Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-16T16:16:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lauricio Pedrosa.pdf: 822354 bytes, checksum: d5d3de3f75191231b9bdc280bd25aee4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-09T17:32:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Lauricio Pedrosa.pdf: 822354 bytes, checksum: d5d3de3f75191231b9bdc280bd25aee4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-09T17:32:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lauricio Pedrosa.pdf: 822354 bytes, checksum: d5d3de3f75191231b9bdc280bd25aee4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a análise do microssitema juridico que representa a responsabilidade civil ambiental. Partindo-se dos estudos realizados pela ecologia filosofia e ética que propõem seja estabelecida uma nova relação entre o homem e o meio natural busca-se interpretar esse regime jurídico de modo a assegurar e garantir o desenvolvimento sustentável bem como a segurança jurídica à sociedade, titular do direito fundamental de natureza difusa ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado. Após analisar a origem e evolução histórica da responsabilidade civil em geral e em especial da responsabilidade civil objetiva bem como das razões que levaram o legislador a reconhecer o risco de dano como uma das fontes da obrigação de indenizar identifica-se o risco criado como fundamento da responsabilidade civil ambiental de modo a desenvolver uma interpretação do instituto consentânea com os princípios do direito ambiental. Analisa-se a teoria do risco criado como a que melhor fundamentaria a responsabilidade civil ambiental e se propõe um critério jurídico para a definição do nexo de causalidade entre o risco criado pelo exercício de uma atividade. econômica e o dano ao meio ambiente de modo a não se afastar a responsabilidade ambiental caso se verifique a ocorrência das tradicionais excludentes da responsabilidade. Procura-se demonstrar que esse regime encontra fundamento na equidade e atende aos princípios constitucionais da solidariedade social e da justiça distributiva. / Salvador

English abstract The subject of my thesis is liability for loss caused to the environment. This is a fairly complex issue in the environmental law, which has developed significantly in recent years and decades, coming under the spotlight of the national, international, and European legislation. The principal aim of this thesis is to present and describe various legal instruments in the field of environmental law, particularly the legal regime of liability for loss caused to the environment in international, European, and national law. This thesis consists of nine chapters in which I analyze various modes of legal liability as a means of protecting the environment. The opening chapter of my work defines the term of legal liability in the field of environmental protection. Then I deal with tort liability in the environmental law, both criminal responsibility and liability for administrative misconducts. Next chapter of my work is devoted to liability for damage to the environment in international law. I focus primarily on the Lugano Convention on Civil Liability for damage resulting from activities dangerous to the environment, which has become an important source of inspiration for further development of a common regime of liability for damage to the environment in European countries. The fourth chapter...

This thesis describes the environmental damages legislation. Relevant parts of the work focus on the international legislation including special liability regimes, then it focuses on the European Union legislation, especially on the Directive 2004/35/EC, also it describes British legislation in this area and the legislation in the Czech Republic, namely the differences between environmental damages and environmental loss, it mentions also the old contaminations. Lastly the text tries to compare the British and Czech legislation in liability for environmental damage.

A B S T R A C T of the dissertation "Polluter Pays Principle in the Environmental Law" JUDr. Ondřej Vícha The Doctoral Program¨"Theoretical Legal Sciences", Law Faculty, Charles University in Prague This thesis deals with the legal aspects of the the polluter pays principle (PPP) within the environmental law. The aim of this thesis is to provide an overview of current definitions of this principle and its application in the International, European and national Czech law. The text is devided into ten chapters. After the introduction, the thesis ruminates on legal principles in general, their status and function in the legal system and in the environmental law specially. The third part holds forth on development and functions of the PPP and its relation to other legal principles of the environmental law. The polluter-pays principle represents among the OECD countries, respectively at the European level, for quite a long recognized and practically applied economic and legal principles leading to internalize the costs of environmental protection, which are transferred from states to the real polluters, who pollutes environment by their production or other economic activities. The history of this principle reflects a gradual shift in meaning. At first, the Recommendations of the OECD and the EC referred to the...

This study covers the following aspects of mine water management at the Clarence Colliery, located at the headwaters of the Wollangambe River, N.S.W. The Wollangambe River flows through the World Heritage listed areas of the Blue Mountains and Wollemi National Parks. 1. Quantification of the impact of discharge of treated mine water on the Wollangambe River, through analysis of sediment metal concentrations. 2. Investigation of the possible sources and causes of acid mine drainage within the mine. 3. Review of the current treatment process employed at the mine, as well as a review of other possible treatment options for avoidance or treatment of acid mine drainage. 4. Recommendation of a strategy for improving the process of mine water management at the colliery. The study reveals problems discovered from the investigation and describes the findings and recommendations. / Master of Engineering (Hons.)

