Ce travail de thèse vise à comprendre les effets des paramètres de conception de l'habitacle automobile tels que la hauteur de toit et la largeur du bavolet sur le mouvement d'entrée et de sortie et sur l'inconfort perçu. La méthode consiste à comparer expérimentalement des mouvements de moindre inconfort avec d'autres plus contraignants en modifiant la géométrie de l'habitacle. Grâce à un conformateur à géométrie variable, 5 configurations de postes de conduite sont définies sur 3 hauteurs d'assise représentant une sportive, une berline et un monospace. Le système optoélectronique Vicon et des capteurs d'efforts sont utilisés pour mesurer le mouvement et toutes les forces de contact, permettant une analyse fine des interactions entre les sujets et le conformateur. 26 sujets ont participé à l'expérimentation, dont la taille varie du 5ème percentile femme au 95ème homme. A l'aide d'un mannequin numérique, la cinématique (angles articulaires) et la dynamique (couples articulaires) du mouvement sont reconstruites. Les résultats montrent que l'exigence en hauteur de toit dépend peu de la stature et de la hauteur de siège. L'analyse biomécanique du mouvement révèle que les grandes statures présentent une plus forte flexion du tronc que les petites statures. Ceci peut s'expliquer par le fait que l'espace autour du siège est plus réduit pour les petites statures en raison de la position plus avancée du siège dans l'habitacle. Un abaissement de seulement 45mm du toit fait qu'un véhicule devient inacceptable pour le conducteur. Le volant joue un rôle essentiel pour l'accessibilité, pour produire le couple d'extension nécessaire au genou gauche pour s'extraire du véhicule / This PhD thesis aims at understanding the effects of the roof height and the sill width on the car ingress/egress motion and the perceived discomfort. The method consists in comparing experimentally the less constrained motion with more constrained ones by controlling design parameters. Thanks to an adjustable car mock-up, 3 configurations of roof height and sill width were tested by volunteers on three seat heights representing a small car, a medium-size car and a minivan. A Vicon motion capture system and 6-axes force sensors were used in order to measure the motion and all external contact forces and to allow an accurate analysis of the interactions between the driver and the car. 26 volunteers participated in the experiment, selected according to their stature in order to cover a large range of the French driver (from 5th percentile female to 95th percentile male). Using a Digital Human Model, the kinematics (joint angles) and the dynamics (joint torques) of the motion were reconstructed. The results show that the demand for the roof height is not influenced by the car configuration nor the volunteer‟s stature. A biomechanical analysis highlights that the short volunteers adopt a more upright trunk than the tall ones due to smaller space available between the seat and the steering wheel for short persons. In addition, a small change of 45 mm in roof height may lead to an unacceptable car configuration. Finally, the steering wheel is an essential car element helping drivers to produce the necessary extension torque at the left knee for getting up

Prédire précisément la posture adoptée par un conducteur est primordial dans la conception d'un véhicule, surtout quand un mannequin numérique est utilisé. De plus, le marché automobile en Chine est en pleine expansion et devient le plus gros marché automobile. L'adaptation de la conception des véhicules aux spécificités de ce marché est un enjeu majeur pour de nombreux constructeurs automobiles. Le conducteur chinois se distingue du conducteur Européen par une anthropométrie différente, non seulement en taille mais aussi en proportion du corps. L'adaptation de la conception de la voiture au marché chinois devient un enjeu majeur pour de nombreux constructeurs automobiles. Cette thèse vise à (1) étudier l'effet des paramètres anthropométriques et des paramètres véhicule sur la posture de conduite, (2) développer un modèle statistique de prédiction de posture de conduite, (3) quantifier la variabilité intra- (i.e. la variabilité pour un même conducteur) et interindividus (variabilité entre différents conducteurs) des postures de conduite confortables. Les postures de conduite de soixante et un sujets ont été recueillies à l'aide de deux maquettes de véhicule multi-réglable sous quatre conditions d'essai en ajoutant progressivement le nombre de paramètres de contrôle (contraintes), de la configuration with "contraintes minimum" aux configurations proches des véhicules existants. En plus de la hauteur du siège, les effets des positions longitudinales de la pédale d'embrayage et du volant ainsi que l'angle de coussin de siège ont été étudiés. Les sujets ont été divisés en trois groupes de taille (petite, moyenne et grande). Un sous-échantillon (27 « nés française »et 21« nés Chinois») a été constitué avec une