One of the biggest challenges in contemporary global environmental governance is the future of marine biodiversity. Over the years, increased fishing efforts in previously remote areas drove many fish stocks to scarcity. The Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) emerged to solve the international fishery crisis, on the assumption that they would provide a forum where Member States may agree and discuss binding rules for the conservation and management of fish stocks within its geographical area of responsibility. Although some agreements existed for more than 60 years, many authors agree that they have not been fully effective in promoting the maintenance and conservation of fish stocks. There are many reasons that might explain the lack of effectiveness, one of them being that science is not very often listened to in the political decision-making process. In this research, the influence of knowledge and science in shaping policy decisions will be observed and analyzed. Therefore, the use of the epistemic communities theory, that which forms part of the constructivist turn in international relations -- was used to answer the main question posed here: when does power listen to science? When it does, does it bring more effectiveness in terms of knowledge, input from epistemic communities, does it induce states to change their behavior, and do these influences lead to policies, which can credibly improve biomass? Using process tracing, through elite interviews, and with a systematic compilation and study of meeting reports from three RFMOs: the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR); the International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT); and the Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT), the final conclusion is that they may listen to science, but their strategy, allies, and the ways in which it occurs differ case-by-case. / Um dos maiores desafios na governança ambiental global contemporânea é o futuro dos ecossistemas e da biodiversidade marinha. Ao longo dos anos, o aumento do esforço de pesca nas áreas anteriormente remotas levou muitas populações de peixes à escassez. As Organizações Regionais para o Ordenamento Pesqueiro (OROPs) surgiram para resolver a crise internacional de pesca, através um fórum onde os Estados-Membros podem acordar e discutir regras vinculativas para a conservação e gestão dos recursos pesqueiros no âmbito da sua área geográfica de responsabilidade. Embora alguns acordos existam há mais de 60 anos, muitos pesquisadores concordam que os mesmos não têm sido totalmente eficazes para promover a manutenção e conservação dos recursos pesqueiros. Muitas razões podem explicar a falta de eficiência no manejo, uma delas é que, o aconselhamento cientifico não é muitas vezes considerado nas decisões políticas. Nesta pesquisa, a influência do conhecimento e da ciência na tomada de decisões políticas serão avaliadas. Para isso, a teoria das comunidades epistêmicas, que faz parte da veia construtivista em Relações Internacionais, foi usada para responder à principal questão colocada aqui: quando é que o poder ouviu a ciência? E isso trouxe mais eficiência em termos do conhecimento proveniente das comunidades epistêmicas induzir os Estados a mudarem seu comportamento e a influência levar a políticas que aumentem a biomassa dos estoques pesqueiros? Com o uso de process tracing, por meio de entrevistas com atores e uma compilação sistemática dos relatórios das reuniões anuais, as OROPS: CCAMLR, ICCAT e CCSBT foram estudadas, e a conclusão final é que, os tomadores de decisão podem ouvir a ciência, porém, a estratégia, os aliados e a forma como a influência se desenvolve varia caso a caso.

Nuclear Security research is an established subdiscipline in security studies. According to some authors is this field of research currently split into two groups of scientists - the "political scientists" and "historians" - who employ widely different approaches to research of the subject and communicate with each other on a minimal basis. This master thesis uses tools of bibliometric citational analysis to validate the existence of this gap on the level of academic citations. The author analyses this phenomenon on the dataset based on the data from the database Scopus. Results of the research bring new insights into the citational structure of set subdiscipline, which shows that the presumed gap between two supposedly not communicating groups does not appear on the level citations.

CHARLES UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Institute of Political Studies Department of security studies Nuclear Security Studies Scholarship: A Social Network Analysis Master's thesis Author: Kryštof Kučmáš Study programme: Security Studies Supervisor: PhDr. Michal Smetana, Ph.D. Year of the defence: 2020 Declaration 1. I hereby declare that I have compiled this thesis using the listed literature and resources only. 2. I hereby declare that my thesis has not been used to gain any other academic title. 3. I fully agree to my work being used for study and scientific purposes. In Prague on 5. 1. Kryštof Kučmáš References KUČMÁŠ, Kryštof. Nuclear Security Studies Scholarship: A Social Network Analysis. Praha, 2020. Master's thesis (Mgr.) Charles University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Political Science. Department of Security Studies. Supervisor PhDr. Michal Smetana, Ph.D. Length of the thesis: 46382 char Abstract The nuclear security scholarship is as influential as varied. The thesis Nuclear Security Studies Scholarship: A Social Network Analysis tries to provide a different angle of literature analysis. Author compiled a high amount of citational data in the field of nuclear security studies and then analyzed it with the tools provided by Social Network Analysis and Citational Analysis....

