de energia no setor industrial se tornou outro fator importante na indÃstria moderna. O consumo de energia elÃtrica do setor industrial representa 45,5% do consumo total do paÃs. A forÃa motriz representa a maior parte deste consumo, chegando a ser superior a 80% nos setores tÃxtil, de papel e celulose. Este trabalho apresenta duas estratÃgias de controle, PID auto-ajustÃvel e controlador nebuloso, e tÃm como objetivos tanto a qualidade do produto final quanto a eficiÃncia energÃtica. SÃo utilizados processos de ventilaÃÃo e de compressÃo em escala industriais. Uma anÃlise da presenÃa dos ciclos limites atravÃs da funÃÃo descritiva do controlador nebuloso à realizada, de forma que os parÃmetros do controlador nebuloso podem ser previamente validados atravÃs de simulaÃÃes, poupando tempo na fase de ajuste dos parÃmentros do controlador. MudanÃas de set-point sÃo facilmente realizadas de forma online e sem que o funcionamento do processo seja descontinuado, nos dois controladores propostos. ComparaÃÃes quanto ao consumo de energia sÃo realizadas usando as estratÃgias de controle convencionais e as proposta neste trabalho.

O presente trabalho objetiva, a partir de dados coletados dos motores elétricos em regime de trabalho, dar sua contribuição ao estudo de conservação de energia elétrica numa planta industrial. Apresenta-se o motor elétrico trifásico de indução e as diversas questões relativas ao seu uso industrial, para então, demonstrarem os parâmetros elétricos obtidos. Elaborou-se um trabalho de campo, que possibilita à análise da eficiência energética no uso de motores elétricos em uma fábrica de papel e cosméticos. A partir de medidas dos parâmetros elétricos como: corrente e tensão, mais os dados de catálogos do fabricante, chegaram-se aos valores de rendimento, fator de potência e fator de utilização, para diversas condições de carga dos motores. Caso o fator de utilização seja inferior a 75%, um estudo comparativo permitirá as decisões de substituição dos motores super dimensionados. Os dados são usados para as seguintes análises: qual a possível conservação de energia elétrica para cada setor, se os motores fossem substituídos por unidades de alto rendimento?; qual a viabilidade de cada setor realizar as trocas imediatas por motores de alto rendimento?; qual à economia de energia elétrica por setores em (R$/dia), utilizando motores de alto rendimento?; em quanto tempo obteríamos o retorno desse investimento? Alguns recursos de informática foram utilizados nos cálculos realizados. Os resultados indicam que o potencial de conservação de energia elétrica em motores deve ser melhor explorado e de forma mais consciente. / The objective of the present research, from a data set of electric motor collected in a regimen of work, give its contribution to the study on industrial electrical motors’ energy saving. It present the three-phase induction motor, the various issues of its industrial use and the electric parameter set collected are then presented. Field of work was elaborated, wich allowed the analysis of the energy efficiency in the use of electric engines in industry of paper and cosmetics. Given the measurements of current and tension, plus the data from the manufacter’s catalogs, values of efficiency were obtained, power factor and utilization factor, for diverse conditions of engine load. But in case the utilization factor is less than 75%, a comparative study allowed the decisions of substitution of the poorly dimensioned engines. The data are analyzed in ways: 1)What would be the energy save to each sector, if motors were changed for high efficient units? 2)What would be the viable to each sector to replace immediately the existing motors for high efficient? 3)What would be the energy save to each sector in (R$/day), using high efficient motors? 4)How much time would be the return of the investiment?. Some resources of computer technology were used in the calculations. The results showing the electric energy saving potential in motor would be better use to advantage and more conscientions form.

