Submitted by Rosangela Silva (rosangela.silva3@unioeste.br) on 2018-06-26T13:27:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Danieli_S_Silva.pdf: 2665814 bytes, checksum: d70a8ed25ecd02a31f2c8f987f28169b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-26T13:27:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Danieli_S_Silva.pdf: 2665814 bytes, checksum: d70a8ed25ecd02a31f2c8f987f28169b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-09 / Energy is a decisive factor in the economic growth of production systems, being fundamental to operate and keep the entire productive complex in operation. The pork production chain needs electrical energy to power the various motors and electrical devices that make up the lighting, exhaust, heating and cooling systems at each stage of production. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the specific energy consumption in the production, slaughtering and processing of pigs in the West of Paraná, with the objective of evaluating the specific energy cost involved in the pork production chain. In order to carry out the study, pig production properties were visited, where consumption data were collected and the cost of electricity was determined. In addition, data on energy consumption, energy cost and quantity of pigs at slaughter and processing in pig enterprises . From the results found, it was verified that the average specific energy consumption in finishing pig production is 0.0058 kWh / kg, totaling 1% in the process, that the average energy specific consumption at slaughter is 0, 22 kWh / kg, being responsible for 38.22% of the consumption and the consumption in the processing is 0.35 kWh / kg, being responsible for 60.78%, showing to be the stage that consumes the most energy within the meat production chain of pigs. It was also verified that the average specific cost of electric energy in the production of finished pigs is 0.0028 R $ / kg, that the average energy specific cost at slaughter is 0.16 R $ / kg and that the cost in processing is 0.22 R $ / kg. The highest cost is in the processing stage. / A energia é fator decisivo no crescimento econômico dos sistemas de produção, sendo fundamental para operar e manter todo o complexo produtivo em funcionamento. A cadeia produtiva de carne suína necessita de energia elétrica para alimentar os diversos motores e dispositivos elétricos que compõem os sistemas de iluminação, exaustão, aquecimento, refrigeração de cada fase da produção. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o consumo específico de energia na produção, abate e processamento de suínos no Oeste do Paraná, tendo por objetivo ainda, avaliar o custo energético específico envolvido dentro da cadeia de produção de carne suína. Para a realização do estudo foram visitadas propriedades produtoras de suínos, onde foram coletados dados de consumo para determinação do custo de energia elétrica, consumo de energia elétrica, custo da energia e quantidade de suínos no abate e processamento em empresas de suínos. A partir dos resultados encontrados verificou-se que o consumo específico médio de energia na produção de suínos em fase de terminação é de 0,0058 kWh/kg, totalizando 1% no processo, o consumo específico médio energético no abate é de 0,22 kWh/kg, sendo responsável por 38,22% do consumo e o consumo no processamento é de 0,35 kWh/kg, sendo responsável por 60,78%, mostrando ser a etapa que mais consome energia dentro da cadeia produtiva de carne de suínos. Constatou-se ainda, que o resultado de custo específico médio de energia elétrica na produção de suínos em fase de terminação é de 0,0028 R$/kg, o custo específico médio energético no abate é de 0,16 R$/kg e o custo no processamento é de 0,22 R$/kg. Sendo que o maior custo apresenta-se na fase de processamento.