O presente trabalho baseia-se no levantamento histórico sobre a proteção dos direitos humanos da criança e do adolescente, na análise de referências teóricas sobre comunidades epistêmicas e movimentos sociais, e em entrevistas com pessoas envolvidas na criação do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA) - Lei Federal n.º 8.069/90. Identifica cinco comunidades epistêmicas (internacional, estatal, militante, religiosa e jurídica), presentes no Movimento de Defesa dos Direitos da Criança e do Adolescente dos anos 80. Ao identificar essas comunidades, cujas influências técnicas e políticas foram essenciais para a elaboração coletiva do ECA, procuramos evidenciar teorias que geraram consenso à época e orientaram a formulação da norma jurídica. As duas principais são: Teologia da Libertação e Pedagogia do Oprimido. O reconhecimento dessas teorias fundantes pode inspirar o desenvolvimento de indicadores que auxiliariam na avaliação da implementação do Estatuto em trabalhos futuros. A pesquisa, para os fins desta dissertação, é descritiva e documental, com dimensão histórica e processo interdisciplinar. Situa-se no campo das ciências sociais aplicadas, e baseia-se em entrevistas semiestruturadas, documentação oficial e textos científicos com suporte bibliográfico, que reúnem trabalhos de natureza jurídica, política, sociológica, teológica e filosófica / The present work is based on a historical survey of the protection of the human rights of children and adolescents (both in Brazil and across the world), an analysis of theoretical references on epistemic communities and social movements, and interviews with people involved in the formulation of the Child and Adolescent Statute (CAS) - Federal Law n.º 8.069/90. It identifies five epistemic communities (international; state; militant; religious; legal) presents in the Social Movement to Defend the Rights of Children and Adolescents in the 1980s. In identifying these communities, whose technical and political influences contributed to the formulation of the CAS, we can highlight which scientific theories generated consensus at the time and founded the legal norm, such as Liberation Theology and Pedagogy of the Oppressed. The principles of those theories also reveal indicators for evaluating the implementation of the Statute in future work. The research carried out for the purposes of this dissertation is descriptive and documentary with historical dimension and interdisciplinary process. It is situated in the field of applied social sciences, and is based on semi-structured interviews, official documentation and scientific texts with bibliographic support, which bring together works of a juridical, political, sociological, theological and philosophical nature

O presente trabalho baseia-se no levantamento histórico sobre a proteção dos direitos humanos da criança e do adolescente, na análise de referências teóricas sobre comunidades epistêmicas e movimentos sociais, e em entrevistas com pessoas envolvidas na criação do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA) - Lei Federal n.º 8.069/90. Identifica cinco comunidades epistêmicas (internacional, estatal, militante, religiosa e jurídica), presentes no Movimento de Defesa dos Direitos da Criança e do Adolescente dos anos 80. Ao identificar essas comunidades, cujas influências técnicas e políticas foram essenciais para a elaboração coletiva do ECA, procuramos evidenciar teorias que geraram consenso à época e orientaram a formulação da norma jurídica. As duas principais são: Teologia da Libertação e Pedagogia do Oprimido. O reconhecimento dessas teorias fundantes pode inspirar o desenvolvimento de indicadores que auxiliariam na avaliação da implementação do Estatuto em trabalhos futuros. A