在當前全球受到全球暖化所帶來許許多多氣候異常現象，造成人類生命財產安全的嚴重影響，世界各國莫不致力於節能減碳，開發再生能源來取代目前的石化燃料。 美國在1970年代能源危機期間所提出的ESCO(Energy Service Company) 的概念，如今又獲得各國的青睞。 台灣於引進此一新的概念也有十年之久，在業界也一直不斷有專家，技術人員不斷的投入努力，經濟部能源局近年來也不斷的倡導節能服務的好處，甚至還推動一些補貼措施。 本研究主要是以Everett M. Rogers的創新擴散模型為理論基礎，研究台灣ESCO產業為何無法如高科技消費性電子產品般很快速的擴散到社會每一個角落，有哪些因素阻礙了台灣ESCO產業的發展。 本研究主要得到的結論如下，阻礙台灣ESCO產業擴散的因素可從三個構面來分析，第一個構面為創新擴散構面，Rogers所提出的五種創新認知屬性對於台灣ESCO產業的擴散都有一定程度的影響。另外在溝通管道上所採用的B2B行銷方式對於客戶決策也會影響擴散的速度。至於時間因素，本研究認為五年是比較恰當的觀察台灣ESCO產業發展的觀察期間。第二個構面可以從台灣獨特的經濟特質來說明，台灣以中小企業為主的經濟環境無法如歐美般有Super-ESCO規模的公司，這也導致了客戶信賴度以及未能產生以服務為導向的ESCO能源服務，台灣若還是以設備買賣為主要ESCO產業的商業模式，是會阻礙此產業的發展。第三個構面為政府的角色，台灣政府在投入ESCO產業的資源及推動此產業發展的企圖心不若美國政府。 本研究經研究結論後，提出具體的建議: 一、 要加速此產業的創新擴散就必須加強 Rogers創新擴散模型中的可觀察性屬性。 二、 跨越產業鴻溝的重點在於讓早期採用者滿意ESCO的方案。運用保齡球道理論，讓早期採用者所形成的利基市場對於ESCO節能服務能夠滿意，產生具示範效果的成功案例，才能伺機擴張至其他的利基市場，最後形成龍捲風暴，順利跨越此產業的鴻溝。。 三、 本研究對於台灣ESCO產業的發展的看法是審慎保守的。台灣ESCO產業的發展絕不是短短幾年就可以看到成效，本研究建議以五年為一個觀察期。目前以中小企業為主的ESCO業者必須要儘快的建立自己的優勢，儘早建立口碑，未來才有機會生存。 / Global warming is the most seriously problem we are facing in 21th century. All the countries devoted to reduce the carbon emission in order to minimize the impact of climate change. The business model of ESCO (Energy Service Company), which has been created in US during 1970 energy crisis, now has been advocated worldwide. The ESCO business model has been introduced into Taiwan for more than 10 years. There are many talent people, specialist engaged in this business. Taiwan government has also promoted ESCO some subsidies. However, even the society put a lot of efforts to develop ESCO business, why this business cannot spread out as consumer electronics? This thesis adopts the theory of “Diffusion of innovation” from Everett M. Rogers, 1962. The main purpose of this study is to find out why ESCO service business model cannot diffuse like other high-tech products. Are there any obstacles slow down the development of this industry? This thesis comes to the conclusion of three faces, which can significantly influence the development of ESCO business in Taiwan. The first face based on the diffusion of innovation theory, the five attributes of innovation defined by Rogers will affect the development of ESCO industry in Taiwan. Of course, the B2B marketing approach will delay the propagation of the ESCO industry. Moreover, this study suggest that 5 years watching window should be appropriate to monitor the development of the ESCO industry in Taiwan. The second face is the Taiwan unique economics environment. The ESCO industry in Taiwan is formed mostly by Middle-small size enterprises. In comparison with US, there is no Super-ESCO company exists in Taiwan. This study found out the truth that the client is not confident on middle-small size company to provide ESCO service. The common business model of ESCO industry in Taiwan is still focusing on selling the energy efficient product instead of providing energy service to the client. The study believes that this kind of business model will severely impact the development of this industry. The third face of the conclusion is the government role in Taiwan. The study found out that Taiwan government didn’t allocate enough resources to assist developing ESCO business. This thesis not only indicated the obstacles to slow down the ESCO business in Taiwan but also provide some constructive initiatives. 1. We have to concentrate on the visible attributes in diffusion of innovation theory for ESCO industry. 2. In order to cross the chasm, ESCO has to satisfy the early adapters in the beginning. They can also build up the bowling pin model to keep the existing niche market and explore the adjacent niche market when the opportunity comes. Thus, ESCO can create tornado period and cross the chasm in the industry. 3. The study is conservative about the development of Taiwan ESCO industry. We suggest that 5 years watching window should be proper to monitor the development of Taiwan ESCO industry. The ESCO companies in Taiwan should establish their strengths the sooner the better in order to survive for the future severe market competition.

