Small auto repair business owners need strong operational skills; however, some lack expertise in managerial strategy. The purpose of this multiple case study was to identify managerial strategies small auto repair business owners use to sustain businesses in Columbus, Ohio with respect to strategy, time management, and alteration of value chain services. Based on the Vroom expectancy theory of motivation, small auto repair business owners may use effectiveness and efficiency of business performance with particular emphasis on managerial strategic development and execution to enhance financial results and rewards. Data collection involved face-to-face, semistructured interviews with 5 small auto repair business owners. Analysis of the interview transcripts involved coding data to identify key themes. Themes that emerged from the study included effective managerial strategies for small auto repair business owners, business plans, initial challenges and addressing subsequent changes, education and certification, customer satisfaction and business knowledge, and financial analysis and reporting. Recommendations for enhanced small auto repair business ownership focus included adequate access to resources to achieve operational competence and achieve managerial success. Findings from this study might engender positive social change by providing owners of small auto repair businesses ways to improve planning processes and make prudent investments to ensure long-term, viable, and sustainable businesses.

Denna studie behandlar ämnena framgång, motivation, komfortzon, personlig utveckling ochallt inom avgränsningen entreprenörer inom generation Y. Studien är kvalitativ och ärgrundad på vetenskapligt granskade publikationer samt annan relevant teori. Syftet med dennastudie är att bidra till en fördjupad kunskap kring begreppet framgång och hur entreprenörerinom generation Y på ett ändamålsenligt sätt definierar det. Fokus kommer att ligga på attidentifiera vad det är som gör att dessa tar steget ur sin komfortzon och vad det är sommotiverar dem till framgång.Inledningsvis kommer studien att beröra de huvudsakliga ämnena framgång, motivation ochkomfortzon innan den teoretiska referensramen går in mer djupt på områdena. Teorin är avstor vikt för studiens analys och resultat. Tack vare studiens teori har vi kunnat skaparelevanta intervjufrågor som har legat till grund för hela det empiriska materialet. Totaltintervjuades åtta entreprenörer, som alla bidrog med kunskap, kompetens och erfarenhet.Inom vår avgränsning entreprenörer inom generation Y valde vi att ha ett brett urval när vikontaktade intervjupersoner och då i form av olika åldrar, kön och yrken. Eftersom vi villeundersöka respondenternas inställning och deras åsikter kring de specifika ämnena valde vi attgenomföra semistrukturerade intervjuer. Samtliga respondenter har tagit steget ur sinkomfortzon och lever idag som entreprenörer med en brinnande tro på sig själv. I analysendiskuterar vi de likheter och skillnader som vi kunde koppla ihop mellan teori och empiri.Uppsatsens slutsats bidrar till kunskap om ämnena framgång, motivation och komfortzon.Komfortzon är en individuell trygghetszon som varje människa har, men genom att testa pånya utmaningar kan denna zon expandera vilket gör att person i fråga känner sig mer bekväm.I och med denna studies resultat har vi kommit fram till att en människa måste ta steget ur sinkomfortzon för att nå framgång och detta är möjligt just genom ens individuella motivation.Entreprenörer inom generation Y motiveras på många olika sätt, bland annat genom att sättaupp både lång- och kortsiktiga mål, omge sig själv med inspirerande människor och attständigt utvecklas genom nya utmaningar som skapar förutsättningar för att uppnå sina måloch drömmar. Motivationen finner generationen även genom att vilja vara en livslång elevsom är villig att förfina sina färdigheter och talanger samt bygga på sina kunskaper för att blien starkare entreprenör. Att vara framgångsrik är ett individuellt begrepp, men