Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aims to investigate how the Social and Environmental Investments and other actions of Corporate Social Responsability of the companies impact on organizational image of them before their customers. The theme is justified by the need to verify that such actions bring effective results in the quest for improved organizational image. For a better understanding of the topic, literature search was conducted on the topics of organizational image, Social Responsibility, Institutional Marketing and Communications. The company Natura Cosmetics SA was chosen as an object of study due to its strong performance in the social, environmental and cultural areas in the country. The actions carried out by the company were described in this study through a literature search conducted on the company s publications about the subject and segmented into three categories: Ecologic Marketing, Cultural Marketing, and Social Marketing. To achieve the objectives of the study, a survey was conducted with the consultants (sellers of products). This public was chosen because they are considered to be the first consumers of Natura s products. The survey was conducted through a questionnaire, developed from a hypothetical model of research adapted from Gonçalves Filho et al (2009). The results indicated that the activities better known by the respondents are the ones about ecology, which are directly related to the identity linked to natural products that do not harm the environment that the company transmits (therefore, they are well communicated) and the program "Believe to See, "which has a line of products aimed at raising funds to it, so the consultants are in frequent contact. The respondents were asked about their opinion on the investments and 99.2% have positive view, with only one respondent has indifferent vision. Moreover, 80% of respondents said that the realization of these actions positively affect their opinion on the company. The focus of the study, however, was to investigate the impact of specific actions, whereas other studies have already shown the impact of Social Responsibility actions in general. Thus, the consultants were asked about what actions impacted the most their opinion about the company. The results indicate that the activities that are better communicated are also those that most affect the opinion, especially those related to ecology and society. The actions related to culture, however, even when properly communicated don t have relevant return on image, compared to the returns of other kind of actions. The results, therefore, allowed to accept two hypotheses made (related to ecology and society) and refute one of the hypotheses (related to cultural activities). / O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar a maneira como os Investimentos Socioambientais e demais ações de Responsabilidade Social Corporativa das empresas impactam na imagem organizacional delas perante seus consumidores. O tema justifica-se pela necessidade de verificar se tais ações trazem resultados efetivos na busca de melhoria de imagem organizacional. Para uma maior compreensão do tema, foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica sobre os temas da imagem organizacional, Responsabilidade Social, Marketing e Comunicação Institucionais. A empresa Natura Cosméticos S.A. foi escolhida como objeto de estudo devido a sua forte atuação nas áreas social, ambiental e cultural no país. As ações realizadas pela empresa foram descritas neste estudo por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica nas publicações realizadas pela empresa sobre o tema e segmentadas em três modalidades: Marketing Ecológico, Marketing Cultural e Marketing Social. Para atingir os objetivos do estudo, foi realizada pesquisa survey com as consultoras (revendedoras de produtos) da empresa, público escolhido por serem consideradas as primeiras consumidoras dos produtos Natura. A survey se deu por meio da aplicação de questionário, elaborado a partir do modelo hipotético de pesquisa adaptado de Gonçalves Filho et al (2009). Os resultados indicam que as ações mais conhecidas pelas respondentes são as de cunho ecológico, que estão diretamente relacionadas com a identidade ligada a produtos naturais, que não agridem o meio ambiente que a empresa transmite (ou seja, são bem comunicadas) e o programa Crer para Ver , que possui uma linha de produtos direcionada a arrecadar fundos a ele, portanto as consultoras estão em freqüente contato. As respondentes foram questionadas a respeito de sua opinião sobre os investimentos e 99,2% afirmam ter visão positiva, sendo que apenas uma respondente tem visão indiferente. Além disso, 80% das respondentes afirmaram que a realização dessas ações afeta positivamente sua opinião em relação à empresa. O foco do estudo, entretanto, era verificar o impacto de ações específicas, visto que outros estudos já demonstraram o impacto de ações de Responsabilidade Social de maneira geral. Dessa forma, as consultoras foram questionadas a respeito de quais ações impactavam mais sua opinião em relação à empresa. Os resultados indicam que as ações mais bem comunicadas são também as que mais afetam a opinião, especialmente as relacionadas à ecologia e sociedade. As ações relacionadas à cultura, entretanto, mesmo quando propriamente comunicadas não apresentam retorno relevante em imagem, se comparado ao retorno das ações de outros cunhos. Os resultados, portanto, permitiram aceitar duas das hipóteses apresentadas (as relacionadas à ecologia e sociedade) e refutar uma das hipóteses (relacionada a ações culturais).