近年來，全球氣候暖化問題嚴重，造成地球環境的變遷，加上能源安全威脅與經濟、環境永續發展的考量，世界各國對於節能減碳的議題日漸重視。車輛電動化即在減少溫室氣體排放、改善生活環境、加強能源安全及掌握產業發展轉型契機等因素驅動下，成為全球車輛發展的重要趨勢，全球電動車產業結構與產業網絡正在逐漸成形中。 本研究係針對全球主要國家政府在面對電動車這個新興產業發展時，所採取的政策進行分析與探討，並且以日本、美國、中國、德國政府政策為探討目標，從文獻回顧及專業機構報告中整理分析各國政府的產業政策，試圖探討政府的角色與定位，進一步描繪出台灣政府應該扮演的角色，並且提出建議，作為政府於制定產業政策時之參考，期能對電動車產業做出貢獻，讓台灣電動車產業在此波革命浪潮中，創造出更高的價值及競爭力。 本研究發現，電動車新興產業在發展過程中充滿許多經濟面、市場面、環境面以及技術面的發展限制，本研究在羅列出的十六項發展限制中，有高達十一項限制與政府的政策息息相關。汽車百年產業革命成功與否，業界對於政府是否能創造具有競爭優勢的發展環境要求殷切，於是在電池研發技術未臻成熟、產業各項標準尚未建立之際，各國政府紛紛伸出<看得見的那隻手>，從產業研究發展獎勵、消費市場購車、用車以及充電基礎建設普及的促成與補助，配合業者在關鍵技術發展的努力、商業模式的發展、產業群聚的形成、充電基礎建設的普及、維修體系的建置、社會大眾對於環境品質的需求、用車習慣的改變、電動車節能形象的認同……等種種助力，形成產業能量面的推升力量以及市場需求的拉力，形塑出電動車未來發展的良性循環，試圖在此領域內創造出比較優勢，促使這一波新的汽車產業革命形成。 　　值此關鍵時期，台灣政府如何提供本國產業一臂之力，期於未來世界汽車產業佔有一席之地？這是許多業者關心的議題。目前，各國政府紛紛制訂獎勵政策協助業者以及消費者對於電動車發展與使用的認同；尤其德國政府作法積極，從保持人民生活品質、解決石油倚賴問題、強化經濟傳統命脈的汽車工業，從環境結構、基礎設施到社會大眾的消費習慣宣導著手，具體規劃國家新經濟遠景，將德國塑造成世界電動車大國，這是非常值得台灣政府參考的典範。 本研究建議，電動車產業處發展初階段，眾家車廠以及各國政府皆在摸索前行中，台灣政府應參考各國政府政策後，了解台灣產業的優勢與機會，從基礎設施到新能源政策、基本軟硬體投資環境的建置著手，協助業者發展創造出友善的投資環境並且積極發展國內電動車運行，累積出屬於台灣自己的<台灣EV經驗>，協助業者強化電動車相關技術，除藉由電動車的普及來降低國內對於石油的依賴外，倘若能成功推行電動車成為國際典範，讓世界看到台灣先進的科技與環保觀念，提升國際形象，在時機成熟時，提供關鍵零件技術，利用中國的潛在市場，參與國際標準制定，創造出台灣電動車產業的發展空間。 / The worsening problem of global warming in recent years has led to the environmental changes on Earth. This fact, along with the emerging threats to energy security and the call for sustainable economic and environmental development, has drawn increasing worldwide attention on the issues of energy saving and carbon reduction. As a result, the EV (Electric Vehicle) industry is gaining increasing importance in the global automobile market, driven by various motives including reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving living environment, safeguarding energy security and seizing the opportunities of industrial transformation. The industrial structure and network of the global EV market is gradually taking shape. The purpose of this research is to explore and analyze the policies adopted by the governments of the world’s leading countries on the emerging EV industry, focusing on Japan, the USA, China and Germany. By reviewing historical documents and professional reports, the author has probed the industrial policies of these countries, endeavoring to identify the roles of the governments in this process and, furthermore, to depict the roles and positions of the government of Taiwan. The author has also provided recommendations to the government for developing industrial policies, with the hope that the research results will contribute to the growth of the EV industry in Taiwan and the creation of higher value and competitive advantages in this revolutionary process. It is discovered in this research that a great deal of development restrictions are involved in the growing process of the emerging EV industry, respectively in the economic, market, environmental and technological fields. Among the sixteen development restrictions outlined in this research, there are as many as eleven items which are closely bound up with government policies. The success of this unprecedented industrial revolution, therefore, relies on whether the government can create a development environment with sufficient competitive advantages, which is anxiously longed for by the EV industry. Given the facts that the R&D technologies for the battery industry are not fully mature and various industrial benchmarks are yet to be established, the “visible hands” are offered by governments, one after another, to support the industry. These government initiatives include: providing incentives for industrial