överlaghandlar det om att vara lycklig på ett balanserat plan och känna sig tillfredsställd med sintillvaro, det gäller både inom privat- och arbetslivet. Även om en god ekonomi är nödvändigför överlevnad anser inte entreprenörerna inom avgränsningen det som väsentligt förbegreppet framgång. Allt handlar i grund och botten om att omge sig med människor som villens bästa och ser ens potential och kapacitet, vilket gör att individen finner en starkare tro påsig själv som är av betydelse för att bli riktigt framgångsrik. Entreprenörerna har tydligt visatpå en inställning som bygger på att ha en positiv attityd gentemot livet, de hävdar att allthandlar om att ha rätt “mindset” för att kunna utvecklas. Möjligheterna finns överallt runtomkring oss, det gäller bara att öppna ögon för att se dem! / This study deals with the following topics: success, motivation, comfort zone, personaldevelopment and everything within the definition of generation Y. The study is qualitative,and based on peer-reviewed publications as well as other relevant theories. The main purposeof this thesis is to contribute to a deeper knowledge of the concept of success, and howentrepreneurs within the generation Y in an effective way define it. The study will focus onidentifying what makes generation Y step out of their comfort zone, and what motivates themto succeed.Initially, the study briefly deals with the main topics of success, motivation and comfort zone,before the theoretical framework goes deeper into these topics. The theory is of greatimportance for this study's analysis and results. Thanks to the theory we have been able tocreate relevant questions for the interviews, which have been the basis for the whole empiricalmaterial. A total of eight entrepreneurs were interviewed and they all contributed withknowledge, competence and experience. When we contacted entrepreneurs for our interviewswe chose to have a wide range within generation Y, containing both genders in different agesand different professions. Since we wanted to examine the respondents opinions regardingthese specific topics we chose to do semi-structured interviews. All of the respondents havetaken the step out of their comfort zone, and now live their lives as entrepreneurs, with afervent belief in themselves. In the analysis we will discuss the similarities and differencesthat we could find between theory and empirical data.The conclusion of this study will provide knowledge regarding the topics success, motivationand comfort zone. A comfort zone is an individual safe zone that all human beings have. Bytrying new things this zone will expand, which makes the person feel more comfortable. Withthis study we have reached to the conclusion that a person has to step out of their comfortzone to be able to succeed and this is possible through his or hers individual motivation.Entrepreneurs within generation Y is motivated in various ways, for example by setting longandshort-term goals, surround themselves with inspiring people and also develop throughnew challenges that will help them reach their goals and dreams. The generation also findmotivation in the will to learn, refine their skills and talents and widen their knowledge to bestronger entrepreneurs. To be successful is an individual concept, but overall it is about beinghappy in a balanced way and to feel satisfied with both your personal and working life.Although a balanced economy is necessary for survival, the entrepreneurs within generation Ydoes not think it is essential for the concept of success. It is of great importance that yousurround yourself by people who want your best and sees your potential and capacity.This will give you as an individual a stronger belief in yourself, which is necessary if youwant to be successful. The entrepreneurs have clearly shown a preference based on a positiveattitude towards life, they claim that everything is about having the right mindset to be able todevelop. The possibilities are all around us, we just have to open our eyes to be able to seethem.