Papua New Guinea (PNG) is a country possessing abundant resources of gold, oil, copper, timber, and fish stocks. It is hampered in its development and management of these resources, however, by serious problems of governance and corruption. These problems are evident throughout the economy and also in the management of the environment. The level of environmental damage caused by the mining industry in PNG is now such that it will require extensive rehabilitation, if the areas affected can, indeed, ever be fully rehabilitated. The mining companies which precipitated this damage were licensed and encouraged by the PNG Government in the initiation and exercise of the mining operations. The resulting environmental impact has affected the lives of thousands of New Guineans to their detriment. The degradation caused remains unredressed. Compounding the problem, there is a growing reliance by Papua New Guinea on mineral exploitation for foreign direct investment, government revenues, and foreign exchange. Gold exports accounted for the biggest share of export revenues in 2002 representing 37.5% of the total. In light of this growing dependency on mining activities, there is a correspondingly urgent requirement to address the deficiencies in the administrative, monitoring, and policing aspects of the protection of its environment. Despite the public evidence of the damage to the environment and the ensuing affect on the people of Papua New Guinea by mining activities; and despite universal condemnation of these activities and the companies responsible; the companies continue to conduct these activities without official hindrance and with little apparent concern for the long-term ramifications of their actions. This thesis will examine the degradation resulting from the mining activities of companies in Papua New Guinea over the last three decades – particularly those of Placer Dome’s Porgera gold mine, BHP’s Ok Tedi gold and copper mine (the waste from both of which is dumped into the Ok Tedi and Strickland rivers which are tributaries of the Fly River and form part of the Fly River system) and Lihir Gold Limited's gold mine on Lihir Island. It will examine the extent to which the Government of Papua New Guinea may have wittingly (in the sense of a prescience as to the possible or probable likelihood of deleterious impact) or unwittingly contributed to that degradation as a result of its actions or omissions. Studies of available literature suggest that there has been little attention paid to the subject of culpability on the part of successive PNG governments in matters of environmental damage. This research will contribute to reducing this gap in the literature by focusing on possible motives of the PNG government and its actors which precipitated those decisions and which resulted in environmental degradation. The discussion will examine the likely motivation of the PNG government in its deliberations and decisions and the extent to which corruption and incompetence may have played a role.

No description available.

Orientador: Gilda Carneiro Ferreira / Banca: Hildebrando Herrmann / Banca: Nivar Gobbi / Resumo: A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo proceder a uma comparação entre os conceitos legal e técnico dos termos Impacto Ambiental, Degradação Ambiental, Poluição, Contaminação e Dano Ambiental. Também objetivou constatar se tais conceitos estão sendo redigidos de forma clara ou de forma imprecisa. Foram consultadas diferentes fontes para selecionar os conceitos, tais como: livros, artigos, legislação, decisões judiciais, dicionários, glossários, mídias eletrônicas, internet. A legislação consultada conceituou apenas os termos impacto ambiental, degradação ambiental e poluição. O método científico utilizado na presente pesquisa foi o método comparativo. Foram estabelecidos os elementos constituintes essenciais de cada conceito, a partir daquilo que lhe era essencial, principal, necessário, universal, geral, comum. A comparação resultou em três possibilidades de classificação: 1. reprodução literal do conceito legal; 2. a essência do conceito técnico está em consonância com a essência do conceito legal; 3. a essência do conceito técnico não está em consonância com a essência do conceito legal (com as devidas justificativas). Ao final da pesquisa concluiu-se que quase a totalidade dos conceitos técnicos estava incompatível com o previsto na legislação. Concluiu-se também que os conceitos estão sendo redigidos de forma subjetiva e imprecisa, dando margem a interpretações totalmente diferentes. / Abstract: The present research had for objective a comparison between the legal and technical concepts of the terms Environmental Impact, Environmental Degradation, Pollution, Contamination and Environmental Damage. It also aimed to verify if such concepts have been composed in a clear or in an innacurate way. Different sources were consulted in order to select the concepts: books, articles, legislation, judicial decisions, dictionaries, glossaries, electronical midia, internet. The legislation consulted judged only the concepts Environmental Impact, Environmental Degradation and Pollution. The scientific method used in the present research was the comparative one. The essencial components of each concept were stabilished based on what was essencial, principal, necessary, universal, general, common. The comparison resulted into three possibilities of classification: 1. literal reproduction of the legal concept; 2. the essence of the technical concept is in accordance with the essence of the legal concept; 3. the essence of the technical concept is not in accordance with the legal concept (considering the due justifications). At the end of the research we concluded that almost all of the technical concepts were incompatible with the ones in the legislation. We also concluded that the concepts have been composed in a subjective and innacurate way, affording opportunity for total different interpretations. / Mestre