O acúmulo intramuscular de íons H+ decorrente do exercício de alta intensidade inibe enzimas da via glicolítica, além de prejudicar diversas etapas do processo contrátil levando à fadiga. Especula-se que a suplementação combinada de betaalanina (via aumento da concentração de carnosina) e bicarbonato de sódio aumentaria a capacidade tamponante intra e extracelular refletindo em efeitos sinérgicos no metabolismo energético e no desempenho, do que quando suplementados isoladamente. Poucos estudos investigaram a eficácia da combinação dos suplementos durante o exercício e não há informações sobre os efeitos desta combinação nos sistemas energéticos. Portanto, esse estudo teve por objetivo investigar a eficácia da suplementação combinada ou isolada de betaalanina e bicarbonato de sódio enquanto estratégias de aumento da capacidade tamponante, bem como seu potencial na modulação do metabolismo energético e no desempenho do exercício intermitente de alta intensidade. O estudo contou com um desenho duplo-cego em que 77 voluntários (idade 38,6 ± 9,9 anos; massa corporal 76,6 ± 8,4 kg; VO2pico 59,3 ± 5,2 ml.kg-1.min-1) foram randomizados e aleatoriamente alocados em um dos 4 grupos sendo; beta-alanina (BA; n= 19), bicarbonato de sódio (BIC; n = 19), beta-alanina e bicarbonato de sódio (BA + BIC; n = 20) ou dextrose (PLA; n = 19). A eficácia das substâncias na contribuição dos sistemas energéticos foi comparada antes e após um período de 28 dias de suplementação de 6,4g/dia de beta-alanina e de 0,3g/kg de massa corporal de bicarbonato de sódio administrada 60 minutos antes de um exercício intermitente em cicloergômetro, que consistia de 4 séries de 1 minuto a 110% da potência aeróbia máxima com 1 minuto de intervalo e cadência constante. Após 10 minutos de repouso passivo, o desempenho era avaliado em um teste time-trial cuja meta era completar um trabalho total de 30 kJ, no menor tempo possível. Foram mensuradas as concentrações sanguíneas de pH, bicarbonato, excesso de base e lactato antes, durante e após os exercícios. As frações dos sistemas oxidativo e alático (ATP-CP) foram estimadas com base no consumo de oxigênio e o glicolítico pelo delta da concentração do lactato. O perfil energético do exercício intermitente consistiu na maior parte do sistema oxidativo (45 - 55%), seguido do sistema ATP-CP (35 - 40%) e do glicolítico (8 - 15%). A suplementação de bicarbonato de sódio elevou (P<0,001) as concentrações sanguíneas de bicarbonato (~ 6 mmol/L) e pH (~ 0,06 unidades) nos grupos BIC e BA + BIC, gerando uma maior concentração do lactato nas séries iniciais o que refletiu no aumento do custo energético glicolítico na primeira série do exercício intermitente, sendo estatisticamente significativo somente no grupo BIC (9,9 ± 7,2 kJ vs 18,7 ± 9,4 kJ; pré vs pós-suplementação). Não houve efeito da suplementação no tempo para completar o time-trial entre os grupos ou períodos de suplementação (BA -0,5%; BIC -1,4%; BA + BIC -4% e PLA 0%). A suplementação de bicarbonato de sódio, independentemente da suplementação de beta-alanina melhorou as variáveis de controle do equilíbrio ácido-base sanguíneo resultando na maior participação da via glicolítica, entretanto não conferiu benefícios adicionais ao desempenho / Intramuscular accumulation of H+ ions during high-intensity exercise inhibits glycolytic pathway enzymes and impairs several steps in the muscle-contraction process, causing fatigue. It has been suggested that a combined supplementation of betaalanine (through an increase in carnosine concentration) and sodium bicarbonate would increase intra- and extracellular buffering capacity causing synergetic effects on energy metabolism and performance, more than each supplement alone. Few studies investigate the effectiveness of combined supplements during exercise and there is no literature on the effects of this combination on energy system contribution. Therefore, the present study investigated the effectiveness of both beta-alanine and sodium bicarbonate alone and together in increasing buffering capacity as well as the potential for modulating energy metabolism and performance during high-intensity intermittent exercise. The study was double-blind and 77 volunteers (aged 38.6 ± 9.9 year, body mass 76.6 ± 8.4 kg; VO2peak 59,3 ± 5,2 ml.kg-1.min-1) were randomly assigned to four groups: beta-alanine (BA; n = 19), sodium bicarbonate (BIC; n = 19), beta-alanine and sodium bicarbonate (BA + BIC; n = 20), dextrose (PLA; n = 19). The efficacy of the substances in contributing to energy systems was compared before and after a 28-day period of supplementing 6.4g/day of beta-alanine and of 0.3g/kg of body mass of sodium bicarbonate administered 60 minutes before a cycling intermittent exercise, consisting of 4 sets of 1-minute each at 110% of maximum aerobic power with 1-minute intervals between each set and at an even pace. After 10 minutes of passive rest, performance was measured during a time-trial test in which participants were asked the complete 30 kJ of