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Submitted by CAMILA CHIODA DE ALMEIDA (milachioda@gmail.com) on 2018-08-03T16:19:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Camila_doutorado tese definitiva.pdf: 1977508 bytes, checksum: 8f88b2d3a8deefe001caf55b7c3ef036 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Neli Silvia Pereira null (nelisps@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-08-03T18:26:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_cc_dr_jabo.pdf: 1977508 bytes, checksum: 8f88b2d3a8deefe001caf55b7c3ef036 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T18:26:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_cc_dr_jabo.pdf: 1977508 bytes, checksum: 8f88b2d3a8deefe001caf55b7c3ef036 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Assim como nos bovinos, a búfala pode ter mastite, sendo o Staphylococcus aureus o principal causador desta enfermidade. No entanto, é possível que sua prevalência possa estar superestimada. Este estudo objetivou comparar métodos fenotípico e genotípico na identificação de S. aureus em amostras de leite bubalino e ambiente de ordenha bem como propor uma nova PCR quantitativa em tempo real para identificação do mesmo. Para isso, de um total de 408 amostras obtidas de leite de búfalo, ambiente de ordenha e mãos de ordenhadores, 32 cepas presuntivas de S. aureus foram identificadas com base em seu crescimento fenotípico característico em ágar Baird Parker, reações positivas de Gram e catalase, capacidade de coagular plasma de coelho, e resultado positivo no ensaio de PCR Sa442 específico para a espécies. No entanto, testes adicionais revelaram que destas 32 estirpes, apenas 10 isolados apresentaram resultado positivo na aglutinação em látex, incluindo um S. chromogenes e um S. agentis. A análise de MALDI-TOF MS revelou que oito das 32 cepas eram S. aureus, 19 S. chromogenes, três S. agnetis e uma S. xylosus. Todas as oito cepas identificadas como S. aureus pela análise de MALDI-TOF e confirmadas pelo sequenciamento do 16S rRNA foram positivas na PCR do gene cydB específico para S. aureus. Além disso, foi encontrada uma cepa positiva para o gene sea, nove para o gene cna, uma para o gene sei, duas para o gene sem, uma para o gene seg, seis para o gene seh, 15 para o gene eno 11 para o gene ebps duas para o gene fib e 14 para o gene fnbA. Das cepas Isoladas, apenas uma apresentou resistência a clindamicina, uma a vancomicina, uma para a rifampicina, nove para a penicilina, 15 para a eritromicina, duas para a ciprofloxacina e três para o cotrimoxazole. Resistência a dois antimicrobianos foi observado em oito cepas, a três antimicrobianos em uma cepa e a quatro antimicrobianos em uma cepa. Finalmente, sete das oito cepas de S. aureus foram positivas para a nova PCR em tempo real do gene coa, duas das 19 cepas S. cromogenes e a única cepa de S. xylosus também foram positivas. Em conjunto, nossos achados sugerem que S. agentis e S. chromogenes podem ser identificados erroneamente como S. aureus pelos testes de aglutinação em látex, PCR para Sa442 PCR e Staphyclin latex enquanto MALDI-TOF MS e um teste de PCR cydB específico para S. aureus podem identificar com precisão S. aureus de leite de búfala e amostras ambientais e que estas cepas podem apresentar genes que codificam enterotoxinas e resistência aos antimicrobianos. / Like cattle, buffalo may have mastitis, with Staphylococcus aureus being its main cause. However, it is possible that its prevalence may be overestimated. This study aimed to compare phenotypic and genotypic methods for S. aureus identification in samples of buffalo milk and milking environment as well as to propose a new quantitative real time PCR for its identification. For this, a total of 408 samples obtained from buffalo milk, milking environment and milkers hand, 32 presumed S. aureus strains were identified based on their characteristic phenotypic growth in Baird Parker agar, positive reactions of Gram and catalase, ability to coagulate rabbit plasma, and positive result in the species-specific Sa442 PCR assay. However, additional tests revealed that of these 32 strains, only 10 isolates tested positive for latex agglutination, including a S. chromogenes and a S. agentis. Analysis of