I och med att bygg- och fastighetssektorn står för en betydande andel av Sveriges miljöpåverkan har aktörer inom branschen stora möjligheter att genom miljömässiga investeringar påverka fastigheternas klimatavtryck. Grundtanken är att investeringar genomförs om de är lönsamma men eftersom syftet med miljöinvesteringar även är att uppnå positiva miljöeffekter spelar mer än den ekonomiska aspekten roll. Privat verksamhet drivs i vinstsyfte och sedan lagen om allmännyttiga kommunala bostadsaktiebolag trädde i kraft 2011 ska även de allmännyttiga bostadsbolagen driva sin verksamhet enligt affärsmässiga principer för att inte sätta konkurrensen på marknaden ur spel. Affärsmässighet och samhällsansvar ska därmed kombineras. Syftet med studien är därmed att undersöka och få en fördjupad förståelse för vad miljöinvesteringar i fastigheter innebär samt vad som påverkar ett bostadsbolags miljöinvesteringsbeslut. Huvudfrågeställningen fokuserar på hur miljöinvesteringsbeslutet påverkas av att företaget är privat eller kommunalt. Vidare utreds även hur miljöinvesteringar skiljer sig från övriga investeringar i fastigheter när det gäller beslutsprocessen och bedömning samt vad som hade kunnat få fler miljöinvesteringar att genomföras. Studien är baserad på semistrukturerade intervjuer med tio respondenter från sju fastighetsbolag i Stockholmsområdet. Studien har visat att begreppet miljöinvesteringar i fastigheter ännu inte är helt definierat men främst handlar om åtgärder kopplat till energieffektivisering. Investeringsprocessen följer till största del samma process som övriga investeringar och samma beräkningsmetoder används men fler perspektiv tas in när det kommer till att ta beslutet. Avgörande faktorer för miljöinvesteringsbeslutet kan delas upp i kategorierna; lönsamhet och besparingar, företagets styrning, krav och mål, hyresgäster samt fastigheternas konstruktion. Ett bostadsbolags miljöinvesteringsbeslut påverkas av att företaget är privat eller kommunalt genom företagets styrning och syfte med verksamheten. I sin tur påverkar det synen på de avgörande faktorerna, främst i vilken grad lönsamhetskravet inte behöver uppnås och hyresgästernas inflytande på beslutet. Synen på miljökrav och en minskad miljöpåverkan påverkas inte av att företaget är privat eller kommunalt. / Since the construction and real estate sector accounts for a significant part of Sweden’s environmental impact, actors in the industry have great opportunities to influence buildings’ climate footprint through environmental investments. The basic idea is that investments are made if they are profitable, but since the purpose of environmental investments also is to achieve positive environmental effects, more than only the economic aspect matters. The goal of private companies is to make profit and since 2011 the municipal housing companies in Sweden must act according to business principles as well in order to maintain competition in the market. Business and social responsibility must therefore be combined. The purpose of the study is to gain an understanding of what environmental investments in buildings are and to analyse what influences a housing company’s environmental investment decision. The main issue focuses on how the environmental investment decision is affected by the company being private or municipal. Furthermore, the study investigates how environmental investments differ from other investments in buildings in terms of the decision process and also what could have led to more environmental investments being implemented. The study is based on semi structured interviews with ten respondents from seven housing companies in the Stockholm area. The study has shown that the concept of environmental investments in buildings is not yet fully defined but mainly is about measures related to energy efficiency. Environmental investments follow the same process as other investments and the same calculation methods are used, but more perspectives are considered when it comes to the decision making. Decisive factors for the environmental investment decision can according to this study be divided into the categories; profitability and savings, the corporate governance, requirements and goals, tenants and the construction of the buildings. A housing company’s environmental investment decision is affected by the company being private or municipal through the company’s governance and purpose. This affects the view of the decisive factors, mainly to what extent profitability requirements do not need to be met and the tenants’ influence on the decision. The view of environmental requirements and reduced environmental impact is not affected by the company being private or municipal.