total work as fast as possible. Blood concentration of pH, bicarbonate, base excess, and lactate were measured before, during, and after intermittent and time trial protocols. The contributions of oxidative and anaerobic alactic (ATP-CP) were estimated based on oxygen consumption and the glycolytic system by the delta of lactate concentration. The energy demand of the intermittent exercises mostly consisted of the oxidative system (45-55%), followed by the ATP-CP system (35-40%), lastly glycolytic (8-15%). The sodium bicarbonate supplement elevated (P>0.001) blood concentration of bicarbonate (~6mmol/L) and pH (~0.06) units in the BIC and BA + BIC groups, generated a high concentration of lactate in the first sets, reflecting the increase in glycolytic energy cost in the first set of intermittent exercise, but was only statistically significant in the BIC group (9.9 ± 7.2 KJ vs 18.7 ± 9.4 KJ; pre vs postsupplementation). Supplementation did not have an effect on the time-trial times between groups or supplement periods (BA -0.5%, BIC -1.4%, BA + BIC -4%, PLA 0%). Supplementing with sodium bicarbonate, both alone and together with betaalanine improved blood acid-base control during high-intensity intermittent exercise resulting in high participation of the glycolytic metabolism, however it did not lead to additional performance

A tidal current turbine is a device functioning in a manner similar to wind turbine for harnessing energy from tidal currents, a group of which is called a farm. The existing approaches used to predict power from tidal current turbine farms oversimplify the hydrodynamic interactions between turbines, which significantly affects the results. The major focus of this dissertation is to study the relationship between turbine distribution (the relative position of the turbines) and the hydrodynamic interactions between turbines, and its impact on the power from a farm. A new formulation of the discrete vortex method (DVM-UBC) is proposed to describe the behavior of turbines and unsteady flow mathematically, and a numerical model is developed to predict the performance, the unsteady wake and acoustic emission of a stand-alone turbine using DVM-UBC. Good agreement is obtained between the results obtained with DVM-UBC and published numerical and experimental results. Then, another numerical model is developed to predict the performance, wake and acoustic emission of a two-turbine system using DVM-UBC. The results show that the power of a two-turbine system with optimal relative position is about 25% more than two times that of a stand-alone turbine under the same conditions. The torque such a system may fluctuate 50% less than that of a stand-alone turbine. The acoustic emission of such a system may be 35% less than that of a stand-alone turbine. As an extension, a numerical procedure is developed to estimate the efficiency of an N-turbine system by using a linear theory together with the two-turbine system model. By integrating above hydrodynamic models for predicting power and a newly-developed Operation and Maintenance (O&M) model for predicting the cost, a system model is framed to estimate the energy cost using a scenario-based cost-effectiveness analysis. This model can estimate the energy cost more accurately than the previous models because it breaks down turbine’s components and O&M strategies in much greater detail when studying the hydrodynamics and reliability of the turbine. This dissertation provides a design tool for farm planners, and shed light on other disciplines such as environmental sciences and oceanography. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Mechanical Engineering, Department of / Graduate

Title: Climbing in children and youth: acute physiological responses to climbing and their implications for upper body strength. Objectives: The aim of this thesis was to determine the physiological responses of children and youth to climbing and its implications for upper body strength. Methods: One hundred and twelve children (aged 9,8 ± 1,4 years) participated across two studies. Study one (91 children) explored the effects of climbing on upper body strength, with the aid of a battery of climbing specific tests (bent arm hang on the trapeze, finger hang on the wooden bar and maximal hand grip with the manual dynamometer). These tests were designed for the measurement of the key muscle groups involved in climbing. Study two (21 children) assessed acute physiological response to climbing using the indirect calorimetry method. Energy expenditure was used as an indicator of the climbing skills and to express the total climbing work completed. Study two lasted for 16 weeks, during this time the children underwent three measurements. Instructors recorded the routes climbed and their difficulty during each session. The period of the study corresponded with the duration of the climbing course for children during the school year. The results of the acute physiological response of children during climbing...

