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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
101

O uso de filme como recurso pedagógico no estudo das epidemias: possibilidades na aprendizagem significativa / The use of movies as a pedagogical resource for the study of epidemics: possibilities in meaningful learning

Borba, Edilce Maria Balbinot 20 August 2015 (has links)
Acompanha: Epidemias na escola? Só em filmes: possibilidades de contaminação na aprendizagem significativa / Essa pesquisa surgiu da busca por uma metodologia de ensino que valorizasse o conhecimento científico com o uso de um recurso pedagógico atrativo - filmes comerciais -, que motivasse a aprendizagem significativa. Para tanto, apresenta uma análise de como os estudantes estabelecem relações do conhecimento científico com as imagens fílmicas e as possibilidades de contextualização acerca do tema “epidemia”. A metodologia de pesquisa envolve uma abordagem qualitativa, com alguns dados quantitativos das impressões dos estudantes em relação aos filmes de modo geral e sobre eles e a aprendizagem. Na pesquisa qualitativa, utilizou-se a categorização segundo Bardin (2011), para organizar as unidades contextuais produzidas pelos estudantes nas atividades educativas, e fazer a análise com base nos pressupostos da Teoria de Ausubel (2003) e Ausubel, Novak e Hanesian (1980). A partir da exibição do filme intitulado “Contágio”, utilizado como organizador prévio, buscou-se, nas dúvidas apresentadas pelos estudantes, identificar os conhecimentos prévios sobre o assunto. Por meio dessas dúvidas emergiram os subtemas, que foram categorizados em: epidemia, agente causador, incubação, transmissão, sintomas, prevenção e imunidade. Essas categorias serviram de elementos para a análise de indícios de aprendizagem levando a concluir que as narrativas fílmicas ajudam na formação de pontes cognitivas colaborando com a aprendizagem subordinada derivativa e correlativa, diferenciação progressiva e reconciliação integrativa, promovendo a assimilação e a retenção dos conhecimentos científicos. No referencial teórico utilizado para investigar os filmes como recurso pedagógicos é apresentado as considerações dos autores Rosália Duarte , Milton Almeida, Maria da Graça Setton, Marcos Napolitano, José Manuel Moran, entre outros. Como produto dessa pesquisa, elaborou-se um guia com outras propostas pedagógicas possíveis de trabalhar o tema “epidemia” utilizando filmes comerciais como organizadores prévios e para contextualização. O guia também apresenta uma linha do tempo sobre cinema e educação e um catálogo com filmes e seriados abordam o tema “epidemia”. / This research arose when searching for a teaching methodology that would value scientific knowledge with the use of an alluring pedagogical resource – commercial movies – to encourage meaningful learning. To this end, it provides an analysis of how students establish relations of scientific knowledge with movie images, and the possibilities of contextualization on the topic of “epidemics”. The research methodology comprehends a qualitative approach, including some quantitative data of the students’ impressions regarding movies in general, and about the movies and learning. The categorization according to Bardin (2011) was used in the qualitative research to organize the contextual units produced by the students in the educational activities, and to conduct an analysis based on the assumptions of Ausubel’s Theory (2003) and Ausubel, Novak and Hanesian’s Theory (1980). From the showing of the movie entitled “Contagion”, used as an advance organizer, we tried to identify prior knowledge on the subject through questions raised by the students. Those same questions brought up the subtopics, categorized as epidemics, causative agent, incubation, transmission, symptoms, prevention and immunity. These categories served as elements for the analysis of learning evidence, leading to the conclusion that movie narratives help in the creation of cognitive bridges while contributing to derivative and correlative subordinate learning, progressive differentiation and integrative reconciliation, as well as promoting assimilation and retention of scientific knowledge. The theoretical background used to investigate the movies as a pedagogical resource presents the considerations of authors such as Rosália Duarte, Milton Almeida, Maria da Graça Setton, Marcos Napolitano, José Manuel Moran, among others. As a product of this research, a guide with other pedagogical proposals that make it possible to work with the topic of “epidemics” was developed by using commercial movies as advance organizers and for contextualization. The guide also shows a timeline of cinema and education, as well as a catalog with movies and series that deal with the topic of “epidemics”.
102

Importancia de la viruela, gastroenteritis aguda y paludismo en Finlandia entre 1749 y 1850