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-01-24T20:32:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VanessaESF_DISSERT.pdf: 1090600 bytes, checksum: 347527e99ec32b58c42ccca68378c3c3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-24T20:32:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VanessaESF_DISSERT.pdf: 1090600 bytes, checksum: 347527e99ec32b58c42ccca68378c3c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / The attention focused on actions involving social responsibility by companies has been an increasingly common theme in literature. The current economic climate has required of organizations a more ethical and focused on social and environmental issues approach, going beyond traditional financial matters. More than a social function of organizations, social and environmental investments now represent a competitive strategy. Several studies have examined the impact of such investments on the economic performance of organizations, but there is no consensus about its importance and level of relationship. In this sense, the present study aims to investigate the relationship between social and environmental investments and the economic growth rate of Brazilian companies. For that, was collected on a database called “Balanço Social” economic data from a sample of 130 companies, with publications over the period between 2000 and 2008, and based on the data panel and with the help of a statistical tool was estimated a regression model seeking the visualization of the ratio between the environmental investments and economic performance metrics, such as the rate of operational and net results of the firm. Although the relationship between the external social investments and the applied growth rates has been to a pattern of the U-shaped curve, the internal social and environmental investments showed, as expected, a pattern of an inverse U-shaped curve, as presented by Kuznets (1955), based in which it was possible to verify the level of investment that maximizes the performance of the firm. Through the knowledge of such values can be identified which companies operate at levels below the 'optimal level', suggesting the growth rate required to reach the equilibrium levels / A atenção voltada para ações que envolvam responsabilidade social por parte das empresas tem sido um tema cada vez mais recorrente na literatura. O cenário econômico atual tem exigido das organizações uma postura mais ética e voltada para as questões socioambientais, indo além das questões financeiras tradicionais. Mais do que uma função social das organizações, os investimentos socioambientais passaram a representar uma estratégia competitiva. Diversos estudos têm analisado os impactos de tais investimentos sobre o desempenho econômico das organizações, porém não existe um consenso quanto a sua importância e nível de relação. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo tem como objetivo verificar a relação entre os investimentos socioambientais e a taxa de crescimento econômico de empresas brasileiras. Para isso, foi coletado no Balanço Social dados econômicos de uma amostra de 130 empresas, com publicações ao longo do período entre 2000 e 2008, e a partir dos dados em painel e com o auxílio de uma ferramenta estatística foi estimado um modelo de regressão buscando a visualização da relação entre os investimentos socioambientais e métricas de desempenho econômico, tais como a taxa dos resultados operacionais e líquidos da firma. Embora a relação entre os investimentos sociais externos e as taxas de crescimento aplicadas tenha consistido em um padrão no formato de uma curva U, os investimentos sociais internos e ambientais apresentaram, conforme esperado, um padrão no formato de uma curva U-invertida, segundo apresentado por Kuznets (1955), com base na quais foi possível verificar o nível de investimento que maximiza o desempenho da firma. Tomando conhecimento de tais valores podem-se identificar quais empresas operam em níveis abaixo do nível ‘ótimo’, sugerindo a taxa de crescimento necessária para alcançar os níveis de equilíbrio / 2017-01-24

Studien undersöker politiska partiers inverkan på miljöförbättringar i USA. Vi undersöker även om ökad polarisering mellan republikaner och demokrater har gett upphov till större skillnader i miljöinvesteringar över tid. Med hjälp av paneldata och fixa effekter för amerikanska delstater mellan åren 2009 - 2022 analyserar vi de genomsnittliga miljöinvesteringarna per invånare beroende på det styrande partiet i den lagstiftande församlingen. Resultatet påvisar inga signifikanta effekter om att storleken på miljöinvesteringar skiljer sig mellan partierna vilket ger stöd åt förväntningarna om medianväljarteoremet. När vi undersöker skillnaderna i miljöinvesteringar mellan partierna över två perioder observeras signifikanta effekter. Resultatet tyder på att delstater med demokratiskt styre i den lagstiftande församlingen investerar 9 $ mer per invånare på miljöförbättringar under den andra perioden än delstater med republikanskt eller delat styre. Det är däremot inte möjligt att fastställa om den ökade skillnaden i miljöinvesteringarna mellan partierna över tid är till följd av en ökad polarisering. / This study investigates the impact of political parties on environmental improvements in the United States. We also investigate whether increased polarization between Republicans and Democrats has led to greater differences in environmental investments over time. Using panel data on US states for the period 2009 - 2022 and including fixed effects, we analyze the average per capita environmental investments based on the ruling party in the legislature. The findings indicate no significant effect that the size of environmental investments differ between the political parties  which supports the expectations of the median voter theorem. When examining the differences in environmental investments between the parties across two periods significant effects are observed. The result suggests that states with Democratic rule in the legislature invest $ 9 more per capita on environmental improvements in the second period than Republican or divided states. However, it is not possible to determine whether the increased difference in environmental investments between the parties over time is the result of increased polarization.