Title: Physiological responses on standardized climbing task in sport climbers Purpose: To determine the effect of height, wall angle, climbing speed and climbing ability on physiological responses in sport climbers. Methods: The study was divided into three parts. 75 sport climbers (36 female and 39 male) completed differing tests on climbing wall and motorized climbing ergometer. Perceived exertion was assessed on a scale suggested by Borg. Indirect calorimetry, venous blood samples and near-infrared spectroscopy were used to assess physiological response, hormonal response and muscle oxygen saturation, respectively. Results: Perceived exertions were higher when climbing to height as opposes to climbing low to the ground on the treadwall (+5,3%; P = 0,013; ηp 2 = 0,149) (Study 1A). The physiological response was higher on the climbing wall as opposed to the treadwall: V̇ O2 (+6%; P = 0,03; ηp 2 = 0,22), SF (+4%; P = 0,04; ηp 2 = 0,20), V̇ E (+9%; P = 0,01; ηp 2 = 0,30) a EC (+16%; P < 0,001; ηp 2 = 0,48). There was an interaction for climbing ability and post- climbing catecholamine concentration (P < 0,01, ηp 2 = 0,28) (Study 1B). With increasing climbing speed greater differences were found for V̇ O2 (P < 0,001, ηp 2 = 0,923) than for StO2 (P < 0,001, ηp 2 = 0,448). Between-subject effect...

Cross-country (c.c.) skiing is a complex sport discipline from both physiological and biomechanical perspectives, with varying course topographies that require different proportions of the involved sub-techniques to be utilised. A relatively new event in c.c. skiing is the sprint race, involving four separate heats, each lasting 2-4 min, with diverse demands from distance races associated with longer durations. Therefore, the overall aim of the current thesis has been to examine the biomechanical and physiological factors associated with sprint c.c. skiing performance through novel measurements conducted both in the field (Studies I-III) and the laboratory (Studies IV and V). In Study I sprint skiing velocities and sub-techniques were analysed with a differential global navigation satellite system in combination with video recording. In Studies II and III the effects of an increasing velocity (moderate, high and maximal) on the biomechanics of uphill classical skiing with the diagonal stride (DS) (Study II) and herringbone (HB) (Study III) sub-techniques were examined. In Study I the skiers completed the 1,425 m (2 x 712 m) sprint time trial (STT) in 207 s, at an average velocity of 24.8 km/h, with multiple technique transitions (range: 21-34) between skiing techniques (i.e., the different gears [G2-7]). A pacing strategy involving a fast start followed by a gradual slowing down (i.e., positive pacing) was employed as indicated by the 2.9% faster first than second lap. The slower second lap was primarily related to a slower (12.9%) uphill velocity with a shift from G3 towards a greater use of G2. The maximal oxygen uptake ( O2max) was related to the ability to maintain uphill skiing velocity and the fastest skiers used G3 to a greater extent than G2. In addition, maximal speed over short distances (50 and 20 m) with the G3 and double poling (DP) sub-techniques exerted an important impact on STT performance. Study II demonstrated that during uphill skiing (7.5°) with DS, skiers increased cycle rate and cycle length from moderate to high velocity, while cycle rate increased and cycle length decreased at maximal velocity. Absolute poling, gliding and kick times became gradually shorter with an elevated velocity. The rate of pole and leg force development increased with elevated velocity and the development of leg force in the normal direction was substantially faster during skiing on snow than previous findings for roller skiing, although the peak force was similar in both cases. The fastest skiers applied greater peak leg forces over shorter durations. Study III revealed that when employing the HB technique on a steep uphill slope (15°), the skiers positioned their skis laterally (“V” between 25 to 30°) and planted their poles at a slight lateral angle (8 to 12°), with most of the propulsive force being exerted on the inside forefoot. Of the total propulsive force, 77% was generated by the legs. The cycle rate increased across all three velocities (from 1.20 to 1.60 Hz), while cycle length only increased from moderate to high velocity (from 2.0 to 2.3 m). Finally, the magnitude and rate of leg force generation are important determinants of both DS and HB skiing performance, although the rate is more important in connection with DS, since this sub-technique involves gliding. In Studies IV and V skiers performed pre-tests for determination of gross efficiency (GE), O2max, and Vmax on a treadmill. The main performance test involved four self-paced STTs on a treadmill over a 1,300-m simulated course including three flat (1°) DP sections interspersed with two uphill (7°) DS sections. The modified GE method for estimating anaerobic energy production during skiing on varying terrain employed in Study IV revealed that the relative aerobic and anaerobic energy contributions were 82% and 18%, respectively, during the 232 s of skiing, with an accumulated oxygen (O2) deficit of 45 mL/kg. The STT performance time was largely explained by the GE (53%), followed by O2 (30%) and O2 deficit (15%). Therefore, training strategies designed to reduce energetic cost and improve GE should be examined in greater detail. In Study V metabolic responses and pacing strategies during the four successive STTs were investigated. The first and the last trials were the fastest (both 228 s) and were associated with both a substantially larger and a more rapid anaerobic energy supply, while the average O2 during all four STTs was similar. The individual variation in STT performance was explained primarily (69%) by the variation in O2 deficit. Furthermore, positive pacing was employed throughout all the STTs, but the pacing strategy became more even after the first trial. In addition, considerably higher (~ 30%) metabolic rates were generated on the uphill than on the flat sections of the course, reflecting an irregular production of anaerobic energy. Altogether, a fast start appears important for STT performance and high work rates during uphill skiing may exert a more pronounced impact on skiing performance outdoors, due to the reduction in velocity fluctuations and thereby overall air-drag. / <p>Vid tidpunkten för disputationen var följande delarbeten opublicerade: delarbete 5 inskickat</p><p>At the time of the doctoral defence the following papers were unpublished: paper 5 submitted</p>

L'objectif de ce travail était d'une part d'étudier la dégradation du phénol en milieu aqueux par un plasma GlidArc d'air humide et d'autre part d'étudier la conversion de l'acétaldéhyde dans des gaz atmosphériques par un plasma DBD généré par une haute tension impulsionnelle. Les résultats de l'étude paramétrique de la dégradation du phénol ont montré une augmentation de l'efficacité en fonction de la concentration initiale et du débit d'air humide. L'augmentation du gap entre les électrodes à occasionné celle de la concentration des ions nitrates. La majeur parie des nombreux produits de réactions est constituée d'acides carboxyliques mais aussi d'hydroquinone, de para-nitrophénol et de para-nitrosophénol. Cette identification a permis de dresser un schéma réactionnel de la dégradation du phénol. La conversion de l'acétaldéhyde a été effectuée dans des conditions de température allant de l'ambiante jusqu'à 300°C et dans deux types de mélanges: CH3CHO/N2 et CH3CHO/N2/O2 (jusqu'à 10% O2). Les résultats ont montré que le coût énergétique baisse en présence d'oxygène dans le mélange et également lorsque la température augmente. Les principaux sous-produits identifiés dans CH3CHO/N2 sont CO, H2, CH4, HCN, C2H6, CH3CN tandis que dans les mélanges oxygénés, CO2 et CO, CH2O, CH3OH sont les sous-produits les plus importants. L'étude cinétique menée à la suite de cette analyse grâce à un modèle 0D simplifié a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle primordial de la dissociation par quenching des états métastables d'azote et de l'oxydation notamment par O et OH dans la conversion de l'acétaldéhyde. La modélisation a aussi permis de comprendre les processus de formation des sous-produits majoritaires. Des catalyseurs à base de MnO2 ont été placés en aval de la zone de décharge pour décomposer l'ozone qui se forme abondamment dans les mélanges oxygénés surtout à basse température. L'oxygène atomique produit lors de cette décomposition oxyde l'acétaldéhyde résiduel et ses sous-produits. Le coût énergétique a ainsi été diminué et les concentrations des sous-produits comme CH2O et CH3OH ont été réduites. / This work aimed to study the degradation of aqueous phenol by humid air GlidArc plasma and to study the removal of acetaldehyde in atmospheric gas by pulsed DBD plasma. The parametric study of phenol degradation showed an increase in efficiency as a function of the initial concentration and humid air flow. The increase of the inter-electrodes gap has increased nitrate ions concentration. The numerous reaction products formed consist mostly of carboxylic acids. Other byproducts identified are hydroquinone, para-nitrophenol and para-nitrosophenol. By-products identification enabled drawing a reaction scheme of phenol degradation. The acetaldehyde removal has been achieved in temperature conditions ranging from ambient to 300°C and in two types of mixtures: CH3CHO/N2 and CH3CHO/N2/O2 (up to 10 % O2). The results showed that the energy cost decreases in the presence of oxygen in the mixture as well as when the temperature increases. In CH3CHO/N2, the main by-products are CO, H2, CH4, HCN, C2H6, CH3CN whereas in oxygenated mixtures, CO2 and CO, CH2O, CH3OH are the most important by-products. The kinetic study following this analysis, by using a simplified 0D model has highlighted the key role of the quenching of nitrogen metastables states and that of the oxidation of acetaldehyde, caused in particular by O and OH. The modeling also helped understanding the formation processes of major by-products. A MnO2 based catalyst was placed downstream of plasma zone in order to decompose ozone that is abundantly formed in oxygenated mixtures especially at low temperature. The atomic oxygen produced during this decomposition is used to oxidize the residual acetaldehyde and its by-products. The energy cost was thus decreased and the concentrations of certain by-products such as CH2O and CH3OH have been reduced as well.