The aim of this paper is to make a satisfaction model of women entrepreneurs assuming that the level of satisfaction will make their companies more successful. We carried out a survey of women entrepreneurs and analyzed the satisfaction level using a structural equation model. Results showed that, in general, women entrepreneurs are quite satisfied with their job. Furthermore, these results led us to conclude that to achieve greater success, women entrepreneurs should build a business in which they are trained, in a sector where they have expertise and wherethey find good business opportunities, a market niche with competitive advantages. / El objetivo de este estudio es construir un modelo de análisis de la satisfacción de las mujeres empresarias asumiendo que esta satisfacción repercutirá en mayores niveles de éxito de sus empresas. Para llevar a cabo el estudio, se ha realizado una encuesta a mujeres empresarias y se han aplicado técnicas estadísticas de modelización mediante Sistemas de Ecuaciones Estructurales. Los resultados indican que, en general, las empresarias se encuentran bastante satisfechas con su actividad. Asimismo, dichos resultados nos permiten concluir que, para alcanzar un mayor éxito, las empresarias deberían crear un negocio en el que tengan una formación adecuada, en un sector en el que tengan experiencia y en el que existan buenas oportunidades de negocio, buscando un nicho de mercado en el que tengan ventajas competitivas. / O objetivo deste estudo é construir um modelo para analisar a satisfação das mulheres empresárias, assumindo que esta satisfação representará um maior sucesso das suas empresas. Para o estudo, foi aplicado um questionário às mulheres empresárias utilizando a técnica da Modelagem de Equações Estruturais. Os resultados indicaram que, em geral, as empresárias estão bastante satisfeitas com suas atividades. Além disso, estes resultados permitem concluir que, para alcançar maior sucesso, as empresárias deveriam montar um negócio no qual elas tenham uma formação adequada, em um setor no qual tenham experiência e com boas oportunidades de negócio, procurando um nicho de mercado com vantagens competitivas.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / Entrepreneurship has been regarded as a solution to various developmental challenges such as unemployment, inequality, and poverty, which are inherent among the marginalised populations. However, the high rate of failure of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) remain an impediment to the use of entrepreneurship as a means to ameliorate the challenges. This is especially the case among young entrepreneurs. In addition, given the imperativeness of financial literacy in the success of SMEs, this study determines the influences of financial literacy on entrepreneurial success within the marginalised communities. It also explores and identifies the reasons why failure rates are high among young entrepreneurs in the economically disadvantaged community of Khayelitsha, Cape Town. This study employs a concurrent mixed methods design, making use of both quantitative and qualitative data. A survey is conducted in Khayelitsha using the snowballing sampling technique due to difficulty in accessing young entrepreneurs. The quantitative data from the survey provides demographic and socioeconomic information on young entrepreneurs. The survey is also used to determine the level of financial literacy and business success of these entrepreneurs. The qualitative in-depth interviews, on the other hand, provide insights into the motivations of the entrepreneurs, their experiences and the causes of business failure.

Cette thèse étudie les processus de création d’activité (PCA) réussis et les pratiques du raisonnement par effectuation (logique effectuelle) combinées ou non avec le raisonnement par causation – logique causale de la théorie des « causes à effet » chez les entrepreneurs. A partir de notre question de recherche : comment crée-t-on une entreprise réussie et comment résout-on les incidents critiques liés à la création d’activité, nous étudions les démarches que les entrepreneurs ont utilisées dans le 10ème arrondissement de Paris pour identifier des données socio-économiques et des caractéristiques territoriales inédites comme ressources et comme contingences pour réussir leurs processus de création d’activité (PCA). Notre problématique de recherche débouche en réalité dans un continuum logique cherchant à comprendre les processus par lesquels ont suivi les projets de création d’activité qui ont réussi ainsi que les méthodes de résolution d’incidents critiques liés à la création d’activité.Par incident, on entend une difficulté (par extension un problème, un obstacle) qui intervient au cours du projet de création et dont les conséquences peuvent être critiques ou graves si elle n’est pas résolue par les créateurs d’activités. Le caractère critique (ou grave) renvoie ici à ce qui n’est pas de leur routine. Cela veut dire que de tel incident peut entraîner l’abandon du processus de création en cours, voire le freiner ou induire à son renoncement. De ce fait, l’on peut supposer que leur survenance peut être liée au contexte du territoire (par exemple, aux facteurs institutionnels