MALDI-TOF MS revealed that eight of the 32 strains were S. aureus, 19 were S. chromogenes, three were S. agnetis and one was S. xylosus. All eight strains identified as S. aureus by MALDI-TOF analysis and confirmed by 16S rRNA sequencing were positive in S. aureus specific cydB gene PCR. In addition, a positive strain was found for the sea gene, nine for the cna gene, one for the sei gene, two for the sem, one for the seg gene, six for the seh gene, 15 for the eno 11 gene for the gene ebps two for the fib gene and 14 for the fnbA gene. Of the isolates, only one showed resistance to clindamycin, one to vancomycin, one to rifampicin, nine to penicillin, 15 to erythromycin, two to ciprofloxacin and three to cotrimoxazole. Resistance to two antimicrobials was observed in eight strains, three antimicrobials in one strain and four antimicrobials in one strain. Finally, seven of the eight strains of S. aureus were positive for the new real-time PCR of the coa gene, two of the 19 S. chromogenes strains and the only strain of S. xylosus were also positive. Taken together, our findings suggest that S. agentis and S. chromogenes can be misidentified as S. aureus by the agglutination assays of Sa442 PCR and Staphyclin latex while MALDI-TOF MS and a cydB PCR test specific for S. aureus can identify with accurate S. aureus of buffalo milk and environmental samples and that these strains may have enterotoxin genes and antimicrobial resistance genes in buffaloes.

Numerous species of the genus Staphylococcus other than Staphylococcus aureus are important pathogens in human clinical practice and veterinary medicine. With improved methods of identification and more precise classification, we have speciated over 500 strains of staphylococci representing 17 species and subspecies of non-S. aureus Staphylococcus. We have examined these strains for possible virulence factors which may play a role in their pathogenesis. Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we have demonstrated that small to large amounts of glycocalyx are found on staphylococcal cells. Animal models have shown that staphylococci cause abscess formation in the presence or absence of a foreign body implant. Molecular characterization of cell extracts of Staphylococcus intermedius show that this species elaborates a protein which is serologically similar to the enterotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus in ELISA tests, but differs markedly in other characteristics.

Du fait de leurs propriétés immunostimulantes, les entérotoxines de Staphylococcus aureus (SEs) sont aussi considérées comme des outils thérapeutiques anticancéreux potentiels. Cependant, leurs implications dans de nombreuses pathologies humaines limitent leurs utilisations. Récemment, un opéron dénommé enterotoxin gene cluster (egc) codant pour cinq entérotoxines (SEG, SEI, SElM, SElN et SElO) supposées être de moindre virulence pour l’organisme, a été mis en évidence. En 2004, des patients atteints de carcinome broncho-pulmonaire ont été traités par l’administration d’un surnageant de culture d’une souche de S. aureus, contenant l’opéron egc. Ce traitement a permis d’allonger la durée de survie, et n’a eu aucun effet secondaire. Dans ce cadre, l’objectif de cette thèse a été d’étudier l’activité anti-tumorale des toxines de l’egc. Nos travaux ont mis en évidence l’activité tumoricide de ces toxines, induite par l’activation du système immunitaire. Cette toxicité est médiée par la sécrétion de nombreux médiateurs solubles comme le TNF-α et le NO. Nous avons confirmé le caractère pro-inflammatoire de type Th1 des toxines de l’egc. Nos travaux ont également montré qu’hormis SEI, les toxines de l’egc induisent des sécrétions de cytokines, chimiokines, protéases matricielles (MMPs) et facteurs de croissances nettement inférieures à celle induites par le reste des SEs. Ces résultats pourraient expliquer la faible toxicité associée aux toxines de l’egc. Enfin, nous avons montré que SElO possèdent une toxicité intrinsèque vis-à-vis des lignées tumorales. Cette étude plaide en faveur de l'intérêt des toxines de l’egc dans le développement de nouvelles approches en thérapie anti-tumorale / The use of classical superantigens (e.g. SEA, SEB and SEC) for treatment of