This study reviewed first the development of race result in canoe sprint during the past decades. The race results of MK1-1000 and WK1-500 have increased 32.5 % and 42.1 %, respectively, a corresponding 5.0 % and 6.5 % increase in each decade. The development of race results in canoe sprint during the past decades resulted from the contributions of various aspects. The recruitment of taller and stronger athletes improved the physiological capacity of paddlers. Direct investigation on energy contribution in canoe sprint enhanced the emphasis on aerobic capacity and aerobic endurance training. Advancement of equipment design improved the efficiency of paddling. Physiological and biomechanical diagnostics in canoe sprint led to a more scientific way of training. Additionally, other aspects might also have contributed to the development of race results during the past decades. For example, the establishment of national team after World War II provided the possibility of systematic training, and the use of drugs in the last century accelerated the development of race results in that period. Recent investigations on energetics in high-intensity exercises demonstrated an underestimate of WAER % in the table provided by some textbooks since the 1960s. An exponential correlation between WAER % and the duration of high-intensity exercises was concluded from summarizing most of the relevant reports, including reports with different methods of energy calculation. However, when reports with the MAOD and Pcr-La-O2 methods were summarized separately, a greater overestimate of WAER % from MAOD was found compared to those from Pcr-La-O2, which was in line with the critical reports on MAOD. Because of the lack of investigation of the validity of the comparisons between MAOD and Pcr-La-O2, it is still not clear which method can generate more accurate results and which method is more reliable. With regard to kayaking, a range of variation in WAER % was observed. Many factors might contribute to the variation of WAER % in kayaking. Therefore, the methods utilized to calculate the energy contributions, different paddling conditions, and the level of performance were investigated in kayaking. The findings indicated that the method utilized to calculate the energy contributions in kayaking, rather than paddling condition and performance level of paddlers, might be the possible factor associated with WAER %. Some other possible factors associated with WAER % still need to be further investigated in the future. After verifying the dependence of WAER % on the method of energy calculation, but not on paddling condition and performance level of paddlers, energy contributions of kayaking were investigated for the three racing distances on a kayak ergometer with junior paddlers. Energetic profiles in kayaking varied with paddling distances. At 500 m and 1000 m the aerobic system was dominant (with WAER % of 57.8 % and 76.2 %), whereas at 200 m the anaerobic system was dominant (with WAER % of 31.1-32.4 %). Muscular volume seemed to have an influence on absolute energy productions. The anaerobic alactic system determined the performance during the first 5 to 10 s. The anaerobic lactic system probably played a dominant role during the period from the 5th-10th s to 30th-40th s. The aerobic system could dominate the energy contribution after 30–40 s. This energetic profile in kayaking could provide physiological support for developing the training philosophy in these three distances. Additionally, the method introduced by Beneke et al. seemed to be a valid method to calculate the energy contributions in maximal kayaking. Energy contributions in canoeing were similar to those in kayaking. The relative energy contributions on open water canoeing were 75.3 ± 2.8 % of aerobic, 11.5 ± 1.9 % of anaerobic lactic, and 13.2 ± 1.9 % of anaerobic alactic at maximal speed of simulated 1000 m. Further, the C of canoeing seemed also to be similar to the reported findings in kayaking, with a function of y = 0.0242 * x2.1225. Training programs could be designed similarly for kayaking and canoeing with regard to energetic profile. In order to extend the findings on energetics in canoe sprint to other exercises, energy contributions in kayaking, canoeing, running, cycling, as well as arm cranking were compared with the same duration. Results indicated that WAER % during maximal exercises with the same duration seemed to be independent of movement patterns, given similar VO2 kinetics during the maximal exertion. The exponential relationship between WAER % and duration in maximal exercises could be supported by excluding the influence from movement patterns. Additionally, MLSS in kayaking was investigated. The blood lactate value of MLSS was found to be 5.4 mM in kayaking, which could expand the knowledge of MLSS in different locomotion. The MLSS in kayaking might be attributed to the involved muscle mass in this locomotion, which could result in a certain level of lactate removal, and allow a certain level of equilibrium between lactate production and removal. LT5, instead of LT4, was recommended for diagnostics in kayaking, given an incremental test as used in this study.