distribution de taille similaire et de ratios hauteur du buste / taille, longueur bras / taille et longueur jambe / taille différents / Accurate prediction of driving posture is essential for vehicle interior design, especially when a digital human model (DHM) is used. Meanwhile, the car market is booming in China. Chinese drivers are different from those of European in terms of anthropometry, not only in stature but also in body proportion. How to adapt car design to the Chinese market is becoming a major issue for many car manufacturers. The present PhD thesis aims at (1) studying the effects of key vehicle interior design dimensions and anthropometric variables on driving posture, (2) developing a statistical driving posture prediction model (3) quantifying intra-(i.e. variability of the same driver) and inter-individual (variability between different drivers) variability of comfortable driving postures. The driving postures of sixty-one subjects were collected using two multi-adjustable vehicle mock-ups under four test conditions by gradually adding the number of control parameters (constraints), from the “least constrained” driving condition to the configurations close to currently existing vehicles. In addition to seat height, the effects of the longitudinal positions of clutch pedal and steering wheel as well as seat cushion angle were investigated. The subjects were divided into three stature groups (short, average and tall). A sub-sample (27 ‘French-born’ and 21 ‘Chinese born’) was constituted with similar stature distribution and quite different in the sitting stature/stature, arm length/stature and thigh length/stature ratios

This bachelor thesis is the basis of an investigation concerning safety and ergonomics conducted in production line 3 at the company Galderma in Uppsala during spring 2017. The investigation started with a survey of shortcomings in the production line. This was conducted together with operative staff. Out of the in total 19 identified deficiencies which were later evaluated some of them were considered more relevant to investigate and later possibly rectify. Two major deficiencies were prioritized. One of them was a pilot study concerning implementation of a robot in case the production would need to be further automated and in that way avoid a non-ergonomic suboperation which had been identified. The other one was to investigate if a reconstruction of existing machine equipment could enable passage toa blocked emergency exit. The other lower priority deficiencies were such that they could be remedied by minor rebuilding and modifications, or the purchase of equipment in the form of ergonomic aids. The result of the pilot study showed that the surface available for a robotimplementation was approximately 4,1 x 3,4 meters with a layout for a 6-axis robot, or a cobot with other safety requirements. The autoclave carts which the robots were supposed to pick product from was in some regards in appropriate condition for an implementation, but this would need to be further investigated. The reconstruction to enable passage to the emergency exit started off with generation of concepts and studies which led to that a proposition to install a spiralconveyer could be made together with the supplier. Budget quotation was obtained and further responsibility was transferred to Galderma. Overall, safety and ergonomics increased at the production line, but some deficiencies remained not fully solved at the end of this bachelor thesis. / Detta examensarbete ligger till grund för en utredning gällande säkerhet och ergonomi som gjorts på produktionslina 3 hos företaget Galderma i Uppsala under våren 2017. Utredningen började med en kartläggning av brister på produktionslinan.Detta utfördes tillsammans med verksam personal. Av de totalt 19 identifierade bristerna som sedan utvärderades ansågs vissa av dem mer relevanta att utreda och senare eventuellt åtgärda. Två större brister prioriterades i första hand. Den ena innebar en förstudie om robotimplementering i det fall produktionen skulle behöva automatiseras ytterligare och dåundvika ett icke ergonomiskt arbetsmoment som identifierats. Den andra var att utreda om en ombyggnation av befintlig maskinutrustning skulle kunna möjliggöra passage till en blockerad nödutgång. De andra lägre prioriterade bristerna var av sådan karaktär att de kunde åtgärdas med hjälp av mindre ombyggnationer och modifieringar, eller inköp av utrustning i form utav ergonomiska hjälpmedel. Förstudiengav resultatet att ytan som fanns tillgänglig för en implementering av robotar var ungefär 4,1 x 3,4 meter med en layout för en 6-axlig robot, eller cobot med andra säkerhetskrav. Autoklavvagnarna som robotarna var tänkta att plocka produkt ur var ur vissa avseenden i lämpligt skick för en implementering, men detta bör utredas ytterligare. Ombyggnationen för att möjliggöra passage till nödutgång började med konceptgenrering och undersökningar som ledde fram till ett förslag kunde tas fram tillsammans medleverantören om att installera en spiraltransportbana. Budgetoffert erhölls och vidare ansvar lämnades över till Galderma. Överlag ökade säkerheten och ergonomin på produktionslinan, men vissa åtgärder var vid examensarbetes slut inte färdigställda.