This thesis aims to, with the aid of Anthony Gidden¡¦s and Stuart Hall¡¦s theories on modernity and identity, discuss the process of changes initiated by modernity in the societies of V. S. Naipaul¡¦s three Trinidad novels in his writing career: namely, The Mystic Masseur (1957), Miguel Street (1959), and A House for Mr. Biswas (1961). My argument is that in these Trinidad novels, the process of modernization is fragmenting the old and agrarian Trinidadian society, and therefore has caused rupture and discontinuities in people¡¦s life. This fragment is actually a pertinent chance for both the protagonists and Naipaul to regain their genuine self and cultural identity by escaping from the limiting environment. In Chapter One, there is basic historical background information of Trinidad and of V. S. Naipaul. I will list out some key concepts of Anthony Gidden¡¦s ideas of modernity, along with the ones of the importance of self-identity in a modern society. Moreover, Stuart Hall¡¦s concepts of modernity and identity will be presented as well. Chapter Two, with some comparisons with The Mystic Masseur and A House for Mr. Biswas, will mainly focus on Miguel Street and on the impact of modernity on it. The institutional and economical changes caused by modernity lead to rupture and discontinuity in people¡¦s life, and consequently, force them to search for self-identity. Chapter Three will move on to discussion of the self-identity formation of Mr. Biswas in A House for Mr. Biswas. During his growth and struggle in Trinidad, he finally gains his identity as an individual in a modern society. Moreover, his newly established sense of cultural identity will be inherited by his son, Anand. Anand serves an analogy to the boy narrator in Miguel Street whereas Ganesh in The Mystic Masseur is seen as an antithesis to Mr. Biswas. At last, I will define Naipaul¡¦s sense of identity as a Trinidad-born writer.

This study is a literary analysis of Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre, which focuses on how female and male characters approach religion. A stark contrast is presented between the two approaches - differing according to gender - which point to two different forms of religion. The novel highlights one form, the religion of the heart, as the superior form as it empowers women to achieve spiritual, mental and physical independence. The analytical approach is based upon Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar’s theory of imprisonment/escape as well as Carol Gilligan’s discussion of ethic of care and ethic of justice. Through these theories my study shows that the function of religion in the novel is not to discredit it, but to bring to the fore the disadvantages and benefits of religion. In the character Jane a biblical feminism is displayed which challenges the novel's patriarchal society.

Ontogenetic niche shifts generally coincide with changes in size, morphology, behavior, and/or feeding preferences during development, resulting in a shift in preferred habitat. In aquatic species, these ontogenetic niche shifts are often associated with habitat-dependent changes in competition and/or predation dynamics, expressed as a size-depth relationship where the larger-bodied adults occupy deeper habitats while the smaller-bodied juveniles primarily reside in shallower regions. While the influence of interspecific interactions on size-structured habitat occupancy has been well studied, few have examined the potential role of intraspecific agonistic interactions between size classes in ontogenetic niche shifts. A simulation model was developed to test whether the size-specific habitat occupancy observed in signal crayfish can be explained by the size-structured individual responses to agonistic interaction, where the smaller-bodied juvenile responds to the interaction with an escape movement, to avoid engagement and the risk of mortality or injury from the adult. The simulated movements of signal crayfish resulted in higher juvenile occupancy of riffles relative to pools reflecting a greater rate of escape from adults into riffles, away from the higher densities of adults in their preferred habitat (i.e. pools). This provides evidence that the juvenile escape response to size-structured, intraspecific, agonistic interactions may contribute to ontogenetic niche shifts.

A computational technique is introduced to reveal the complex intrinsic structure of homoclinic and heteroclinic bifurcations in a chaotic dynamical system. This technique is applied to several Lorenz-like systems with a saddle at the center, including the Lorenz system, the Shimizu-Morioka model, the homoclinic garden model, and the laser model. A multi-fractal, self-similar organization of heteroclinic and homoclinic bifurcations of saddle singularities is explored on a bi-parametric plane of those dynamical systems. Also a great detail is explored in the Shimizu-Morioka model as an example. The technique is also applied to a re exion symmetric dynamical system with a saddle-focus at the center (Chua's circuits). The layout of the homoclinic bifurcations near the primary one in such a system is studied theoretically, and a scalability ratio is proved. Another part of the dissertation explores the intrinsic mechanisms of escape in a reciprocally inhibitory FitzHugh-Nagumo type threecell network, using the phase-lag technique. The escape network can produce phase-locked states such as pace-makers, traveling-waves, and peristaltic patterns with recurrently phaselag varying.