pesquisa, para os fins desta dissertação, é descritiva e documental, com dimensão histórica e processo interdisciplinar. Situa-se no campo das ciências sociais aplicadas, e baseia-se em entrevistas semiestruturadas, documentação oficial e textos científicos com suporte bibliográfico, que reúnem trabalhos de natureza jurídica, política, sociológica, teológica e filosófica / The present work is based on a historical survey of the protection of the human rights of children and adolescents (both in Brazil and across the world), an analysis of theoretical references on epistemic communities and social movements, and interviews with people involved in the formulation of the Child and Adolescent Statute (CAS) - Federal Law n.º 8.069/90. It identifies five epistemic communities (international; state; militant; religious; legal) presents in the Social Movement to Defend the Rights of Children and Adolescents in the 1980s. In identifying these communities, whose technical and political influences contributed to the formulation of the CAS, we can highlight which scientific theories generated consensus at the time and founded the legal norm, such as Liberation Theology and Pedagogy of the Oppressed. The principles of those theories also reveal indicators for evaluating the implementation of the Statute in future work. The research carried out for the purposes of this dissertation is descriptive and documentary with historical dimension and interdisciplinary process. It is situated in the field of applied social sciences, and is based on semi-structured interviews, official documentation and scientific texts with bibliographic support, which bring together works of a juridical, political, sociological, theological and philosophical nature

Η ανάπτυξη του λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα είναι μια καινοτόμος μέθοδος ανάπτυξης λογισμικού και εφαρμογών του, η οποία έχει να επιδείξειαρκετές επιτυχίες τα τελευταία οκτώ με δέκα χρόνια. Έτσι, έχουν διαμορφωθεί διάφορες θεωρίες για να εξηγήσουν την επιτυχία της, κυρίως από τη σκοπιά της οικονομικής επιστήμης και των επιστημών της οργάνωσης και της διοίκησης επιχειρήσεων. Η εργασία αυτή εξετάζει διάφορες πτυχές των ζητημάτων της ανάπτυξης του λογισμικού του ανοικτού κώδικα. Στo Κεφάλαιο 1, εισάγονται κάποιες βασικές έννοιες για το λογισμικό ανοικτού κώδικα και παρουσιάζονται μερικές από τις γνωστότερες άδειες χρήσης του ανοικτού λογισμικού. Ιδιαίτερα, εξετάζουμε τους ορισμούς και τις διαφορές μεταξύ του λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα και του ελεύθερου λογισμικού. Επίσης, εστιάζουμε την προσοχή μας στις εξής άδεις χρήσης: δημόσιας κυριότητας (public domain), BSD, καλλιτεχνικής άδειας, GPL και LGPL. Τέλος, δίνουμε μια σύντομη περιγραφή της χρονολογικής εξέλιξης των προσπαθειών ανάπτυξης του λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα. Στο Κεφάλαιο 2, αναλύονται τα σημαντικότερα χαρακτηριστικά της οργάνωσης και της ροής εργασίας στα έργα ανοικτού κώδικα. Αυτά αναφέρονται σε κάποια χαρακτηριστικά μεγέθη, στη δομή των έργων, στις διαδικασίες ανάπτυξής τους, στους χρήστες τους (την ομάδα στόχο), στην επικοινωνιακή-πληροφοριακή υποδομή και στην τεκμηρίωση των έργων αυτών. Με βάση αυτά τα χαρακτηριστικά γνωρίσματα, ο σκοπός είναι να μπορεί να περιγραφεί οποιοδήποτε έργο ανοικτού κώδικα και να μπορείεπίσης και να κατηγοριοποιηθεί. Μια τέτοια κατηγοριοποίηση διευκολύνει αφενός την έρευνα, μέσω του ορισμού εννοιών καθολικής ισχύος, και αφετέρου στηρίζει την οργάνωση των ίδιων των έργων, καθώς και την επιλογή τους από την ελεύθερη οικονομία. Στο Κεφάλαιο 3, ακολουθούμε τη δουλειά των Healy & Schussman (2003), οι οποίοι έχουν αναλύσει ένα πολύ μεγάλο δείγμα έργων ανοικτού κώδικα και, έτσι, έχουν εντοπίσει κάποια εντυπωσιακά