R&D, stimulating the consumer market, as well as facilitating and subsidizing the EV car use and recharging infrastructure. Other supportive policies include assisting the EV industry in developing key technologies, building up business models, shaping industrial clusters, expanding recharging infrastructure, establishing the maintenance/repair systems, accommodating to the public demand on environmental quality and the changes in car-using habits, promoting the identification with the energy-saving image of EV’s, etc. All these measures have turned into a pushing force that gives momentum to the industry, as well as a pulling force that booms the market. They contribute to forming a virtuous development cycle for the EV industry in future; help to create comparative advantages in this specific field; and make impossible this new wave of industrial revolution for automobiles. At this critical stage, how would the Taiwan government lend a helping hand so that the local EV industry could gain a stake in the international automobile market in future? This is an issue widely concerned by the industry. Now, many countries are offering incentive policies to help with the development of the industry and build up consumer identification with the electric cars. The German government, particularly, has taken aggressive actions. Apart from the efforts in maintaining/improving the life quality of its people, the government also endeavors to reduce the dependency on imported oil and strengthen the competitiveness of its automobile industry, which is vital to the economic growth of the country. To realize the new economic vision of the country, the German government has developed specific plans, covering various initiatives including environmental structure, infrastructure construction and consumer education, etc. The purpose is to make Germany a leading country for the EV industry. These we believe are the “best practices” to be considered by the Taiwan government. The EV industry is yet at its preliminary stage of development. Governments, as well as EV manufacturers around the world, are all endeavoring to find the right path ahead. It is recommended, therefore, that the government of Taiwan should firstly study the policies of other countries and understand the strengths and weakness of local industries. The initial efforts should be focused on constructing infrastructures, setting up new energy policies and installing the fundamental software/hardware for a friendly investment environment, so as to support the growth of the industry. The government should, in the meantime, actively promote the electric vehicles in the domestic market, build up the unique “EV Experience of Taiwan” to help improving the relevant EV technology for the local industry. Apart from reducing the country’s dependency on imported oil, the successful popularization of EV in Taiwan will also become one of the best practices in the world and contribute to the elevation of Taiwan’s international image, having showcased its advanced technologies and strong environmental awareness. With increasing sophistication, Taiwan’s EV industry also has the capabilities to provide critical spare parts technologies and to play a role, through the potential China market, in the international standard-setting process, thereby creating further expanding possibilities for the industry.