ou aux conditions structurelles du lieu d’installation), au type de ressources mobilisées en question ou aux outils et aux méthodes utilisés. Pour répondre à cette question de recherche nous avons retenu trois hypothèses de recherches, à savoir : L’hypothèse H1 qui correspond à la causation (approche décrite comme dominante dans les milieux des créateurs d’entreprise) où elle postule que l’entrepreneur réussit son processus de création d’activité (PCA) s’il est bien formé dans les business schools avec les bons outils (business model) et les bonnes méthodes (analyse de la valeur) qu’il suffit de répliquer ou de dupliquer dans n’importe quel contexte sans tenir compte des situations ou des contingences favorables ou pas. Autrement s’il est suffisamment qualifié et formé dans les milieux académiques. Ensuite vient l’hypothèse H2 de l’effectuation qui fragilise ou caricature l’hypothèse H1 où l’on considère cette fois-ci que l’entrepreneur réussit son (PCA) s’il sait construire une situation d’opportunité inédite ou imprévue du fait des qualités spécifiques qui lui sont propres tel que le charisme, la personnalité et des capacités individuelles rivales (c’est-à-dire des capacités individuelles presque inégales de par leur nature). Ces deux hypothèses H1 et H2 s’inspirent des travaux de Sarasvathy (publication 2001c, a, b et année suivante). Vient enfin l’hypothèse 3 qui intervient dans cette tension entre H1 et H2 pour leur remise en cause. Pour l’hypothèse 3 (Territoire) l’entrepreneur réussit son (PCA) lorsque celui-ci sait intégrer dans son plan de création d’activité le rôle du territoire disposant des ressources facilitantes (et/ou non contraignantes). Autrement dit, un cadre institutionnel habilitant ou des dispositifs facilitants tels que les politiques publiques de développement et de promotion de l’entrepreneuriat sur le territoire ou sur le lieu d’installation des activités en question. Et dans ce cas pour H3, la formation et les qualifications de l’entrepreneur (H1), son charisme et sa personnalité (H2) importent peu. / This thesis examines the business creation process (BCP) and successful practices reasoning effectuation (effectual logic) combined or not with the reasoning by causation - causal logic of the theory of "cause and effect" among entrepreneurs. From our research question: how do you create a successful business and how it solves-critical incidents related to business creation, we study the steps that entrepreneurs have used in 10th arrondissement of Paris to identify socioeconomic data and unpublished resources and territorial characteristics such as contingencies to succeed in business creation process (BCP). Our research problem leads actually in a logical continuum seeking to understand the processes that followed the activity creating successful projects and the methods of resolution of critical incidents related to business creation.By incident means a difficulty (by extension a problem, an obstacle) that occurs during the project creation and whose consequences can be critical or severe if it is not resolved by the creators of activities. The critical nature (or severe) here refers to what is not in their routine. This means that such an incident can result in the abandonment of the creative process in progress or slow down or lead to its cessation. Therefore, we can assume that their occurrence may be related to the context of the territory (eg, institutional factors or structural conditions of the installation place), type of resources mobilized in question or to the tools and methods used.To answer this research question we selected three research hypothesis, namely: The H1 hypothesis that matches causation (described as dominant approach in enterprise environments creators) where it assumes that the entrepreneur succeeds its business creation process (BCP) it is well trained in the business schools with the right tools (business model) and the right methods (value analysis) that simply replicate or duplicate in any context regardless of situations or contingencies favorable or not. Otherwise if it is sufficiently trained and qualifed in academic circles. Next comes the H2 hypothesis effectuation that weakens or caricature H1 should we consider this time that the entrepreneur succeeds his (BCP) if he can build a situation of unusual or unexpected opportunity of made specific qualities of its own such as charisma, personality and rival individual capacities (that is to say almost unequal individual capacities in nature). These two hypotheses H1 and H2 are based on the work of Sarasvathy (publication 2001c, a, b and following year). Finally comes the hypothesis 3 which is involved in this tension between H1 and H2 for their questioning. For hypothesis 3 (Territory) the entrepreneur succeeds his (BCP) when it can integrate into its business plan to create the role of territory with facilitative resources (not binding). In other words, an institutional framework enabling or facilitating of devices such as policy development and promotion of entrepreneurship on the territory or in the place of installation of these activities. And in this case for H3, training and entrepreneur's qualifications (H1), charisma and personality (H2) is irrelevant.