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to design a new high-wing aircraft for the company TL ultralight using the structural elements from another models from their portfolio. The design is created with an emphasis on crew comfort and cabin ergonomics. The first part of the thesis focuses on the description of the basic requirements for the aircraft and its classification in aviation regulations. It also contains a research part of competing types and currently produced type, which the proposed aircraft should replace in the company's portfolio. Then follows the characteristics of the individual parts of the airframe, the specification of the parts, which will be used from another types from portfolio, and parts which will be completely designed. Great emphasis is placed on the layout of the interior and its design and ergonomic. The proposed aircraft then demonstrates theoretical calculations of basic performances and a preliminary mass analysis. In the end, the benefits of the newly designed aircraft are evaluated with respect to the competing types.

The topic of this master’s thesis is design of a medical ultrasound diagnostic machine. The thesis focuses on a new perspective on composition and shaping of the ultrasound machine while respecting technical and ergonomic requirements. The goal of this thesis is addition of an aesthetic value and incorporation of new technologies so the product is able to compete on the current market.

PEČENKA P. Chairs /Thesis/, Prague 2011. Charles Univerzity, Faculty of Education, Department of Art Education 89 pages This thesis deals with history of the development of the chair design. As it was evoluting from its lauching until today production. It is focused on the materials, technologies, social and moral infuences which is very important for the resulting design and gradual differences of the funcional chair types. The special attention is paid on the contemporary design and the non-traditional materials influence. It contains my own chair design project and the use of the observations during lessons of art. Keywords: Design, chair, material, curent design, evolution

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:19:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SandroMangueiraBezerra.pdf: 2947638 bytes, checksum: 3b1e876b4d353807d4e15146f8ea2f51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-28 / (Introduction) The aim of this work is to analize the influences of the ambiental conditions (noise, temperature and ilumination) and the organization of work about the health of the drivers of urban micro-bus of a collective transport company in the city of Campina Grande PB. (Theoretical Reference) The knowledge in Ergonomics and Anthropometry were deepened as well as its relation with the work place, the office of the bus driver and the micro-bus driver, the sitting position and its consequences for the health and the influences of the thermophisics conditions and of the work organization in the activities of the micro-bus drivers. (Methodological Procedures) Twelve micro-bus drivers of this company were evaluated. Comments general and systematic of the activity had been effected, had been applied questionnaires with closed and opened questions, beyond measurements: of the ambient, antropométrics factors of the individuals and the ranks of work. (Results and Discussion) At the end of this study the results indicated that 75% of the interviewees did not used to make physical exercises, 58% were over the average weight, of which 16% presented fatness type I and 83,4% presented complaints of aches after the work, in which 50% of these aches were located in the vertebral spine. The levels of noise found were less than 85 dB, however, it could be noticed the occurrence of peaks of noise, with an average duration of 1 second, the order of 95 dB, when the vehicle was stopped and the public was passing through the ratchet-brace of passangers control, these peaks affect the concentration of the driver and can unchain problems of psychic nature, of the type: irritation, reduction of the dexterity, among others. About the work organization, the main complaints of the drivers were about the daily division of the work timetable (called) and the pression to accomplish the timetables. (Conclusions) The work conditions of the micro-bus drivers researched in the city of Campina Grande, Paraíba state, affect the health of these workers, with emphasis on the stress levels, that increases because of the accomplishment of the time limit of route timetable, of the traffic problems . / (Introdução) Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as influências das condições termofísicas (ruído, temperatura e iluminação) e da organização do trabalho sobre a saúde dos motoristas de micro-ônibus urbanos de uma empresa de transporte coletivo na cidade de Campina Grande-PB. (Referencial Teórico) O embasamento teórico para o desenvolvimento do trabalho envolveu os temas Ergonomia, Antropometria e sua relação com o posto de trabalho, a profissão de motorista de ônibus e micro-ônibus, a posição sentada e suas conseqüências para a saúde e as influências das condições termofísicas e da organização do trabalho nas atividades dos motoristas de microônibus. (Procedimentos Metodológicos) Foram avaliados 12 motoristas de micro-ônibus desta empresa. Realizaram-se observações geral e sistemática da atividade, foram aplicados questionários com questões fechadas e abertas, além de medições: dos fatores ambientais, antropométricas dos indivíduos e dos postos de trabalho. (Resultados e Discussão) Os principais resultados indicaram que 75% dos entrevistados não praticavam atividade física, 58% estavam acima do peso normal, dos quais 16% apresentavam obesidade tipo I e 83,4% apresentavam queixas de dores após o trabalho, sendo 50 % dessas dores localizadas na coluna vertebral. Os níveis de ruídos encontrados foram inferiores a 85 dB, no entanto, percebeu-se a ocorrência de picos de ruídos, de duração média de 1 segundo, da ordem de 95 dB, quando o veículo estava parado e o público passava pela catraca de controle de passageiros, estes picos afetam a concentração do motorista e podem desencadear problemas de natureza psíquica, do tipo: irritação, redução da destreza, entre outros. Quanto à organização do trabalho, as principais queixas dos motoristas foram com relação à divisão diária do horário de trabalho (chamada de pegada ) e à pressão por cumprimento de horários. (Conclusões) Pode-se concluir que as condições e organização do trabalho dos motoristas de micro-ônibus, pesquisados na cidade de Campina Grande, estado da Paraíba, agravam em parte a saúde destes trabalhadores, com destaque para a questão do nível de estresse, o qual se acentua em função da exigência no cumprimento dos prazos de horário de percurso e dos problemas do trânsito.

Este trabalho trata da adequação do espaço para a escola infantil como um dos requisitos básicos para a inclusão da criança com necessidade especial. A pesquisa foi direcionada para as necessidades especiais físicas e visuais pois são as que demandam maiores adequações no espaço físico. O objetivo é o de lançar diretrizes de projeto arquitetônico para escolas de educação infantil, tornando esses espaços adequados às crianças com necessidades físicas e visuais. Desta forma, as crianças terão mais autonomia para vivenciar o espaço escolar e terão melhores condições de aprendizagem. O ambiente escolar deve oferecer espaços seguros, acessíveis e compatíveis com a metodologia pedagógica. Foi realizada uma pesquisa junto às escolas de educação infantil na cidade de São Carlos que atendiam em 2006, crianças com necessidades especiais, para detectar os problemas espaciais nos ambientes escolares infantis. Para coleta de dados foram utilizados vários procedimentos: entrevistas com diretores, aplicação de questionários aos pais e professores, realização de desenhos temáticos pelos alunos, fotografias e vistorias técnicas. Com base nos resultados da coleta de dados e levantamento bibliográfico, no final são apresentadas diretrizes de projeto arquitetônico. Tais diretrizes têm como objetivo tornar adequados os edifícios escolares destinados à educação infantil, otimizando o desempenho das crianças, principalmente das que apresentam necessidades especiais. / This work deals with adapting pre-school environments as one of the basic requirements to include children with special needs. The research was conducted for special physical and visual needs as they require more adaptations in a physical environment. The aim is to set guidelines of the architectural project for pre-schools making these environments suitable for children with physical and visual needs. Taking this into account, children will be more autonomous to experience the school environment, as well as have better learning conditions. The school environment should offer safe and accessible spaces which are compatible with the educational methodology. Research was carried out in pre-schools in the city of São Carlos attending children with special needs in 2006 to detect spatial problems in pre-school environments. In order to collect the data, various procedures were used: interviews with directors, asking parents and teachers to fill in questionnaires, asking the pupils to draw pictures of various themes, photographs and technical inspections. Based on the results from the data collection and literature review, at the end of the work guidelines of the architectural project are presented. The aim of these guidelines is to adapt pre-school buildings optimizing the performance of the children, mainly of those who have special needs.