δομικά χαρακτηριστικά των κοινοτήτων ανάπτυξης λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα. Οι Healy & Schussman παρατήρησαν ότι η κατανομή των έργων αυτών για μια σειρά από δείκτες των δραστηριοτήτων, που αναπτύσσονται σε αυτά, είναι εντυπωσιακά ανομοιόμορφη. Εντόπισαν όμως ένα σχετικά μικρό αριθμό έργων, που παρουσιάζουν στοιχεία ισχυρής συνεργατικής δραστηριότητας. Τα έργα αυτά υποτίθεται ότι είναι χαρακτηριστικά για τις τυπικές διαδικασίες ανάπτυξης, που ακολουθούνται για τη διαμόρφωση του ανοικτού κώδικα. Τα συμπεράσματα των Healy & Schussman συμφωνούν με προγενέστερες μικρότερης κλίμακας εμπειρικές έρευνες. Μελετώντας τις διαφορές μεταξύ ενεργών και ανενεργών έργων, οι Healy & Schussman προτείνουν ότι αυτές μπορούν να εξηγηθούν με βάση τα κοινωνικο-δομικά χαρακτηριστικά των κοινοτήτων ανάπτυξης των αντίστοιχων έργων, τα οποία έχουν τύχει ελάχιστης προσοχής στην υπάρχουσα βιβλιογραφία. Επιπλέον, όπως θα δούμε, οι Healy & Schussman διαμορφώνουν ορισμένες υποθέσεις εργασίας, μέσω των οποίων να μπορεί να γίνει καλύτερα κατανοητή η "οικολογία" των έργων ανάπτυξης λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα. Στο Κεφάλαιο 4, προσπαθούμε να μελετήσουμε το φαινόμενο του λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα κάτω από το πρίσμα των οικονομικών. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, μας απασχολούν οι ρόλοι των συνεργατών στα έργα ανάπτυξης τέτοιου λογισμικού, είτε σαν μεμονωμένα άτομα ή σαν οργανώσεις, και οι σχέσεις τους με τον ευρύτερο δημόσιο τομέα. Ακόμη, κάνουμε μια συζήτηση για τις νέες οικονομικές δυνατότητες, που ανοίγονται από τη χρήση του λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα. Έτσι, έχει ενδιαφέρον να δούμε τις επιχειρήσεις από τρεις διαφορετικές γωνίες: σαν χρήστες, σαν συνεργάτες και σαν παροχείς υπηρεσιών για την ανάπτυξη του λογισμικού αυτού. Τέλος, με βάση το έργο BerliOS, συζητάμε κάποια παραδείγματα μακροοικονομικών προοπτικών στην ιδιωτική πρωτοβουλία, τις νέες αγορές και τη Νέα Οικονομία, που μπορούν να προκύψουν από την υιοθέτηση του επιχειρησιακού μοντέλου του λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα. Στο Κεφάλαιο 5, ακολουθούμε την ανάλυση του Kelty (2001) για το κατά πόσο μπορεί κανείς να δει το ελεύθερο-δωρεάν λογισμικό σαν ένα κοινωνικό αγαθό παρόμοιο με την επιστήμη. Ιδιαίτερα, ο Kelty εξετάζει κατά πόσον το ελεύθερο-δωρεάν λογισμικό είναι - όπως η επιστήμη - μια "οικονομία ανταλλαγής δώρων", η οποία λειτουργεί με το δικό της νόμισμα. Ο βασικός ισχυρισμός του Kelty είναι ότι στην περίπτωση αυτή της οικονομίας του λογισμικού ελεύθερου και ανοικτού κώδικα, το νόμισμα των πληρωμών δεν είναι τίποτε άλλο παρά η φήμη, που αποκτούν οι ατομικοί ή συλλογικοί παράγοντες, οι οποίοι με τη συνεργασία τους συμβάλουν και συνεισφέρουν στην ανάπτυξη του λογισμικού αυτού. Έτσι, ο Kelty εξετάζει τα ζητήματα της φήμης και της αναγνώρισης της συμβολής, αφενός μέσω μιας συνοπτικής θεωρητικής ανασκόπησης της ιστορίας των επιστημών κι αφετέρου με τη σύγκριση - τόσο μεταφορικής όσο και πραγματικής - των διαφορετικών εννοιών της "συναλλαγής" και της "πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας", που εμφανίζονται σε διάφορους τομείς της επιστήμης και της οικονομίας. Στο Κεφάλαιο 6, ακολουθώντας τη σχετική εργασία του Edwards (2001a), η ανάπτυξη του λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα αντιμετωπίζεται σαν μια διαδικασία, που γίνεται στα πλαίσια μιας "επιστημικής κοινότητας". Με τον όρο αυτό, αποδίδεται το γεγονός ότι, σε μια τέτοια κοινότητα, η ανάπτυξη του λογισμικού είναι μία διαδικασία ανοικτής μάθησης, στην οποίαν τα εμπλεκόμενα μέρη, συνεισφέροντας με το προσωπικό έργο τους στην επίτευξη των ομαδικών στόχων, ταυτόχρονα μορφώνονται και μαθαίνουν πολλές χρήσιμες γνώσεις από τη