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1	Emission d’auxine et de nitrates par les bactéries des turricules de vers de terre : effet sur la croissance et le développement des plantes / Emission of auxin and nitrate by bacteria in the earthworm's casts : effects on plants growth and development Agapit, Corinne 25 May 2018 (has links) Les plantes prélèvent des ressources dans leur environnement. Elles sont également exposées à de nombreux signaux, dont des molécules qui modifient profondément leur comportement et leur morphologie. La prédiction des flux de nutriments du sol vers la plante requiert une intégration de la régulation des flux par les signaux qui déterminent la cinétique des adaptations des plantes. Au cours de cette thèse, différentes approches expérimentales et analytiques (split-root, marquage isotopique, analyse racinaire) ont permis d’étudier le couplage signaux-flux dans les interactions entre plantes, microorganismes et vers de terre. Nous avons démontré dans un premier temps, que les vers de terre ont un effet systémique sur la croissance et le développement des plantes (Hordeum Vulgare L. et Oryza sativa L.) et que cet effet est dépendant de l’abondance des vers. Un travail méthodologique d’optimisation du dispositif split-root (séparation des racines d’une même plante entre deux compartiments) nous a permis d’améliorer la survie des plantes (Brachypodium distachyon L.) et leur émission de racines. Ce dispositif a été utilisé pour déterminer l’importance de la présence de turricules et de leur localisation spatiale sur le prélèvement d’azote par la plante. L’absence d’effet observé au cours de cette expérimentation nous a conduits à aborder les mécanismes pouvant survenir en présence de vers selon leur dimension temporelle. Nous avons ainsi démontré qu’une proportion importante de turricules entraîne une adaptation du système racinaire seulement lorsque la plante y est exposée pendant une durée suffisante. Ces résultats sont la première démonstration que la cinétique des différents mécanismes ayant lieu dans les turricules est déterminante pour expliquer l’effet positif des turricules sur la croissance des plantes / Plants take up resources in their environment. They are also exposed to many signals, including molecules that profoundly alter their behavior or morphology. The prediction of the flow of nutrients from the soil to the plant requires an integration of flux regulation by signals which determine the kinetics of plant adaptations. During this thesis, different experimental and analytical approaches (split-root, isotopic labeling, root analysis) allowed us to study the coupling between signals and flows in the interactions between plants, microorganisms and earthworms. We first demonstrated that earthworms have a systemic effect on the growth and development of plants (Hordeum Vulgare L. and Oryza sativa L.) and that this effect is dependent on the abundance of earthworms. A methodological study aiming at optimizing the split-root device (the sharing of roots of a single plant into two compartments) helped us to improve plant (Brachypodium distachyon L.) survival and their emission of roots. This experimental set up was used to determine the importance of the presence of casts and their spatial localization on the N uptake by the plant. The lack of effect observed during this experiment lead us to address the mechanisms that may occur in the presence of worms according to their temporal dynamics. We then demonstrated that an important proportion of casts was responsible for root system adaptation only when the plant was exposed to casts for a sufficient period of time. These results are the first demonstration that the kinetics of the different mechanisms occurring in casts is crucial to explain the positive effect of casts on plants growth Génomique environnementale Azote Auxine Environmental genomics Nitrogen Auxin
2	Umwelt-Genomik als Quelle für die Isolierung von neuen Operons und Genclustern aus mikrobiellen Konsortien / Environmental Genomics as a source for the isolation of new operons and gene clusters from microbial consortia Entcheva, Plamena 29 January 2002 (has links) No description available. 570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie Mathematics and Computer Science Umwelt-Genomik Metagenomik Genbanken Biotin Biosynthese environmental genomics metagenomics gene library biotin biosynthesis 42.13 42.30 WU