台灣為海島型國家，因自有能源貧乏，99%以上的能源仰賴國外進口。為確保能源供給之穩定與安全，除發展再生能源之外，提高能源終端使用效率為重要之解決手段。熱泵系統因其獨特之節能減碳效果，在歐美先進國家備受重視，極力推廣。基此，考量台灣氣候類型及居住型態，評估熱泵熱水系統的適用性及成本效益分析，爰為本研究之動機與目的。 為了彰顯應用熱泵系統在不同地區氣候條件與能源價格之差異，本研究將台灣劃分為12個地區，並且以電能、LPG桶裝瓦斯、NG管線瓦斯三種現有之住宅用熱水系統作為可供替代之選項，利用迴避成本(Avoided Cost)推估台灣各地區住宅部門改採熱泵熱水系統之成本效益。此外，參考歐美先進國家熱泵系統補助政策，以及台灣現有「太陽能熱水系統推廣獎勵措施」之政府政策補助方案，設定各相關參數，俾模擬政府補貼方案情境下之成本效益分析。 分析結果以淨現值(Net Present Value)、益本比(Benefit-Cost Ratio)及折現回收期(Discounted Payback Period )呈現，結論可從兩個觀點之檢定加以評估。其一、以「參與者檢定」評估是否有足夠的經濟誘因，促使住宅用戶裝設熱泵熱水系統。其二、以「總資源成本檢定」，評估推廣熱泵系統對於整體社會是否具有淨效益。 本研究中全台12個地區，若以熱泵系統取代電能熱水系統、LPG瓦斯熱水系統、NG瓦斯熱水系統三種既有設備，交叉比對之33個替代方案，由「參與者檢定」之結果顯示，所有替代方案之益本比均大於1.1；折現回收期最長達11.3年，最短僅3.2年。若模擬政府補助18,000名用戶採用熱泵系統，則「總資源成本檢定」之結果中，所有替代方案之益本比介乎1至1.73之間；折現回收期最長達14.9年，最短僅5.4年；住宅部門以熱泵替代現有電能、LPG瓦斯、NG瓦斯熱水系統至少可降低碳排放量每年2,707公噸。三種替代類別中以電能熱水系統替代方案益本比最高(介乎1.55至1.73)；LPG瓦斯替代方案之益本比居次(介乎1.19至1.28)；NG瓦斯替代方案益本比最低(介乎1.0至1.06)。全台12個地區考量環境溫度差異之影響以南投分區改採熱泵系統的益本比最高(電能替代1.73、LPG瓦斯替代1.28、NG瓦斯替代1.06)，屏東分區的益本比為最低(電能替代1.55、LPG瓦斯替代1.19、NG瓦斯替代1.0)。 若考量熱泵系統市場滲透率，以熱泵取代NG瓦斯熱水系統之市佔率達5%、20%、50%時，台灣整體社會的淨現值分別為251百萬元、1,006百萬元與2,514百萬元，且每年可減少碳排放量27,169公噸、108,675公噸以及271,687公噸。 / As an island country, 99% energy supply in Taiwan depends on importation due to the very limited endogenous energy. In order to maintain both energy security and stability, improving energy efficiency of consumer end-use is an important government policy. Heat pump systems have been widely applied and strongly promoted in Europe and United State for its uniquely energy saving and CO2 reducing capability. Therefore, the motivation of this study is to access the regional applicability of heat pump water heating system for Taiwan’s climate and residential building types by cost-benefit analysis method. To demonstrate the regional difference of climatic conditions and energy prices heat pump application, Taiwan is divided in twelve regions with three kinds of alternative residential water heating systems (i.e. electric heating, LPG tank heating, and NG pipe heating). Under these conditions, we utilize the avoided cost method to access itemized costs and benefits of heat pump water heating systems in various regional families in Taiwan. In addition, referring to heat pump incentive scheme in advanced European countries and North America while considering solar water heating systems incentive policy in Taiwan, we also simulate variation of parameters (such as cash rebate subside, total residential heat pump user numbers )of heat pump system subsidy program. The outcome of cost-benefit analysis is presented in a form as net present value (NPV), benefit-cost ratio (BCR), and discounted payback period (DP). The results could be analyzed by test from two different perspectives including Participant Test (PCT) from participant perspective and Total Resource Cost Test (TRC) from overall sociality perspective. All of the 33 alternative programs constituted by 12 regions with electric , LPG and NG systems, for PCT, BCR, all 33 alternative programs are greater than 1.1; DP are between 3.2 to 11.3 years. For TRC, BCR, all 33 alternative programs are greater than 1 but less than 1.73; DP are between 5.4 to 14.9 years. Residential building adopting heat pump could reduce 2,707 tons carbon emissions annually. For the three types of alternative system, BCR of electric heating alternative program is the largest and NG alternative program being the least. For all of the 12 regions, BCR of Nantou region is the largest for adopting heat pump while BCR of Pingtung region is the smallest. NPV of overall Taiwan with market penetration reaching 5%, 20% and 50% substitution rate from heat pump system to NG water heating system are 251 million NT$, 1,006 million NT$, and 2,514 million NT$ respectively. Carbon emissions reduce 27,169 tons, 108,675 tons and 271,687 tons annually.