cancer has resulted in a low response rates due to serious toxicity in humans. However, in a recent clinical study, remarkable results in treating lung cancer were obtained using superantigens encoded by the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc) without causing any significant toxicity. The current study was performed to investigate how egc superantigens (i.e. SEG, SEI, SElM, SElN and SElO) have tumoricidal activity with low toxicity. Indeed, we first demonstrated that tumoricidal activity of egc-SEs is mediated by immune cell activation, in particular, by secretion of soluble mediators such as nitric oxide and TNF-α. Thus, the proteomic analysis of the PBMC supernatants, showed that SEs-egc enhance the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chimokines and many other biomarkers. Interestingly, levels were significantly higher in supernatants of SEA-stimulated PBMC than those with egc superantigens suggesting that staphylococcal superantigens differs in their inflammatory proprerties. Our results suggest that the relative lower pro-inflammatory activity of egc toxins may explain the low toxicity of these toxins observed during the clinical trial. Finally, we showed that SElO have a direct cytostatic activity against tumor cells. These findings suggest that egc-SEs seems to be good candidates for the development of new drugs in cancer therapy

Notre travail montre la prédominance du clone « Lyon » parmi les souches de Staphylococcus aureus responsables d’infections invasives (i.e. bactériémies). Il est caractérisé par la présence du gène codant la «staphylococcal enterotoxin » (SE) A. Afin de mieux comprendre le lien éventuel entre la prédominance de la SEA et la gravité des infections induites, nous avons orienté nos travaux sur le versant immuno‐inflammatoire des SE. L’étude des répertoires Vβ induits par l’ensemble des SE s’est révélée peu discriminante. A l’aide d’approches génomiques et protéiques réalisées sur des lymphocytes et monocytes humains, nous avons observé le puissant potentiel inflammatoire de la SEA en particulier par rapport à la SEG (SE appartenant à l’opéron egc retrouvé dans les infections de faible sévérité) et la prédominance de la réponse lymphocytaire T. Enfin, afin de mieux comprendre la spécificité des effets observés, nous avons conduit des expériences sur lymphocytes purifiés en ciblant les Ly T effecteurs (CD4+CD25‐) et Ly T régulateurs (CD4+CD25+FOXP3+). Nos travaux ont confirmé l’induction par la SEA d’une forte réponse inflammatoire, associant une synthèse de cytokines de type Th1 et Th17 dans les deux lignées lymphocytaires. De plus, nos résultats suggèrent que les SE provoquent une perte des fonctions suppressives des Ly T régulateurs ouvrant de nouvelles perspectives quant à l’implication des SAgs dans de nombreuses situations cliniques en particulier le choc septique, et les infections chroniques / Our work shows the prevalence of the “Lyon” clone among Staphylococcus aureus strains responsible for severe systemic infections (i.e. bacteremia). This clone is characterized by the presence of the staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) A coding gene. To better understand the possible link between the prevalence of SEA and the severity of infections, we focused our work on the immuno inflammatory responses of SE. By using genomic and protein studies, in human lymphocytes and monocytes, we observed the potent inflammatory property of SEA (especially in comparison with SEG ‐ belonging to the egc cluster mainly found in less severe infections) mainly targeting T cell response over monocytes. Finally, to better understand the specificity of these effects, we performed experiments on purified lymphocytes and targeted effectors (CD4+CD25‐) and regulatory T lymphocytes (CD4+CD25+FOXP3+). Our works confirmed the induction by SEA of a strong inflammatory response, characterized by the release of Th1 and Th17 cytokines in both lymphocyte lineages. Furthermore, our results also showed the loss of the regulatory T cell suppressive functions after SE stimulation. Collectively, these results offer new perspectives for the implication of the SAgs in numerous clinical situations in particular toxic shock and the chronic infections.