Xaviera, T. J. (Torres Joerges) 04 January 2006 (has links)
Abstract In the Swedish Kingdom, of which Finland was a part until the 19th century, the parish burial records specified the cause of death earlier than other European countries. Using the information contained in 1.2 million death records from 234 different parishes, the impact of the main infectious diseases inflicted upon the Finnish population, during the period 1749–1850, is analyzed. The study is focused on the temporal and geographical distribution of three of the main epidemics; gastroenteritis, malaria and smallpox. The Industrial Revolution, the Demographic Transition and the Bacteriological Era only arrived to Finland at the end of the 19th century. The population analyzed, living at a time prior those changes, was therefore rural, scattered and with high birth and mortality rates. It was, therefore, helpless in front of many illnesses. Infectious diseases were the main cause of death, especially among children. One sixth of all analyzed deaths can be attributed to these three causes of death studied. Acute gastroenteritis generated mortality, constantly in its endemic areas (southeast of the country and Ostrobothnian coast) and also in the form of large epidemics, accompanying other factors affecting the population, such as war or famine. Smallpox was endemic in the country and caused periodic epidemic peaks which generated high mortality among children. The most densely populated areas acted as reservoirs from which the disease spread outwards the rest of the country. The generalization of the practice of vaccination, from the first decades of the 19th century, modified both the spatiotemporal distribution of the epidemics and the age distribution of smallpox mortality. Under the period studied, malaria was endemic in the southwest of Finland, being of most importance in the Åland Islands. The temporal variations in the incidence of this disease do not seem to be related to crises in the population, but rather due to environmental factors. The above causes of death greatly influenced the modulation of mortality in 18th and 19th century Finland. / Resumen En el Reino de Suecia, al que pertenecía Finlandia hasta el siglo XIX, los registros parroquiales de enterramiento especificaban la causa de muerte más tempranamente que en otros países de Europa. Utilizando la información contenida en 1,2 millones de registros de defunción, provenientes de 234 parroquias diferentes, se analiza el impacto de las enfermedades infecciosas en la población de Finlandia entre 1749 y 1850. Se estudia en especial la distribución temporal y geográfica de las mayores epidemias de gastroenteritis aguda, viruela y paludismo. Ni la revolución industrial ni la transición demográfica ni la era bacteriológica llegaron a Finlandia hasta finales del siglo XIX. La población en la época de estudio era, por tanto, rural, dispersa, con altos índices de natalidad y mortalidad y estaba indefensa ante la mayor parte de las dolencias. Las enfermedades infecciosas eran la principal causa de muerte, especialmente entre los niños. Al conjunto de las tres causas de muerte estudiadas, gastroenteritis, viruela y paludismo, puede atribuirse un sexto del total de las muertes analizadas. La gastroenteritis aguda causaba una importante mortalidad de manera constante en sus áreas endémicas (sureste del país y costa de Ostrobotnia) y una mortalidad catastrófica, en forma de grandes epidemias, en coincidencia con alteraciones en la población tales como guerras o hambrunas. La viruela era endémica en el país y se manifestaba en forma de picos epidémicos periódicos que generaban gran mortalidad entre los niños. Las zonas más densamente pobladas actuaban como reservorios desde los cuales la enfermedad se expandía al resto del país. La generalización del uso de la vacuna a partir de las primeras décadas del siglo XIX modificó tanto la distribución espaciotemporal de las epidemias como su perfil de mortalidad por edades. El paludismo era endémico en el suroeste de Finlandia durante el periodo de estudio, siendo especialmente importante en las Islas åland. Las variaciones en la importancia de esta enfermedad no parecen responder a crisis en la población sino a factores ambientales. Las causas de muerte estudiadas modularon de manera importante la mortalidad general de la Finlandia de los siglos XVIII y XIX. / Tiivistelmä Ruotsin kuningaskunnassa, johon Suomi 1800-luvulle saakka kuului, hautauksia koskevissa kirkonkirjoissa spesifioitiin kuolinsyy aikaisemmin kuin muissa Euroopan maissa. Tässä tutkimuksessa analysoidaan 234 eri kunnasta peräisin olevaa 1,2 miljoonan henkilön kuolintilastoon sisältyvää informaatiota infektiosairauksien vaikutuksesta Suomen väestöön vuosien 1749 ja 1850 välillä. Erityisesti tutkitaan akuutin mahasuolitulehduksen, isonrokon ja malarian merkittävimpien epidemioiden ajallista ja maantieteellistä levinneisyyttä. Teollinen vallankumous kuin myöskään väestöllinen muutos tai bakteriologinen aikakausi eivät saapuneet Suomeen 1800-luvun loppuun mennessä. Tutkittavan aikakauden väestö oli siten maaseudulla elävää, hajanaista, sillä oli korkea syntyvyys ja kuolleisuus ja se oli suojaton suurinta osaa sairauksia vastaan. Infektiosairaudet olivat pääasiallisin kuolinsyy, erityisesti lasten keskuudessa. Tämän kolmen tutkitun kuolinsyyn joukon, mahasuolitulehduksen, isonrokon ja malarian, voidaan katsoa aiheuttaneen kuudenneksen analysoitujen kuolemien kokonaismäärästä. Akuutti mahasuolitulehdus aiheutti tasaisesti merkittävän kuolleisuuden yleisillä esiintymisalueillaan (maan kaakkoisosa ja Pohjanmaan rannikko) ja katastrofaalisen kuolleisuuden suurten epidemioiden muodossa samanaikaisesti sellaisten väestössä tapahtuvien muutosten kuten sotien tai nälänhädän kanssa. Isorokko oli maassa yleisesti esiintyvää ja ilmeni jaksottaisten epidemiahuippujen muodossa, jotka aiheuttivat suuren kuolleisuuden lasten keskuudessa. Tiheimmin asutetut alueet toimivat reserveinä, joista sairaus levisi loppuun osaan maata. Rokotuksen käytön yleistyminen 1800-luvun ensimmäisistä vuosikymmenistä lähtien muutti niin epidemioiden alueellista ja ajallista levinneisyyttä kuin sen kuolleisuusprofiilia ikäluokittain. Malaria oli yleisesti esiintyvää Lounais-Suomessa, ja tutkittavana aikakautena se oli erityisen merkittävää Ahvenanmaan saaristossa. Muutokset tämän sairauden merkittävyydessä eivät vaikuta vastaavan väestökriisejä vaan ilmastollisia tekijöitä. Tutkitut kuolinsyyt muuttivat merkittävästi kuolleisuutta 1700- ja 1800-lukujen Suomessa.

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