συνεργασία, την αλληλεπίδραση και την αλληλοβοήθεια με τους άλλους συνεργάτες. Ιδιαίτερα, εισάγοντας τις θεωρητικές έννοιες της "εγκατεστημένης μάθησης" και της "νομιμοποιημένης περιφερειακής συμμετοχής", ο Edwards μελετά πώς οι μαθησιακές διαδικασίες αυτές συμβάλουν στη διαμόρφωση του χαρακτήρα μιας επιστημικής κοινότητας, που αναπτύσσει λογισμικό ανοικτού κώδικα. Ο συνδυασμός αυτών των δύο εννοιών φαίνεται να είναι καρποφόρος και ικανός να εξηγήσει μερικές από τις εμπειρικές παρατηρήσεις τέτοιων κοινοτήτων, ρίχνοντας άπλετο φως στα ζητήματα της κατανόησης των κινήτρων, της συμπεριφοράς και της δυναμικής των ομάδων, που εμπλέκονται σε τέτοια έργα. Στο Κεφάλαιο 7, γίνεται μια συζήτηση των επιχειρησιακών προγραμμάτων του Υπουργείου Παιδείας για την πληροφορική στην εκπαίδευση. Το βασικό ερώτημα, που τίθεται, είναι αν τελικά το μάθημα της πληροφορικής ,έτσι όπως διδάσκεται, υπηρετεί τον αρχικό στόχο της πολιτικής, με τον οποίο οι υπολογιστές εισέβαλλαν στην εκπαίδευση. Εξετάζονται κάποια προβλήματα, που έχει η χρήση του κλειστού-εμπορικού λογισμικού στην εκπαίδευση. Παρατίθενται μια σειρά από πλεονεκτήματα για τη χρήση του λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα στην εκπαίδευση, τα οποία του προσδίδουν σαφώς μεγαλύτερη παιδαγωγική αξία. Βεβαίως, σχολιάζονται τα συνήθη επιχειρήματα εναντίον του λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα. Στο τέλος, γίνεται μια προσπάθεια να εξαχθούν ορισμένα συμπεράσματα και να διατυπωθούν κάποιες συγκεκριμένες προτάσεις για τις ευεργετικές δυνατότητες, που έχει το λογισμικό αυτό στις εκπαιδευτικές και μαθησιακές διαδικασίες. Στο Κεφάλαιο 8, περιγράφουμε μια σειρά από λογισμικά ανοικτού κώδικα, που ήδη χρησιμοποιούνται ή μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν στην εκπαίδευση. Πρόκειται για λογισμικό σε σχέση με εφαρμογές γραφείου, επεξεργασίας εικόνας και διαφόρων οπτικοποιήσεων (visualizations) - π.χ., σχημάτων και γραφικών παραστάσεων - εφαρμογών στα μαθηματικά, στη διαχείριση βάσεων δεδομένων, στο Internet κ.λπ. Τέλος, κάνουμε μια σύντομη παρουσίαση των περιεχομένων του έργου KDE-Edutainment, μιας προσπάθειας για την ανάπτυξη λογισμικού ανοικτού κώδικα, που συνδυάζει μάθηση και διασκέδαση. Σαν Παράρτημα, στο Κεφάλαιο 9, δίνουμε έναν κατάλογο χρήσιμων ιστοσελίδων και ιστοτόπων, στους οποίους μπορούν να βρεθούν πολλές περισσότερες πληροφορίες για το λογισμικό ανοικτού κώδικα και τις εφαρμογές του στην εκπαίδευση. / Not available

This thesis deals with the complex issue of cyber security in international relations, specifics of cyber realm due to its technical nature and particular circumstances of its development as well as with the way how the EU deals with information and communication technologies. Even though cyber security as a category appears with increasing frequency and intensity in the thinking on security and related political debate in the past twenty years, some of its basic tenets are still insufficiently understood. First part of the thesis deals with cyber realm and its specifics as such with effort to pinpoint some of the inherent contradictions between the traditional Westphalian nation states and the fluid character of the digital world. Through analysis of selected relevant incidents as well convincing absence of the "digital- doom" scenarios the peculiar expectation-reality discrepancy will be analysed. The overarching method departs from intersubjective securitization framework. In the last part analysing the EU it is the concept of threat framing that is applied to study and trace the narrative of the EU in these matters. Here a gradual construction of a narrative termed ICT as "fundamental societal building block" reveals itself with cyber related issues making its way into top policy levels through...

