We study reducibility for nowhere-zero flows. A reducibility proof typically consists of showing that some induced subgraphs cannot appear in a minimum counter-example to some conjecture. We derive algebraic proofs of reducibility. We define variables which in some sense count the number of nowhere-zero flows of certain type in a graph and then deduce equalities and inequalities that must hold for all graphs. We then show how to use these algebraic expressions to prove reducibility. In our case, these inequalities and equalities are linear. We can thus use the well developed theory of linear programming to obtain certificates of these proof. We make publicly available computer programs we wrote to generate the algebraic expressions and obtain the certificates.

We study reducibility for nowhere-zero flows. A reducibility proof typically consists of showing that some induced subgraphs cannot appear in a minimum counter-example to some conjecture. We derive algebraic proofs of reducibility. We define variables which in some sense count the number of nowhere-zero flows of certain type in a graph and then deduce equalities and inequalities that must hold for all graphs. We then show how to use these algebraic expressions to prove reducibility. In our case, these inequalities and equalities are linear. We can thus use the well developed theory of linear programming to obtain certificates of these proof. We make publicly available computer programs we wrote to generate the algebraic expressions and obtain the certificates.

Regression analysis constitutes a large portion of the statistical repertoire in applications. In case where such analysis is used for exploratory purposes with no previous knowledge of the structure one would not wish to impose any constraints on the problem. But in many applications we are interested in a simple parametric model to describe the structure of a system with some prior knowledge of the structure. An important example of this occurs when the experimenter has the strong belief that the regression function changes monotonically in some or all of the predictor variables in a region of interest. The analyses needed for statistical inference under such constraints are nonstandard. The specific aim of this study is to introduce a technique which can be used for statistical inferences of a multivariate simple regression with some non-standard constraints.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:39:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4333.pdf: 1475958 bytes, checksum: 67a682ab61a96aef5049fbd7a21b131f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / The aim of this study was to demonstrate that many gender prejudices in society has been played by children as a natural action. Confronted with the situation, this research has shown that overcoming of such prejudices is possible by the egalitarian discussion, about the respect of equality differences and acts which provide more equalitarian gender relationships. The data collected was related to the second semester of 2011, in a public high school of São Carlos/SP, during a meeting of discussion groups with 5th year of elementary grade children. Instructed by the criticize communicative methodology, were found as a result of this research that by the children speech, which were observed some manifestations of processors and exclusionary dimensions, where first one have shown elements whose bring the capacity to transforming the inequalities in relationships, allowing people to live according to their wills and dreams. The second one presents exclusory elements which reinforce ideologies that perpetuate the inequalities between the gender, actuating as real barriers to the achievement people and the upgrading of relationships. The discussion about gender involving the communicative dialogue groups have contributed positively to the argument and reflection of children over the theme. / Esta pesquisa permitiu constatar que muitos preconceitos de gênero presentes na sociedade têm sido reproduzidos pelas crianças, como se fossem naturais. Diante desta situação, a pesquisa mostrou que a superação de tais preconceitos é possível por meio do diálogo igualitário, do respeito à igualdade de diferenças, atitudes que promovem relações de gêneros mais igualitárias. Os dados coletados referem-se ao segundo semestre de 2011, em uma escola pública do município de São Carlos/SP, durante a realização de grupos de discussão com crianças do 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental. Orientada pela metodologia comunicativa crítica, chegamos aos resultados da pesquisa pela análise das falas das crianças, nas quais observamos manifestações das dimensões transformadoras e exclusoras, onde a primeira apresenta elementos que trazem em si a capacidade de transformar as desigualdades nas relações, permitindo que as pessoas vivam de acordo com suas vontades e sonhos. Já a segunda apresenta os elementos exclusores, que reforçam ideologias que perpetuam as desigualdades entre os gêneros, sendo colocados como verdadeiras barreiras para a realização das pessoas e transformação das relações. A discussão sobre gênero nos grupos de discussão comunicativos a partir da aprendizagem dialógica contribuiu positivamente para o diálogo e a reflexão das crianças sobre o tema.

Globalisation has contributed to people migrating across national borders for different reasons, including economic hardships, political and social oppression, geographic and social factors (Triegaardt, 2009:1). Africans who seek refuge, asylum or an opportunity to improve their economic prospects and life within the borders of South Africa, face xenophobic attacks by black South African citizens, subjecting them to different forms and degrees of prejudice and discrimination (Adjai & Lazaridis, 2013:192). Rising inequality stifle economic growth, create poverty traps, wastes human potential and generate fertile ground for political and civil unrest, instability and heightened human insecurity (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs [UN DESA], 2013:22). The goal of the study was to explore the contribution of social workers in promoting socio-economic equalities for asylum seekers and refugees in Pretoria Central. The study utilised the qualitative research approach; it was exploratory and applied and made use of the instrumental case study design. The study adopted the non-probability sampling method, namely, purposive sampling to select eight social work participants from four Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs) located in Pretoria Central. Data was collected by means of semi-structured one-on-one interviews. Findings show that the exclusion of asylum seekers and refugees starts with their struggle to secure documentation that give them access to jobs, education and other opportunities. Furthermore, in rendering services to asylum seekers and refugees, social workers mainly focus on material assistance, safe accommodation, statutory intervention and psycho-social support and lack a developmental approach with a focusing on integrated social and economic development. Findings also reveal that social workers collaborate with critical government departments and organisations, but not in a partnership that unites stakeholders to facilitate the promotion of socio-economic equalities for asylum seekers and refugees’ socio-economic rights. The study concludes that the focus on traditional remedial practice, poor networking, inadequate coordination of interventions between government and NGOs and lack of representation at the level of policy advocacy and policy making, contribute negatively to social workers’ efforts to promote socio-economic equalities for asylum seekers and refugees. The study recommends that social workers integrate a developmental approach in the provision of services, strengthen partnerships between governmental departments and NGOs and advocate for the socio-economic rights of asylum seekers and refugees. / Dissertation (MSW (Social Development and Policy))--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Social Work and Criminology / MSW (Social Development and Policy) / Unrestricted

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yes / A new legal framework has been developed in Great Britain over the last ten years which protects individuals against unfair treatment on the grounds of their religion or belief. This framework regards all the major faith groups, secular belief systems (such as Humanism or Atheism), and non-belief on formally equal terms. There has also been a rapid growth of research interest in religion/belief in contemporary scholarship on equalities. This report provides a critical overview of this extensive research base relating mainly to England, Scotland and Wales up until 2008.

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