3	Processes and factors governing benthic community dynamics—environmental change in the Baltic Sea Sommer, Christian January 2019 (has links) As drivers of biogeochemical cycles and nutrient recycling, such as carbon turnover, the microbial community is essential in sustaining functioning ecosystems. Together with the metazoan community, the microbial community constitute the majority of all life in the benthos. Environmental change in biotic and abiotic factors may influence the dynamics of these communities, for example through a sorting or driving effect on the community structure through assembly processes. Environmental change, e.g. change in dissolved oxygen concentration, salinity and temperature, can directly or indirectly affect community composition. How, in what way, and to what extent, benthic bacterial and meiofaunal community composition in the eutrophied, brackish benthic environments, in the Baltic Sea sub-basin the Baltic Proper, respond to environmental change is understudied, both at local and seascape scale. This thesis aimed to study and understand the effects of environmental variation on the diversity and biogeographic patterns of Baltic Sea sediment bacterial and meiofaunal communities. A further aim was to understand the links between the different community levels by studying the interaction between meiofaunal- and macrofaunal communities in relation to environmental variation. Community diversity was analysed along a latitudinal transect of national environmental monitoring stations in the Baltic Proper using a framework of metapopulation and metacommunity theory. The analyses were based on environmental genomics, with high-throughput sequencing, bioinformatics and statistics. The total community genome was analysed using phylogenetic marker gene fragments as a proxy for taxonomic diversity, to investigate diversity, community structure and dynamics. Salinity and oxygen were found to be the main abiotic environmental drivers of benthic community composition and alpha- and beta-diversity patterns. Furthermore, macrofauna-meiofauna interactions were significantly more complex in higher salinity environments. Results also showed that both enhanced environmental gradients and dispersal following a major inflow of saline and oxygenated water from the Atlantic Ocean, influenced the composition of sediment bacterial communities at the seascape scale of the Baltic Sea, as shown by a reduced beta-diversity and increased alpha-diversity, and the development of a significant distance-decay of community similarity. This study also identified strong metapopulation dynamics of the benthic sediment bacterial communities with many satellite and a few core taxa. The outcomes from this study contribute to the understanding of how environmental variation and environmental change relate to changes in Baltic Sea benthic community diversity and composition, and important factors and processes governing community dynamics. Benthic communities Baltic Sea biodiversity community composition environmental change environmental genomics microbial ecology Major Baltic Inflow meta-population Environmental Sciences Miljövetenskap Ecology Ekologi Microbiology Mikrobiologi
4	Identifikation von Genen und Mikroorganismen, die an der dissimilatorischen Fe(III)-Reduktion beteiligt sind / Isolation of Genes and Microorganisms Involved in Dissimilatory Fe(III)-Reduction Özyurt, Baris 21 January 2009 (has links) No description available. 500 Naturwissenschaften allgemein Mathematics and Computer Science Metagenomik dissimilatorische Fe(III)-Reduktion Dissimilatory iron reduction DIR dissimilatory oxido-reduction of iron dissimilatory iron(III) reduction metal reduction ferricironreduction microbial iron respiration bacterial respiration microorganisms for energy production dissimilatory iron reducing bacteria dissimilatory metal reducing bacteria DMRB energy production electricity energy transduction microbial electricity electron donor electron acceptor electron transfer carbon source carbohydrate mannit mannitol biofilm mineral mineral formation microbial degradation ribosomal proteins cytochromes hypothetical proteins enzymes oxidation reduction ferric iron iron oxide Fe(II) Fe(III) soluble iron insoluble iron ferric reductase activity iron mineral formation mineralisation <i>E. coli</i> Escherichia coli environmental microorganisms life in extreme environments uncultivable bacteria soil microbial ecology anaerobic growth anaerobic incubation environmental sequences environmental DNA DNA extraction functional screening metagenomic metagenome meta-genome microbial ecology environmental genomics soil metagenome BACs sequencing bioinformatics microbial communities 16S rRNA phylogenetics 30 42.30 42.30 58.30 42.49 58.30 42.13 RA W

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