<p>Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), the leading cause of traveler's diarrhea and childhood mortality due to diarrhea in the developing world, has been shown to secrete heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) in association with outer membrane vesicles. However, studies on the effect of LT have been performed using soluble LT, which is not its physiologically relevant presentation context. The effect of LT associated with vesicles and its trafficking within human intestinal epithelial cells were compared with soluble LT. Cytokine responses and trafficking of standardized samples of soluble LT and vesicle-associated LT were evaluated in polarized intestinal epithelial cells. Using real-time PCR, immunoblotting, and ELISAs, we found that compared to soluble LT, vesicle-bound LT showed delayed kinetics in the activation of LT. Vesicles containing LT or not also produced cytokines through different signaling pathways than soluble LT. We found that this difference in signaling was due to different trafficking within the cell. Interestingly, not all LT associated with vesicles is active within cells. Vesicle-associated LT must bind to the host receptor GM1 in lipid rafts to be active within cells. This suggests that although vesicles can deliver large amounts of LT to a cell, much of the LT would be inactive and not produce a physiological response. To test this hypothesis, we attempted to develop animal models for ETEC-induced diarrhea. Although the models were largely unsuccessful, the mouse model appears promising for determining the physiological response of a host to LT as fluid accumulation was observed in response to vesicles containing LT. The results in this thesis provide further understanding of the mechanism of LT-induced diarrhea and emphasize the importance of study toxins in their natural context.</p> / Dissertation

Cronobacter species cause serious infections such as meningitis and enteritis in newborns and neonates, with the major vehicle being contaminated powdered infant formula. The main objectives of this study were i) to identify potential virulence factors, such as enterotoxin production; ii) characterize the gene(s) involved in adhesion and invasion of the human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC); and iii) determine whether strains from clinical, food, and environmental sources differ in their ability to produce surface-attached bacterial aggregates, known as biofilms. Random transposon mutagenesis was used on strains demonstrating the best adherence and invasion to blood- brain barrier cell lines (BBB). Isogenic mutants were then screened for increased or decreased adherence and invasion. Screening of the transposon library identified one isogenic mutant of a clinical strain which lost the ability to adhere to BBB cells. The transposon rescue revealed the insertion site to be within a diguanylate cyclase (DGC) gene. The major function of DGC in many Gram-negative bacteria is to synthesize cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP), a secondary bacterial metabolite known for regulating biofilm formation, motility, and virulence or aspects of microbial pathogenicity. Based on the findings of this study, DGC appears to play an important role in Cronobacter species’ ability to produce biofilms and may also have a role of the pathogenicity in the microorganism.

Amostras de Plesiomonas shigelloides, isoladas de água de rio, produziram uma citotoxina denominada LCF (Fator Citotóxico Letal), ativa em células Vero, CHO, CaCo-2 e HT-29, causando vacuolizações intracelulares e retração dos núcleos, levando á morte por apoptose. Esta citotoxina foi purificada e seu peso molecular estimado em 48 kDA. É uma citotoxina termolábil e foi parcialmente neutralizada por antisoro anti-LT-1 (enterotoxina termolábil tipo 1 de Escherichia coli) e pelo antisoro anti-Aerolisina de Aeromonas. O antisoro anti-CT (enterotoxina colérica) não neutralizou sua atividade. Em teste \"Western blot\" para anti-LT-1, não ocorreu reação sorológica. O LCF induziu acúmulo de fluido em intestino de camundongos recém-nascidos e alças intestinais de coelhos. O LCF foi letal para camundongos e ratos, levando-os a morte cardíaca súbita quando injetado por via intravenosa. Considerando os resultados obtidos, neste estudo, as amostras de P. shigelloides isolados de água de rio, mostraram grande potencial como patógeno para o homem e animal. / Plesiomonas shigelloides is a ubiquous microorganism recognized as putative human and animal enteropathogen. Production of toxins has been related to their role in pathogenicity. At previous studies we detected a cytotoxin, named LCF (Lethal Citotoxic Factor) active on a variety of cells, causing intensive intracellular vacuolation and nuclear condensation, leading to death. The toxin purification revealed a heat-labile protein of about 48 kDa by electrophoresis analysis in poliacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE). The cytotoxic activity was partially neutralized by anti-LT-1 (type 1 termolabile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli) and by anti-aerolisin (cytotoxic enterotoxin of Aeromonas). Western blot analysis to anti-LT-1 showed no serological reaction. Fluid accumulation occurred when toxin was applied to the intestine of newborn mice and to rabbit intestinal loop assays. LCF was lethal to mice and rats, leading them to cardiac death when injected intravenously. Considering the results, these isolates of P. shigelloides have shown great potential as pathogens.