Submitted by JOSÉ APARECIDO SILVA DE QUEIROZ null (jqueiroz@unilins.edu.br) on 2016-06-28T17:33:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE FINAL JOSÉ QUEIROZ.pdf: 1990890 bytes, checksum: 8dbd46996efdf66f13c164f994bd6087 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-29T20:20:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 queiroz_jas_dr_bot.pdf: 1990890 bytes, checksum: 8dbd46996efdf66f13c164f994bd6087 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-29T20:20:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 queiroz_jas_dr_bot.pdf: 1990890 bytes, checksum: 8dbd46996efdf66f13c164f994bd6087 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-29 / O principal objetivo deste estudo é avaliar, com bases em resultados experimentais, um sistema de aquecimento solar constituído de mangueira de polietileno que permite a transferência do calor gerado pela radiação solar direta e/ou difusa (Energia Solar Térmica) para a água. O sistema foi dimensionado para atender a demanda de um Centro de Ressocialização com capacidade para 220 internos. Justifica-se a escolha do tema pelo fato de que consiste em um assunto atual de grande relevância, principalmente porque vive-se uma crise energética em nível mundial. O estudo comprova através de um experimento a viabilidade do aquecedor solar de baixo custo, considerando-se sua aplicabilidade em locais que demanda grande volume de água aquecida para banho. Os resultados demonstraram que o sistema alternativo proposto atendeu de forma eficiente e econômica a demanda solicitada, o que pode ser adotada pelo poder público em qualquer um de seus segmentos que necessite de água aquecida, com objetivo de reduzir custos e contribuir com o sistema energético brasileiro. O sistema foi analisado para atuar em fluxo continuo e fluxo intermitente, ambos objetivando aquecer a água a temperaturas superiores a 37 °C no inverno. Os resultados alcançados atenderam as expectativas coletando grandes volumes, com temperaturas médias acima de 42 °C. / The aim of this study is to evaluate, with bases on experimental results, a solar heating system consists of polyethylene hose that allows the transfer of heat generated by direct solar radiation and / or diffuse (Solar Thermal Energy) to the water. The system has been designed to meet the demand of a Rehabilitation Center with a capacity for 220 inmates. Justified the choice of the theme for the fact that consists of a current subject of great importance, especially because it lives in an energy crisis worldwide. The study proves through an experiment the viability of solar heater low cost, considering their applicability in places that demand large volume of heated water for bathing. The results showed that the alternative system proposed met efficiently and economically the requested demand, which can be adopted by the government in any of its segments that need heated water, in order to reduce costs and contribute to the Brazilian energy system. The system was analyzed to operate in continuous flow, intermittent flow, both aiming at heating the water to temperatures above 37 °C in winter. The results achieved met the expectations collecting large volumes, with average temperatures above 42 °C.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-11-03T13:22:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Layara de Paula Sousa Santos - 2017.pdf: 2403100 bytes, checksum: 73792e08ef369454156c844fd7e57d55 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-11-06T09:47:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Layara de Paula Sousa Santos - 2017.pdf: 2403100 bytes, checksum: 73792e08ef369454156c844fd7e57d55 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-06T09:47:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Layara de Paula Sousa Santos - 2017.pdf: 2403100 bytes, checksum: 73792e08ef369454156c844fd7e57d55 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-29 / Faced with urban population growth and the importance of water as a limited natural resource, there is a need to implement techniques to reduce the operational costs of water distribution systems and ensure adequate supply. The optimization of pump operation can be used to meet the demands of consumption with a lower energy cost, in addition to maximizing hydraulic reliability. In this