Le constat scientifique est sans appel : nous subissons une crise environnementale mondiale et endémique. Par ailleurs, nous ne sommes pas sans savoir que l'essentiel des préjudices environnementaux procède des activités humaines, et notamment de l'exploitation d'activités dangereuses pour l'environnement. Les personnes privées sont donc directement intéressées. Pourtant, l'étude du droit positif révèle clairement que nos mécanismes classiques de responsabilité civile ne répondent pas avec pertinence à la spécificité des préjudices environnementaux, et notamment au besoin de prévention. Notre projet de thèse consiste à dépasser les lacunes et incohérences juridiques actuelles afin de dégager un régime de responsabilité civile adapté. Pour ce faire, il est impératif de s'engager dans un effort de conceptualisation des préjudices environnementaux. En effet, cette approche préalable dévoile sous un jour nouveau les imperfections actuelles et révèle toutes les potentialités du droit de la responsabilité civile. Dans cette perspective, nos travaux tendent à démontrer que la conceptualisation des préjudices environnementaux doit être « unitaire ». Pour être plus précis, cette « conception unitaire des préjudices environnementaux » repose sur deux axes complémentaires. Le premier, dévoile l'unité existante entre les préjudices environnementaux et l'homme. Quant au second, il soutient une acception large des préjudices environnementaux à l'aune des risques environnementaux générés par les activités dangereuses. Cette approche est d'autant plus vertueuse qu'elle encourage et justifie le déploiement du régime de responsabilité civile en la matière. / The scientific conclusion is clear: we are experiencing a global environmental crisis and endemic. Moreover, we are not aware that most of the environmental damage proceeds from human activities, including exploitation activities dangerous to the environment. Private persons are directly concerned. Yet the study of positive law makes clear that our traditional civil liability mechanisms do not respond appropriately to the specificity of environmental damage, including the need for prevention. Our thesis project is to go beyond current legal gaps and inconsistencies in order to identify a suitable system of civil liability. To do this, it is imperative to engage in a process of conceptualization of environmental harm. Indeed, this preliminary approach throws new update existing imperfections and reveals the full potential of the law of civil liability. In this perspective, our work tends to show that the conceptualization of environmental damage must be "unitary". To be more precise, the "unitary concept of environmental damage" is based on two complementary approaches. The first reveals the existing unity between environmental damage and man. As for the second, it supports a broad definition of environmental damage in terms of environmental risks caused by hazardous activities. This approach is all the more virtuous it encourages and justifies the deployment of the system of civil liability in the matter.

Este trabalho apresenta considerações sobre a auditoria ambiental como instrumento na prevenção de danos ambientais: a água numa indústria de mecânica pesada da região do Vale do Paraíba (Taubaté SP). O ordenamento jurídico brasileiro tem avançado para encontrar soluções no que diz respeito à degradação do meio ambiente e vê na prevenção a ótica que orienta todo o Direito Ambiental. A investigação de questões jurídicas ambientais pode contribuir sensivelmente para evitar a perpetuação de danos contra o meio ambiente. Informar e alertar empresas e profissionais sobre a importância do conhecimento da legislação ambiental, por meio de uma auditoria, quando envolvidos em eventos que provoquem danos e impactos ao meio ambiente, pode evitar multas, apreensões e outras ações/processos cabíveis nestes casos. A pesquisa realizada demonstra que a ação preventiva do dano ambiental por parte da empresa, desde a captação até o lançamento da água utilizada do ribeirão Pinhão do município de Taubaté, no Estado de São Paulo (Brasil), proporciona uma relação custo/benefício significativa para a indústria, além de evitar processos jurídicos. O sistema de utilização da água pela indústria conta com um ponto de monitoramento periódico onde são analisados: pH, DQO, DBO, resíduos sedimentáveis, óleos e graxas, entre outros. Os resultados das amostras evidenciam que a água é devolvida ao córrego dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação ambiental em vigor. Conclui-se que são apropriadas a disseminação e implementação de auditoria ambiental na sociedade brasileira, dada à reconhecida eficácia desse instrumento gerencial como uma ferramenta preventiva ao alcance da comunidade. A auditoria é regulada no gerenciamento de suas responsabilidades ambientais, bem como uma forma de cumprimento voluntário da legislação ambiental. / This study presents considerations about environmental auditing as an instrument for the prevention of environmental damage in a heavy company in Vale do Paraiba (Taubaté SP). Brazilian forestry laws have developed in order to find solutions concerning environmental destruction and they have considered prevention as a way to guide all the environmental issues. Investigation of legal environmental matters can clearly contribute to avoid the continuation of damage to the environment. Companies and professionals involved in events that are causing damage and impact on the environment should be informed and warned about the importance of getting to know the environmental laws by means of an auditing. Such procedure may prevent them from getting fines, attachments and other applicable lawsuits. The research which has been carried out shows that pro-active actions in the prevention of environmental damage caused by a company from the collecting up to the dumping of the used water into Pinhão stream, in the city of Taubaté, São Paulo State, Brazil, provides a significant cost/benefit relation for the company, besides avoiding lawsuits against the company. The system of water utilization used by companies counts on periodic monitoring, in which the following items are analyzed: pH, chemical demand of oxygen, biochemical demand of oxygen, sedimentary residues, oil, grease, among others. The results of the samples show that the water that is dumped into the stream is in accordance with the standards established by the current environmental laws. Both diffusion and implementation of environmental auditing in the Brazilian society has been proved appropriate, taking into account its effectiveness as a preventive tool, which is reachable by all the community. This auditing is based on the management of its environmental responsibilities as well as a voluntary way to respect environmental laws.