The accuracy in determined energy consumption and runningtime of trains, by means of computer simulation, is dependent upon the various models used. This thesis aims at developing validated models of running resistance, train and of a generaldriver, all based on full scale testing. A partly new simple methodology for determining running resistance, called by energy coasting method is developed and demonstrated. An error analysis for this methodis performed. Running resistance of high speed train SJ X2000, conventional loco hauled passenger trains and freight trains is systematically parameterised. Influence of speed, number of axles, axle load, track type, train length,and train configuration is studied. A model taking into account the ground boundary layer for determining the influence ofmeasured head and tail wind is developed. Different factors and parameters of a train, that are vital for the accuracy in computed energy consumption and runningtime are identified, analysed and finally synthesized into a train model. Empirical models of the braking and the traction system, including the energy efficiency, are developed for the electrical locomotive of typeSJ Rc4, without energy regeneration. Driver behaviour is studied for freight trains and a couple of driving describing parametersare proposed. An empirical model of freight train driver behaviour is developed from fullscale testing and observations. A computer program, a simulator, is developed in Matlabcode, making use of the determined runningresistance and the developed models of train and driver. The simulator calculates the energy consumption and running time ofa single train. Comparisons between simulations and corresponding measurements are made. Finally, the influence of driving on energy consumption and running time is studied and demonstrated in some examples. The main conclusions are that: The method developed for determining running resistanceis quite simple and accurate. It can be used on any train andon any track. The running resistance of tested trains includes some interesting knowledge which is partly believed to be new. Mechanical running resistance is less than proportional to the actual axle load. Air drag increases approximately linearly with train length and the effect of measured head and tail wind on the air drag can be calculated if the groundboundary layer is considered. The developed train model, including running resistance, traction, braking etc. is quite accurate, as verified for the investigated trains. The driver model together with the train model insimulations, is verified against measurements and shows good agreement for energy consumption and running time. It is recommended to use a driver model, when calculating energy consumption and running times for trains. Otherwise, the energy consumption will most likely be over-estimated.This has been demonstrated for Swedish ordinary freighttrains. / QC 20100526

Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η μελέτη των βασικών τμημάτων που απαρτίζουν ένα ηλεκτρικό όχημα, με άμεσο στόχο τη μέγιστη δυνατή εξοικονόμηση ενέργειας. Προς την κατεύθυνση αυτή μελετάται αρχικά η βαθμίδα φόρτισης των συσσωρευτών. Παρουσιάζονται οι προδιαγραφές και προτείνεται ως βέλτιστη τοπολογία αυτή του Flyback η οποία αντιμετωπίζει λειτουργικές δυσκολίες. Έτσι προτείνεται μια ειδική μεθοδολογία σχεδιασμού βασιζόμενη στην επιλογή του λόγου του Μ/Τ. Επίσης προτείνεται ένα νέο κύκλωμα καταστολής των υπερτάσεων λόγω σκέδασης. Η αποτελεσματική λειτουργία επιβεβαιώνεται μέσω εξομοιώσεων και πειραματικών δοκιμών. Στο δεύτερο μέρος παρουσιάζεται ένα νέο κύκλωμα τροφοδοσίας. Πρόκειται για μετατροπέα μονής βαθμίδας με ένα τρανζίστορ κα αποτελεσματική καταστολή υπερτάσεων. Παράλληλα πραγματοποιεί βελτίωση του συντελεστή ισχύος του κυκλώματος. Στο τρίτο μέρος μελετάται το κινητήριο σύστημα και προτείνεται μια μέθοδος ελέγχου της μαγνητικής ροής και του λόγου μετάδοσης του κιβωτίου ταχυτήτων ώστε να επιτυγχάνεται η ελάχιστη δυνατή ενεργειακή κατανάλωση του οχήματος. Τα αποτελέσματα εξομοίωσης επιβεβαιώνουν την αποτελεσματικότητα της προτεινόμενης μεθόδου. / Basic aim of the present work is the analytical study of the basic part of an EV, in order to be obtained a good energy saving. For this purpose the charging unit of an EV is studied. The specifications which must fulfill this device are exhibited and the Flyback topology is suggested as the optimal. However it appears some important problems. For this purpose, a new strategy of design based on the transformer.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(B) 課題番号:17360336 研究代表者:金武 直幸 研究期間:2005-2007年度