[pt] A América Latina tem uma larga tradição no debate do regionalismo, mobilizando reflexões originais no processo de produção de conhecimentos e saberes sobre a integração regional latinoamericana. Ao considerar esse rico acervo, o presente trabalho busca analisar conjugadamente os conceitos de integração regional, autonomia e desenvolvimento que atravessam tanto o campo de estudos do regionalismo quanto a atuação de comunidades epistêmicas – formal ou informalmente – reconhecidas por aglutinar atores (intelectuais, acadêmicos, diplomáticos, atores sociais e políticos) e instituições (universidades, redes, think tanks, órgãos governamentais e organismos regionais) responsáveis por formular, implementar e difundir conhecimentos teóricos e práticos sobre a integração regional e que reúnam capacidade de influenciar a política e os tomadores de decisão na região. O trabalho fez uso da pesquisa qualitativa sendo guiado pela abordagem multidisciplinar, promovendo o debate na área de relações internacionais, sociologia e geopolítica. Visando alcançar os objetivos delineados, foi realizada a revisão bibliográfica dos processos de integração e regionalismo conectada ao marco conceitual das comunidades epistêmicas no contexto latinoamericano e caribenho. Nesse sentido, a discussão foi potencializada pela pesquisa de campo que alcançou 32 entrevistas semiestruturadas com atores de perfil acadêmico, político, sindical e diplomático de oito nacionalidades que se disponibilizaram a responder as questões sobre o sentido da integração latino-americana, o histórico do regionalismo, o cenário atual e o futuro da agenda regional no continente. Por fim, a pesquisa buscou ilustrar um breve panorama da governança regional, bem como indicar tendências e capacidades de influenciar políticas públicas e tomadores de decisão nos países e blocos regionais além de dar visibilidade à atuação de comunidades epistêmicas potenciais, viáveis e prováveis para orientar, apoiar e articular os processos de integração contemporânea da América Latina. / [en] Latin America has a long tradition in the debate on regionalism, mobilizing original reflections in the process of producing knowledge and insight on Latin American regional integration. Considering this rich collection, the present work seeks to jointly analyze the concepts of regional integration, autonomy and development that cross both the field of regionalism studies and the performance of epistemic communities – formally or informally – recognized for bringing together actors (intellectuals, academics, diplomatic, social and political actors) and institutions (universities, networks, think tanks, government agencies and regional institutions) responsible for formulating, implementing and disseminating theoretical and practical knowledge on regional integration and which have the capacity to influence policy and decision-makers in the region. The work made use of qualitative research being guided by the multidisciplinary approach, promoting debate in the area of international relations, sociology and geopolitics. In order to achieve the objectives outlined, a bibliographic review of the processes of integration and regionalism connected to the conceptual framework of epistemic communities in the Latin American and Caribbean context was carried out. In this sense, the discussion was enhanced by the field research that reached 32 semi-structured interviews with academic, political, trade union and diplomatic actors from eight nationalities who made themselves available to answer questions about the meaning of Latin American integration, the history of regionalism, the current scenario and the future of the regional agenda on the continent. Finally, the research sought to illustrate a brief overview of regional governance, as well as to indicate trends and capacities to influence public policies and decision-makers in countries and regional blocks, even as to give visibility to the performance of potential, viable and likely epistemic communities to guide, support and articulate the processes of contemporary integration in Latin America.