Esse trabalho apresenta um método de apoio a analistas do trabalho desenvolvido para suportar estudos de processos de engenharia, especificamente, àqueles desencadeados por engenheiros ao projetarem um produto industrial complexo. Após revisão da literatura a respeito das características dos processos de projeto de produtos complexos, algumas abordagens da engenharia clássica, utilizadas para esclarecer e melhorar esse tipo de processo, são analisadas, com o objetivo de verificar suas abrangências e limitações. Em função destes resultados, uma revisão sobre as abordagens da ergonomia é apresentada, com o objetivo de explorar as mais úteis para compor um método que se aproxime mais da “realidade operacional" do trabalho dos engenheiros, visando esclarecer alguns dos fatores fundamentais para o desempenho dos processos de projeto: o fluxo de informação e a integração do grupo de trabalho. Após o desenvolvimento conceitual do método e da apresentação de sua estrutura, dois estudos realizados em empresas desenvolvedoras de produtos complexos são mostrados, com o objetivo de verificar o desempenho do método em campo industrial: um ocorre junto a uma empresa brasileira de grande porte e o outro, junto a uma empresa inglesa de médio porte. Os resultados dessa pesquisa mostram que, apesar de o método apresentar algumas restrições de origem metodológica, que limitam, parcialmente, a coleta de dados, ele é adequado para contribuir com o esclarecimento de um processo de projeto. O nível de visibilidade do processo, obtido com a aplicação do método, é suficiente para que ele seja analisado e suas deficiências e respectivas causas sejam identificadas, possibilitando assim, a sua correção, otimização e, consequentemente, a melhoria do desempenho do desenvolvimento do produto em geral. / This thesis presents a method to assist work analysts to carry out examinations of engineering processes. Specifically processes related to engineering work undertaken in a design for industrial complex products. Following a literature review detailing features of design processes for complex products, some classical engineering approaches are analysed, these are utilized to clarify and improve this kind of process. The aim is to verify their main ranges and limitations. Based on these results, a literature review concerning some ergonomic approaches is presented, with the aim of exploring the most appropriate ones to compose an original method, suitable for clarifying the “operational reality" of engineers’ work. The goal is to clarify some of the main factors that affect the design process performance: the work group information flow and integration. Following the development of the conceptual method and the method structure, two studies are presented, which have been applied in companies that develop complex products. The aim is to verify the methods performance in an industrial setting; one study takes place in a large Brazilian company and the other in an UK based medium sized company. The research results show that, despite the fact that the method presents some restrictions of methodological origin, whose limits partially relate to the data collection, the method is suitable to contribute to the clarification of a design process. The level of process visibility promoted with the method application, is enough for the process to be analysed and its deficiencies and respective causes to be identified. Therefore process improvement and optimisation are possible and subsequently the improvement of the whole product development performance.