Μετά την πρώτη ενεργειακή κρίση την δεκαετία του ’70 κατά την οποία τα περιορισμένα αποθέματα ενέργειας προκάλεσαν την πρώτη σημαντική αύξηση στην τιμή της ενέργειας, η χρήση ενέργειας στα θερμοκήπια έχει γίνει κύριο ερευνητικό ζήτημα. Η ανάγκη για μείωση του ενεργειακού κόστους είναι σημαντική, γιατί η ενέργεια αποτελεί σημαντικό κλάσμα του συνολικού κόστους παραγωγής. Στις Μεσογειακές χώρες έχει υπολογιστεί ότι η χρήση ενέργειας για έλεγχο των συνθηκών περιβάλλοντος και ειδικότερα για τη θέρμανση, είναι 20% - 30% του συνολικού κόστους παραγωγής, ποσοστό το οποίο στις βορειότερες χώρες αυξάνεται. Ταυτόχρονα, με το έντονο ενδιαφέρον για το παγκόσμιο φαινόμενο του θερμοκηπίου και τις κλιματικές αλλαγές, η χρήση των συμβατικών καυσίμων είναι και πάλι στην πολιτική ατζέντα. Έτσι και η βιομηχανία θερμοκηπίων είναι αντιμέτωπη με οικονομική, πολιτική και κοινωνική πίεση για μείωση της χρήσης ενέργειας και βελτίωση της ενεργειακής απόδοσης των θερμοκηπίων μέσω τεχνολογικών καινοτομιών. Η κατανάλωση ενέργειας για τη θέρμανση του θερμοκηπίου αποτελεί ένα πολύ σοβαρό πρόβλημα διότι οι απώλειες του θερμοκηπίου σε θερμότητα λόγω των λεπτών τοιχωμάτων του και της κατασκευής του, είναι πολύ μεγάλες, 6-12 φορές μεγαλύτερες από εκείνες ενός συνήθους κτίσματος ίσου όγκου. Η θερμότητα παρέχεται στο θερμοκήπιο κυρίως μέσω συμβατικών συστημάτων θέρμανσης (συστήματα σωληνώσεων θερμού νερού, συστήματα θερμού αέρα) και σε περιορισμένη έκταση με χρήση ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας (ηλιακή, γεωθερμία, βιομάζα). Για να επιτευχθεί με αυτές τις μεθόδους η απαραίτητη θερμοκρασία στο επίπεδο των φυτών, το εσωτερικό του θερμοκηπίου πρέπει να θερμανθεί στην ίδια ή υψηλότερη θερμοκρασία από την επιθυμητή θερμοκρασία των φυτών με αποτέλεσμα την δημιουργία ισοθερμοκρασιακού κλίματος σε ολόκληρο το θερμοκήπιο (όλον κλίμα). Το αποτέλεσμα αυτής της πρακτικής σε όλες τις μελέτες που διεξάγονται είναι ότι, τα θερμοκήπια καταναλώνουν απαράδεκτα υψηλά ποσά ενέργειας σε σχέση με την ενέργεια που απορροφάται από τα φυτά, για να καλύπτουν τις αυξημένες ενεργειακές απώλειες που λόγω κατασκευής παρουσιάζουν. Στην παρούσα διατριβή αναπτύσσεται μια ολοκληρωμένη πρόταση για την δημιουργία ενός "ψυχρού θερμοκηπίου" στο οποίο τα φυτά θα λαμβάνουν απευθείας την ενέργεια που χρειάζονται προκειμένου να φτάσουν και να διατηρήσουν την επιθυμητή για την ανάπτυξή τους θερμοκρασία χωρίς να υπάρχει ανάγκη για αύξηση της θερμοκρασίας του αέρα του θερμοκηπίου. Για τον σκοπό αυτό χρησιμοποιείται σύστημα θέρμανσης με μικρού μήκους υπέρυθρη ακτινοβολία (NIR). Σε αυτά τα συστήματα η θερμότητα μεταδίδεται απευθείας από την πηγή στον δέκτη, στην προκειμένη περίπτωση στα φυτά και το έδαφος και το αποτέλεσμα είναι η δημιουργία ισοθερμοκρασιακού κλίματος μόνο στην περιοχή του φυτικού θόλου (τοπικό κλίμα). Ειδικότερα η παρούσα εργασία αντιμετωπίζει τη θερμική συμπεριφορά του θερμοκηπίου λαμβάνοντας υπόψη όλα τα ουσιαστικά θερμικά φαινόμενα που συμβαίνουν κατά την διάρκεια θέρμανσης (με συμβατικό και με σύστημα θέρμανσης με ακτινοβολία) και παρουσία καλλιέργειας. Γι αυτό τον λόγο δίνεται ιδιαίτερη βαρύτητα στην ανάπτυξη ενός μαθηματικού μοντέλου που προσομοιάζει επαρκώς τις κύριες διαδικασίες μεταφοράς θερμότητας μέσα στο θερμοκήπιο, το οποίο περιλαμβάνει ένα σύνολο λειτουργικών συνθηκών, και στο οποίο καθορίζονται με σχετική ακρίβεια οι παράγοντες που επηρεάζουν την θερμική συμπεριφορά του θερμοκηπίου. Το μοντέλο προσομοίωσης δίνει την δυνατότητα αξιόπιστης περιγραφής του περιβάλλοντος του θερμοκηπίου, και σαφούς εκτίμησης των ενεργειακών αναγκών του και με τις δυο τεχνικές θέρμανσης. Ετσι προσδιορίζεται το εξοικονομούμενο ενεργειακό όφελος που προκύπτει με τη χρήση συστήματος θέρμανσης με ακτινοβολία. Ο έλεγχος της ποιότητας του μοντέλου προσομοίωσης και η περαιτέρω βελτίωσή του γίνεται με σύγκριση των θεωρητικών αποτελεσμάτων με πειραματικά δεδομένα, η συλλογή και επεξεργασία των οποίων αποτελεί τον πυρήνα της έρευνας. Τα πειραματικά δεδομένα προέρχονται από πειράματα που διεξήχθησαν σε δύο πειραματικά θερμοκήπια συζευγμένα με αυτόματο μετεωρολογικό σταθμό, στα οποία εφαρμόζεται συμβατικό σύστημα θέρμανσης και θέρμανση με υπέρυθρη ακτινοβολία αντίστοιχα. Αυτό δίνει την δυνατότητα πιστοποίησης των δυνατοτήτων της θέρμανσης με ακτινοβολία και ποσοτικοποίησης του ενεργειακού οφέλους που επιτυγχάνεται. Συμπερασματικά, η συστηματική θεωρητική και πειραματική μελέτη ενός "ψυχρού" θερμοκηπίου με χρήση μικρού