Com base nos pressupostos da psicologia sociocultural, da alfabetização científica, da antropologia social e dos estudos de sociologia e filosofia da Ciência, nesta dissertação buscamos analisar como as práticas epistêmicas da ciência mobilizadas no ensino e na aprendizagem de ecologia se relacionam com as práticas epistêmicas comumente utilizadas nos estudos científicos desenvolvidos nesse campo do conhecimento; e como o engajamento com tais práticas proporcionou aos estudantes a oportunidade de se apropriar de aspectos da cultura cientifica. Neste trabalhamos também procuramos compreender como o envolvimento em uma atividade investigativa sobre dinâmica populacional propiciou a formação de uma comunidade epistêmica de práticas, na qual estudantes e professora trabalharam de maneira coletiva e colaborativa, por meio do compartilhamento e validação de práticas socioculturais (as práticas epistêmicas), valores, critérios, procedimentos, explicações, ideias, argumentos, etc. Esta pesquisa foi conduzida como um estudo de caso qualitativo. Os dados analisados nesta pesquisa foram coletados por meio de gravações audiovisuais durante as aulas de biologia do primeiro ano do ensino médio (alunos com idades entre 15 e 16 anos) de uma escola pública estadual da cidade de São Paulo. As gravações audiovisuais foram transcritas, organizadas em unidades de análise e interpretadas por meio de rubricas/descritores das categorias de análise. Nossos resultados indicam que o compartilhamento de um objetivo em comum (responder à pergunta de investigação da atividade investigativa), o engajamento com as práticas epistêmicas e os processos de validação e legitimação de técnicas, ferramentas, conhecimentos, procedimentos e evidências, conduziram o grupo sala a um processo de constituir-se como uma comunidade epistêmica de práticas. Nesse processo destaca-se o papel da professora na avaliação e legitimação das proposições dos estudantes, promovendo a consolidação da comunidade e o estabelecimento de critérios para julgamento do que conta como dado, evidência e justificativa na atividade investigativa. Este estudo também trouxe evidências de como a natureza do conhecimento que tematiza a atividade didática influenciou na mobilização de práticas epistêmicas similares às empregadas nos estudos científicos sobre dinâmica de populações. As interações discursivas dos estudantes e da professora evidenciaram um engajamento com práticas epistêmicas muito similares às dos estudos ecológicos de dinâmica de populações, como a utilização e construção de gráficos que expressam a dinâmica da população ao longo do tempo e o estabelecimento de metodologias e técnicas de contagem e amostragem de indivíduos. / Based on the assumptions of sociocultural psychology, scientific literacy, social anthropology and the studies of sociology and philosophy of science, in this dissertation we seek to analyze how the epistemic practices of science mobilized in the teaching and learning of ecology are related to the epistemic practices commonly used in the scientific studies developed in this field of knowledge; and how engaging with such practices has given students the opportunity to appropriate aspects of the scientific culture. In this work we also try to understand how the involvement in a inquiry activity about population dynamics led to the formation of an epistemic community of practices, in which students and teachers worked in a collective and collaborative way, through the sharing and validation of sociocultural practices (epistemic practices), values, criteria, procedures, explanations, ideas, arguments, etc. This research was conducted as a qualitative case study. The data analyzed in this research were collected through audiovisual recordings during biology classes of high school (students aged 15 to 16 years) of a state public school in the city of São Paulo. Audio-visual recordings were transcribed, organized into units of analysis and interpreted through descriptors of analysis categories. Our results indicate that the sharing of a common objective (answering the research question of the inquiry activity), the engagement with epistemic practices and the validation and legitimation processes of techniques, tools, knowledge, procedures and evidence led the group to a process of establishing itself as an epistemic community of practices. In this process, the role of the teacher in the evaluation and legitimation of the students\' proposals is highlighted, promoting the consolidation of the community and establishing criteria for judging what counts as data, evidence and justification in the inquiry activity. This study also provided evidence of how the nature of the knowledge that thematicised the didactic activity influenced the expression of epistemic practices similar to those used in scientific studies on population dynamics. The discursive interactions of the students and the teacher showed an engagement with epistemic practices very similar to those of the ecological studies of population dynamics, such as the use and construction of graphs that express the dynamics of the population over time and the establishment of methodologies and techniques of counting and sampling of individuals.