Amostras de Plesiomonas shigelloides, isoladas de água de rio, produziram uma citotoxina denominada LCF (Fator Citotóxico Letal), ativa em células Vero, CHO, CaCo-2 e HT-29, causando vacuolizações intracelulares e retração dos núcleos, levando á morte por apoptose. Esta citotoxina foi purificada e seu peso molecular estimado em 48 kDA. É uma citotoxina termolábil e foi parcialmente neutralizada por antisoro anti-LT-1 (enterotoxina termolábil tipo 1 de Escherichia coli) e pelo antisoro anti-Aerolisina de Aeromonas. O antisoro anti-CT (enterotoxina colérica) não neutralizou sua atividade. Em teste \"Western blot\" para anti-LT-1, não ocorreu reação sorológica. O LCF induziu acúmulo de fluido em intestino de camundongos recém-nascidos e alças intestinais de coelhos. O LCF foi letal para camundongos e ratos, levando-os a morte cardíaca súbita quando injetado por via intravenosa. Considerando os resultados obtidos, neste estudo, as amostras de P. shigelloides isolados de água de rio, mostraram grande potencial como patógeno para o homem e animal. / Plesiomonas shigelloides is a ubiquous microorganism recognized as putative human and animal enteropathogen. Production of toxins has been related to their role in pathogenicity. At previous studies we detected a cytotoxin, named LCF (Lethal Citotoxic Factor) active on a variety of cells, causing intensive intracellular vacuolation and nuclear condensation, leading to death. The toxin purification revealed a heat-labile protein of about 48 kDa by electrophoresis analysis in poliacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE). The cytotoxic activity was partially neutralized by anti-LT-1 (type 1 termolabile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli) and by anti-aerolisin (cytotoxic enterotoxin of Aeromonas). Western blot analysis to anti-LT-1 showed no serological reaction. Fluid accumulation occurred when toxin was applied to the intestine of newborn mice and to rabbit intestinal loop assays. LCF was lethal to mice and rats, leading them to cardiac death when injected intravenously. Considering the results, these isolates of P. shigelloides have shown great potential as pathogens.

O presente trabalho foi planejado com o objetivo de estudar os atributos do teste tuberculínico e da abreugrafia em confronto com o diagnóstico bacteriológico da tuberculose. A população de estudo foi constituída por 15.056 pessoas com 15 e mais anos de idade, matriculadas no Centro de Saúde de Ribeirão Preto durante 6 meses consecutivos em 1973. Constatou-se que o valor predictivo do teste tuberculínico negativo foi de 99,98 por cento e o valor predictivo positivo da abreugrafia foi de 14,45 por cento ; a realização de abreugrafia apenas em reatores fortes elevaria o seu valor predictivo positivo para 18,96 por cento melhorando consideravelmente a eficácia desse instrumento sem prejuízo da sua sensibilidade. Esses resultados permitem recomendar o emprêgo do teste tuberculínico em Saúde Pública visando a exclusão de tuberculose doença bem corno para a triagem de adultos para exame abreugráfico do tórax. / This study was designed to evaluate the tuberculin test and roentgenphotography attributes in comparison with the bacteriological diagnosis of tuberculosis. The study population consisted of 15.056 persons aged 15 or above, registered at the Health Center of Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, during 6 consecutive months in 1973. It was observed that the predictive value of negative tuberculin test was of 99,98 per cent and the predictive value of abnormal roentgenphotography was of 14,45 per cent ; when the late was taken only of \"strong reactors\" its predictive positive value raised to 18,96 per cent , what increased its efficacy without impairing sensibility. These findings permit to recommend the use of the tuberculin test as a Public Health routine procedure to exclude tuberculosis disease in adults as well as a screening procedure for roentgenphotography examination.