μήκους υπέρυθρης ακτινοβολίας (NIR) και ενός "θερμού θερμοκηπίου" με χρήση συμβατικού συστήματος θέρμανσης αναδεικνύουν το κύριο πλεονέκτημα της υπέρυθρης ακτινοβολίας, δηλαδή η θερμότητα να μεταδίδεται απευθείας από το σύστημα ακτινοβολίας στα φυτά και το έδαφος χωρίς να παρεμβάλεται ο αέρας του εσωτερικού περιβάλλοντος του θερμοκηπίου. Αυτό οδηγεί σε ομοιομορφία θέρμανσης του φυτικού θόλου και ταυτόχρονα σε σημαντική εξοικονόμηση ενέργειας της τάξεως του 40-50%. / After the first energy crisis in the seventies during which limited energy supplies led to an important increase in energy prices, greenhouse energy consumption has again become a major research issue. The energy cost reduction need is significant, since energy forms a substantial fraction of the total production costs. In Mediterranean countries it has been estimated that energy consumption for environment conditions control and more specifically for heating, consists 20% - 30% of total production cost, a percentage that is higher in northern countries. Moreover, due to the recent pronounced interest in the global greenhouse effect and climatic change, the use of fossil fuels is once again in the political agenda. Therefore the greenhouse industry is confronted with economical, political and social pressure to reduce energy usage and improve the greenhouse energy efficiency via technological innovations. Energy consumption for greenhouse heating represents a serious concern because greenhouse heat losses due to thin covers and construction specifics are 6-12 times higher than those of a common building of equal volume. Traditionally, thermal energy is transmitted to the greenhouse mainly through conventional heating systems (either by hot water circulation through a piping system or by air heaters) and, in a limited scale, through renewable energy sources (solar, geothermal, biomass). In order for the plants to reach required temperature through these methods, the greenhouse interior has to be heated to the same or even to a slightly higher temperature than the value targeted for the plants (entire climate). This practice results in extremely increased heat losses compared to the energy absorbed by plants, because of the increased energy losses due to construction specifications. The present thesis formulates a complete proposal for the creation of a "cold greenhouse" where plants will directly receive the needed energy in order to reach and preserve the desirable growth temperature without having to increase the internal greenhouse air temperature. The near infrared radiation (NIR) is used for this purpose. In the radiation system, heating is transmitted straight from the source to the receiver, in this particular case plants and soil. The result is an isothermal climate formation in the plant canopy (local climate). Specifically this study investigates the greenhouse thermal performance taking into account all the essential thermal phenomena that take place during heating (conventional and IR heating) and cultivation. For this reason, emphasis is given to the development of a mathematical model that simulates the main heating transfer procedures inside the greenhouse, takes into account a sum of operational conditions and determines all factors influencing the greenhouse thermal performance with relevant accuracy. The simulation model allows a credible description of greenhouse environment as well as a clear estimation of its energy needs with both heating systems. Thus the resulting energy saving by IR heating usage is determined. Quality control of the simulation model and its forward improvement is done by comparing the theoretical results with experimental data. Collecting and processing these data forms the research kernel. The experimental data correspond to experiments that took place in two experimental greenhouse connected with automatic meteorological station where conventional and IR heating have been used respectively. This method makes possible the identification of IR heating potential and quantification of energy saving. Concluding, the systematic theoretical and experimental study of a "cold" greenhouse using near IR heating, and of a "warm" greenhouse using conventional heating, proves the main advantage of IR heating that is that, the heat is directly transferred from the radiation system to the plants and the soil without interference of the internal greenhouse air. This leads to uniform heating of the plant canopy and at the same time to a significant energy saving of 40-50%.