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att göra en jämförande studie mellan faktorerna som enligt en teoretisk ram påverkar en miljöinvestering och faktorerna som ingår i ett företags bedömnings-modell. Respondentbolaget begärde i ett tidigt skede att få vara anonymt och benämns därför som Företaget. Det är en multinationell koncern med verksamhet i många skilda branscher, men med fokus på norden och produkter som kan kopplas till lantbruk. Den teoretiska referensramen har sin utgångspunkt i begreppen värde och investering samt hur deras koppling till miljö och miljöinvesteringar för att identifiera de faktorer som påverkar en miljöinvestering. Faktorerna som ingår i den teoretiska referensramen och som jämförs mot respondentbolagets faktorer är:  Investeringens värdetillförsel  Investeringens miljöpåverkan  Hur investeringen påverkar produktionsförutsättningarna  Krav från samhället  Kundkrav Kopplingen däremellan bedöms enligt en femgradig skala. Informationen från Företaget inhäm-tades genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer med representanter från Företaget. Slutsatsen för detta arbete är att Företaget har identifierat samma faktorer som den teoretiska referensramen. De använder dock mätetal som inte fullt ut reflekterar faktorerna. Den största avvikelsen är bedömningen av en investerings värdetillförsel, då Företaget fullt ut införlivar det producerade värdet samt det faktum att en miljöinvestering skall ses som irreversibel. Enkelhet premieras hos Företaget och det är för att prioritera modellens användbarhet, som Företaget väl-jer att acceptera brister i bedömningsmodellen. För att förbättra bedömningsmodellen bör Företaget därför införliva nya mätetal som till större del reflekterar faktorerna som påverkar en miljöinvestering / The purpose of this master thesis is to present a comparison between the factors that affects an environmental investment. This is done through applying a theoretical framework on the factors affecting a company’s existing appraisal model for environmental investments. The company that was a part of this thesis asked at an initial stage for confidentiality, therefore it is called the Company in this thesis. The Company that contributes with the appraisal model is a multination-al group with operations in many different industries, but with a focus on the Nordic countries and products that may be linked to the agricultural sector. The theoretical framework has its base in the concepts of value and investments and their connection to the environment and the envi-ronmental investment. The identified factors in the theoretical framework are:  The investment’s addition to the value creation to the company  The investment’s environmental impact  How the investment affects the production  Demands from society  Customer demands From these, the factors affecting a company’s existing appraisal model were compared and their connection to theoretical framework was judged according to a 5-grade scale. Information from the Company was acquired through semi-structured interviews with representatives from the Company. The largest deviation is how the company considers an investment’s contribution to the produced value. Because of this imperfection does the company's model not fully incorporate the produced value and that an environmental investment is irreversible. The overall conclusion is that the Company has identified the same factors as the theoretical framework. The Company has though chosen to use their existing methods and performance indicators that don’t fully incorporate the factors in the theoretical framework. The largest devia-tions are how the company considers an investment’s contribution to the produced value and that it should be considered as irreversible. The Company must therefore in order to enhance their appraisal model develop new performance measures for the factors.