We see an increasing need for more entrepreneurs to match the changing nature of the globe in this dynamic world. In 2012, the Swedish government considered entrepreneurship to be a theme running throughout the entire educational system. The university is one place to develop the entrepreneurial spirit, especially among students. Universities play a very important role in enhancing national development because of their central role in the production of high-level manpower and research that are necessary for achieving national goals. Through research, universities generate new knowledge and understanding that are instrumental for developing new technology and promoting information transfer. Most international students experience three levels of shock: culture shock, language shock and academic shock. Sohrabpour et al. (2013) defined these shocks as a disease suffered by those who enter a new cultural environment. In this paper, we discussed the role that the university plays in supporting international students to develop entrepreneurial ideas and become established at Linnea University in Växjö. We believed that if being an international student poses challenges, launching an entrepreneurial venture is sure to have even more complex constraints that will potentially kill their entrepreneurial spirit. Thus, we examined the support facilities that are available to help international students start their entrepreneurial ventures and how they are experiencing these facilities at universities. We took Linnea University in Växjö as a case study.

L’entrepreneuriat constitue une source de création d’emplois ainsi qu’un moteur de développement économique majeur de notre société. En ce sens, la présence des femmes en affaires est devenue une préoccupation des politiques publiques du Québec et du Canada. Plusieurs leviers ont été mis en place pour stimuler l’entrepreneuriat dans l’optique de contribuer à faire croitre le nombre de femmes en affaires. Toutefois, en dépit de ces mesures, le constat selon lequel les femmes sont moins nombreuses que les hommes à entreprendre persiste dans le temps. Cela étant, si les femmes sont sous-représentées dans l’écosystème entrepreneurial, elles manifestent pourtant des intentions entrepreneuriales dans des proportions encourageantes qui se rapprochent des statistiques observées chez les hommes. De ce fait, il est permis de croire qu’un ralentissement de leur élan entrepreneurial se produit une fois les actions de démarrage de l’entreprise enclenchées. Par cette recherche, nous cherchons à comprendre les facteurs qui agissent sur le cheminement entrepreneurial des femmes jusqu’à l’aboutissement du projet. Notre étude s’inscrit dans la théorie de l’Approche globale entrepreneuriale de Schmitt (théorie des 3M) (2017). La question que nous nous posons est la suivante : quels facteurs expliquent l’aboutissement des démarches entrepreneuriales chez les femmes au Québec? Grâce à l’analyse qualitative de 19 entrevues réalisées auprès de deux échantillons de femmes entrepreneures, soit un groupe ayant connu un succès entrepreneurial et un groupe ayant arrêté leur projet, l’étude a permis de mettre en lumière l’influence de différents facteurs sur l’aboutissement des démarches entrepreneuriales. Notre recherche révèle notamment l’incidence majeure que le projet en soi est susceptible d’avoir dans le choix d’arrêter les démarches entrepreneuriales. En parallèle, l’important rôle de l’entrepreneure et de son écosystème dans le succès entrepreneurial a également été constaté. Une typologie des différentes possibilités d’arrêt des parcours entrepreneuriaux a été développée et l’effet primordial des interactions entre les facteurs d’incidence a été montré. En somme, le projet aura permis de mieux comprendre les différentes réalités vécues par les femmes dans toute leur complexité, en plus de proposer des pistes de solutions pour accroitre la présence des femmes en entrepreneuriat au Québec. / Entrepreneurship is a source of job creation and a major driver of economic development in our society. In this sense, the presence of women in business has become a concern of public policies in Quebec and Canada. Several levers have been adopted to stimulate entrepreneurship with the aim of increasing the number of women in business. However, despite these measures, women remain less likely than men to undertake such activities. Nevertheless, while women are under-represented in the entrepreneurial ecosystem, they show entrepreneurial intentions in encouraging proportions, which are close to the statistics observed for men. As a result, this suggests that a