work, a hybrid optimization / simulation model was developed based on the multiobjective genetic algorithms and the EPANET hydraulic simulator. The NSGA II (Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II) method was used to optimize the operation of variable rotation pumps, that is, the decision variables of the problem were the rotation of the pumps for each hour throughout the day. A modification of the original EPANET hydraulic simulator, which does not correctly compute the efficiency of variable-speed pumps, was employed so that the power of each pump, and consequently the cost of electric power, was calculated correctly. The representation of the system in the model was done by means of the configuration of the hypothetical network called ANYTOWN in the EPANET and implementation of the Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm, determination of the penalty coefficients and determination of genetic parameters and operators (population, generation number, mutation probability and probability of recombination). The validity test of the developed model was obtained through simulations performed with the input data, including the patterns of variation of the speed of rotation of the pumps. Non-dominated solutions (Pareto Front) were obtained considering first the negative pressure penalty at the nodes and, subsequently, the negative pressure penalties at the nodes and the closure / shutdown of tubes and / or pumps. All points found represent optimal operating solutions for the system considering the period of the last 24 hours for calculating the objective functions. The results obtained for the two previously defined objectives demonstrate the effectiveness of the model, since mainly with adoption of penalty 2, presents adequate pressures at the nodes and adequate water level in the reservoir, with the consequent saving of electric energy and increased hydraulic reliability. / Diante do crescimento populacional urbano e importância da água como recurso natural limitado, verifica-se a necessidade de implementar técnicas com a finalidade de reduzir os custos operacionais dos sistemas de distribuição de água e garantir abastecimento adequado. A otimização da operação de bombas pode ser utilizada com o propósito de atender as demandas de consumo com um menor custo energético, além de maximizar a confiabilidade hidráulica. Neste trabalho, um modelo híbrido de otimização/simulação foi desenvolvido tendo como suporte os algoritmos genéticos multiobjetivo e o simulador hidráulico EPANET. O método NSGA II (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II) foi utilizado para a otimização da operação de bombas de rotação variável, ou seja, as variáveis de decisão do problema foram a rotação das bombas para cada hora ao longo do dia. Uma modificação do simulador hidráulico EPANET original, que não computa corretamente o rendimento de bombas de rotação variável, foi empregada para que as potências de cada bomba e, consequentemente o custo da energia elétrica, fossem calculadas corretamente. Foi realizada a representação do sistema no modelo, por meio da configuração da rede hipotética denominada ANYTOWN no EPANET e implementação do Algoritmo Evolucionário Multiobjetivo, determinação dos coeficientes de penalidade e determinação dos parâmetros e operadores genéticos (população, número de geração, probabilidade de mutação e probabilidade de recombinação). O teste de validade do modelo desenvolvido foi obtido por meio das simulações realizadas com os dados de entrada, incluindo os padrões de variação da velocidade de rotação das bombas. Conjuntos de soluções não dominadas (Frente Pareto) foram obtidos considerando-se primeiramente a penalidade de pressão negativa nos nós e, posteriormente, as penalidades de pressão negativa nos nós e fechamento/desligamento de tubos e/ou bombas. Todos os pontos encontrados representam soluções operacionais ótimas para o sistema considerando-se o período das últimas 24 horas para o cálculo das funções objetivo. Os resultados obtidos para os dois objetivos previamente definidos demonstram a eficácia do modelo, visto que principalmente com adoção da penalidade 2, apresenta pressões adequadas nos nós e nível adequado de água no reservatório, com a consequente economia de energia elétrica e aumento da confiabilidade hidráulica.