Este estudo buscou identificar variáveis e parâmetros determinantes para a otimização do design da interface dos teclados virtuais de padrão Qwerty no contexto da produção de textos em português. Tendo como fonte principal de dados o usuário final, buscou-se, nesta pesquisa, entender de que maneira os variados sistemas de teclado e as diversas configurações possíveis se adequam aos hábitos e à cultura de uso dos diferentes usuários, considerando-se, neste ponto, as diferenças entre a língua inglesa (condicionante do arranjo Qwerty) e a portuguesa. A pesquisa foi composta de dois experimentos e um questionário e conduzida junto a usuários de dispositivos móveis com telas de 3,5 a seis polegadas, limites que englobam grande parte dos aparelhos equipados com os teclados aqui analisados. No capítulo 1 contextualizou-se o problema estudado e definiu-se espectro da pesquisa. O capítulo 2 apresenta a revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema e trata do uso do teclado desde seu surgimento até sua utilização em smartphones, das especificidades da língua portuguesa e de caminhos, métodos e soluções encontrados em pesquisas correlatas. No capítulo 3 são apresentados os métodos utilizados em cada etapa do estudo: o questionário buscou respostas junto a 302 usuários a respeito de diversos fatores ligados à utilização do teclado virtual em smartphones; os dois experimentos envolveram a gravação em vídeo da interação de 17 participantes com o teclado em diferentes tarefas de inserção de textos em português, o primeiro envolvendo a cópia de textos pré-definidos em diferentes configurações de teclado, e o segundo a análise da produção de textos livres no aparelho do próprio participante, configurado conforme suas preferências pessoais. O capítulo 4 apresenta as análises empreendidas em cada etapa de interação com usuários e o capítulo 5 mostra as conclusões a que se chegou com base nos dados analisados. Os resultados mostraram que em grande parte dos aparelhos o desenho do teclado é pautado pelo arranjo Qwerty, que delimita o tamanho e mapeamento das teclas mais utilizadas para inserção de textos. Observou-se também que os usuários que utilizam seus aparelhos com maior versatilidade têm maior fluência no uso do teclado e acabam por contornar as limitações da interface, vindo a avaliar melhor o sistema. O uso eficiente do teclado estaria ligado não especificamente à velocidade de digitação, mas a um ritmo próprio de cada indivíduo que, quando alterado, contribui para a incidência de erros. Nesse sentido, verificou-se que as tarefas de cópia, por envolver a observação constante do texto a ser reproduzido, tendem a causar pausas no processo de digitação, aumentando a probabilidade da ocorrência de toques em teclas diferentes das pretendidas. Erros deste tipo, mais comuns, mostraram-se estar atrelados à maior utilização das teclas e parecem ser, portanto, inevitáveis. O processo de prevenção e correção de falhas de digitação, desta forma, mostrou-se fator fundamental na utilização deste tipo de teclado, evidenciando a importância dos assistentes de digitação. Estes, no entanto, podem vir a condicionar a maneira como o usuário interage com o teclado e, em alguns casos, contribuir para a ocorrência de erros. / This study seeks to identify, in the context of Portuguese text entry, determinant variables and parameters for the Qwerty keyboard interface design optimization. Considering that the primary data source is the final user, this research attempts to understand how adequate are the various keyboard systems and configurations to users\' habits and culture, taking into account the differences between English (language used to define the Qwerty layout) and Portuguese. In this research, two experiments and one survey were carried out with 3,5\" to 6\" smartphones users, boundaries that encompasses the majority of the devices equipped with the keyboard types targeted to be analyzed. In the first chapter the problem was contextualized and the spectrum of the research was defined. The second chapter presents the history of the Qwerty keyboard, since its development (when the typewriters were being created) to the use in smartphones, shows important singularities of Portuguese language and an overview of related studies. In the third chapter the methods applied in this research were shown: the survey was carried out with 302 participants to find how they cope with different aspects of the use of smartphones; the two experiments involved the recording of 17 users interacting with the keyboard in different kinds of tasks, text transcription with varying device configuration and free text production in the participant\'s own device. The fourth chapter presents the analysis of the data obtained in the different stages of the study that involved interaction with users and the fifth chapter shows the conclusions made base on the data analyzed. Results showed that great part of the devices present the keyboard ruled by the Qwerty layout, which limits the size and the mapping of the keys most used for text insertion. It was also noted that those who use their devices with greater flexibility are more fluent in the use of the keyboard and create shortcuts to cope with limitations imposed by this interface. These users tend to give the keyboard a better evaluation. The results also showed that a efficient use of the interface would not be tied specifically to typing speed, but rather to the individual typing rhythm that, when disturbed, contributes for the occurrence of errors. In this sense, it was noted that copy tasks, because it involves constant monitoring of the text to be copied, tend to produce pauses in the typing process, which increases the probability of touches landing in different keys than intended. This type of error, most common, appeared to be tied to key usage and, thus, seem to be inevitable. Error preventing and correction, this way, are fundamental for the usage of virtual keyboards in small devices. Results showed that the use of typing assistants, however, could modify the way users type and, in some cases, contribute to the increase of error occurrence.