slowdown in their entrepreneurial momentum occurs once the start-up actions have been initiated. Through this research, we seek to understand factors influencing the entrepreneurial journey of women, from the first steps to the completion of their business project. Our study is part of the Schmitt’s Global Entrepreneurial Approach (3M Theory) (2017). The question we ask ourselves is: What factors explain the success of women’s entrepreneurship in Quebec? Through the qualitative analysis of 19 interviews conducted with two samples of women entrepreneurs, one group having experienced entrepreneurial success and one group having stopped their project, the study highlighted the influence of multiple factors on the entrepreneurial process and outcome. Our research highlights the major impact that the nature of project is likely to have in the choice to stop entrepreneurial approaches. Furthermore, the important role of the entrepreneur and her ecosystem in entrepreneurial success has also been observed. A typology of the different reasons for stopping entrepreneurial journeys has been developed and correlated with factors motivating that decision. In sum, the project will have made it possible to better understand the different realities experienced by women in all their complexity and suggest possible solutions to increase the presence of women in entrepreneurship in Quebec.

The research work is dedicated to the essence, details and specification of the entrepreneurship including the youth entrepreneurship in particular. It outlines the trends of the youth entrepreneurial development in Russia and abroad. The research analyzes restrains and limits of the youth entrepreneurship in order to propose the ways to overcome them. Thus, there were identified three groups of factors that prevent the graduated students to start their own business: 1) personal characteristics, fear of risk or failure; 2) lack of knowledge, skills, funds; 3) politico-social and economic instability, intense competition, etc. Moreover, the majority of the students have no or have just hint of information about the youth entrepreneurship support programs. The scientific work showed up that among the UrFU graduated students sample (Psychology Department and Economic Department, 78 persons, in total) 58 persons (74%) wanted to be an entrepreneur. The comparative analysis of both groups of students who willing and unwilling to be an entrepreneur irrespectively of their study programs results in fact that the students who are inclined to entrepreneurship have high level of risk tolerance combined with the high level of achievement motivation and the low level of motivation to avoid failure. In addition, the economy students have the high level of risk tolerance and the psychology students have the average one. In conclusion, the outcomes of the research can be used as an informational pool for the development of the youth entrepreneurial projects and as a reference framework for further monitoring of the graduation students attitude toward the entrepreneurship issue. / В исследовании определено содержание, сущность и специфика предпринимательской деятельности, а также молодежного предпринимательства в частности. Описаны тенденции развития молодежного предпринимательства за рубежом и в России. Охарактеризованы сдерживающие факторы, барьеры предпринимательской деятельности молодых людей и меры преодоления этих барьеров. Так, выделено три группы факторов, препятствующих студентам-выпускникам создавать свой бизнес: 1) личностные качествами, боязнь риска и неудачи; 2) отсутствие знаний, навыков, финансов; 3) социально-политическая и экономическая нестабильность, высокий уровень конкуренции и т.п. При этом большинство студентов вообще не слышали о программах поддержки предпринимательства или имеют весьма смутное представление о них. Выявлено, что из выборки студентов-выпускников УрФУ (психологи и экономисты, всего 78 чел.) 58 человек (74%) хотели бы стать предпринимателями. Сравнительный анализ мотивации склонных и не склонных к предпринимательской деятельности независимо от профессионального направления подготовки показал, что, студенты склонные к предпринимательству отличаются высоким уровнем готовности к риску в сочетании с высоким уровнем мотивации успеха и низким уровнем мотивации избегания неудач. При этом экономисты отличаются высоким, а психологи средним уровнем готовности к риску. В целом, полученные данные могут служить информационной основой по развитию проектов, вовлекающих студентов в предпринимательство, а также проведения последующих мониторингов отношения выпускников к данной деятельности.