Com base nos pressupostos da psicologia sociocultural, da alfabetização científica, da antropologia social e dos estudos de sociologia e filosofia da Ciência, nesta dissertação buscamos analisar como as práticas epistêmicas da ciência mobilizadas no ensino e na aprendizagem de ecologia se relacionam com as práticas epistêmicas comumente utilizadas nos estudos científicos desenvolvidos nesse campo do conhecimento; e como o engajamento com tais práticas proporcionou aos estudantes a oportunidade de se apropriar de aspectos da cultura cientifica. Neste trabalhamos também procuramos compreender como o envolvimento em uma atividade investigativa sobre dinâmica populacional propiciou a formação de uma comunidade epistêmica de práticas, na qual estudantes e professora trabalharam de maneira coletiva e colaborativa, por meio do compartilhamento e validação de práticas socioculturais (as práticas epistêmicas), valores, critérios, procedimentos, explicações, ideias, argumentos, etc. Esta pesquisa foi conduzida como um estudo de caso qualitativo. Os dados analisados nesta pesquisa foram coletados por meio de gravações audiovisuais durante as aulas de biologia do primeiro ano do ensino médio (alunos com idades entre 15 e 16 anos) de uma escola pública estadual da cidade de São Paulo. As gravações audiovisuais foram transcritas, organizadas em unidades de análise e interpretadas por meio de rubricas/descritores das categorias de análise. Nossos resultados indicam que o compartilhamento de um objetivo em comum (responder à pergunta de investigação da atividade investigativa), o engajamento com as práticas epistêmicas e os processos de validação e legitimação de técnicas, ferramentas, conhecimentos, procedimentos e evidências, conduziram o grupo sala a um processo de constituir-se como uma comunidade epistêmica de práticas. Nesse processo destaca-se o papel da professora na avaliação e legitimação das proposições dos estudantes, promovendo a consolidação da comunidade e o estabelecimento de critérios para julgamento do que conta como dado, evidência e justificativa na atividade investigativa. Este estudo também trouxe evidências de como a natureza do conhecimento que tematiza a atividade didática influenciou na mobilização de práticas epistêmicas similares às empregadas nos estudos científicos sobre dinâmica de populações. As interações discursivas dos estudantes e da professora evidenciaram um engajamento com práticas epistêmicas muito similares às dos estudos ecológicos de dinâmica de populações, como a utilização e construção de gráficos que expressam a dinâmica da população ao longo do tempo e o estabelecimento de metodologias e técnicas de contagem e amostragem de indivíduos. / Based on the assumptions of sociocultural psychology, scientific literacy, social anthropology and the studies of sociology and philosophy of science, in this dissertation we seek to analyze how the epistemic practices of science mobilized in the teaching and learning of ecology are related to the epistemic practices commonly used in the scientific studies developed in this field of knowledge; and how engaging with such practices has given students the opportunity to appropriate aspects of the scientific culture. In this work we also try to understand how the involvement in a inquiry activity about population dynamics led to the formation of an epistemic community of practices, in which students and teachers worked in a collective and collaborative way, through the sharing and validation of sociocultural practices (epistemic practices), values, criteria, procedures, explanations, ideas, arguments, etc. This research was conducted as a qualitative case study. The data analyzed in this research were collected through audiovisual recordings during biology classes of high school (students aged 15 to 16 years) of a state public school in the city of São Paulo. Audio-visual recordings were transcribed, organized into units of analysis and interpreted through descriptors of analysis categories. Our results indicate that the sharing of a common objective (answering the research question of the inquiry activity), the engagement with epistemic practices and the validation and legitimation processes of techniques, tools, knowledge, procedures and evidence led the group to a process of establishing itself as an epistemic community of practices. In this process, the role of the teacher in the evaluation and legitimation of the students\' proposals is highlighted, promoting the consolidation of the community and establishing criteria for judging what counts as data, evidence and justification in the inquiry activity. This study also provided evidence of how the nature of the knowledge that thematicised the didactic activity influenced the expression of epistemic practices similar to those used in scientific studies on population dynamics. The discursive interactions of the students and the teacher showed an engagement with epistemic practices very similar to those of the ecological studies of population dynamics, such as the use and construction of graphs that express the dynamics of the population over time and the establishment of methodologies and techniques of counting and sampling of individuals.