No description available.

The Alexander terrane is an allochthonous terrane within the North American Cordillera. New structural mapping and geochronology within the southern Alexander terrane in the vicinity of Porcher Island provides evidence for two major tectonic events. The oldest is Late Silurian to Early Devonian magmatism and deformation assigned to the Klakas orogeny. The area has subsequently been affected by mid-Cretaceous conjugate shear zones potentially associated with tectonic escape. Northwest-striking sinistral shear zones characterize mid-Cretaceous deformation in the western Coast Belt south of Prince Rupert in north coastal British Columbia. Structurally focused mapping and geochronology has revealed a component of lateral extension to this deformation. General flow characteristics of the shear zones are identified by comparison of fabric patterns to published models for fabric development in shear zones. U-Pb ages from synkinematic dykes constrain motion on northwest-striking sinistral transpressional shear zones, including the Useless, Barrett and Salt Lagoon shear zones, to ca. 104 – 96 Ma, and dextral transpression on the north-striking Telegraph Passage shear zone to ca. 97.6 ± 0.2 Ma. The geometry, kinematics, and coeval nature of these shear zones suggests that they formed in part as a ductile conjugate set. The presence of similarly-oriented conjugate shear bands in the apex zone between sinistral and dextral shear zones further reinforces this interpretation. The orientation of these conjugate sets indicates a component of north-northwest east-southeast extension. The conjugate shear zones merge together into the Grenville Channel shear zone, a sinistral transpressional shear zone with high strike-parallel stretch. A U-Pb age of 103 ± 32 Ma from a synkinematic dyke in the Grenville Channel shear zone coincides with a previously published Lu-Hf age of 102.6 ± 3.7 Ma on synkinematic garnet. Overall, structural and geochronological data from Porcher Island and surrounding area in north coastal British Columbia indicate that mid-Cretaceous deformation was characterized by ENE-WSW (orogen normal) shortening and NNW-SSE (orogen parallel) extension. This local strain regime is consistent with large-scale mid-Cretaceous tectonic escape as proposed for the northern Cordillera at that time, expressed in coeval sinistral faulting in the Coast Belt and dextral faulting in the northern Omineca belt. The Late Silurian to Early Devonian Ogden Channel complex is a mafic to intermediate metaplutonic-metamorphic complex within the southern Alexander terrane on southern Porcher Island and adjacent Pitt Island in north coastal British Columbia. Lithological characteristics of the complex suggest that it represents the mid-crustal roots of a volcanic arc. An age of 413.3 ± 2.5 Ma from a comparatively weakly deformed quartz diorite dyke indicates that the synkinematic Ogden Channel complex is at least in part Early Devonian in age, corresponding to the Klakas orogeny that affected the Alexander terrane in southeast Alaska. Crosscutting relationships indicate that individual intrusions within the Ogden Channel complex were emplaced syn- to post-kinematically with respect to southwest-vergent sinistral reverse deformation (present coordinates). The structural and lithological characteristics of the Ogden Channel complex are consistent with the interpretation that this part of the Alexander terrane was located in the upper plate of a northeast-dipping subduction zone, which culminated in the Klakas orogeny.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Delaware, 2007. / Principal faculty advisor: Elaine B. Safer, Dept. of English. Includes bibliographical references.

Submitted by Nathália Faria da Silva (nathaliafsilva.ufv@gmail.com) on 2017-07-06T14:12:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 491896 bytes, checksum: d21414b7d4bd73b3cf333c005de53cc1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-06T14:12:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 491896 bytes, checksum: d21414b7d4bd73b3cf333c005de53cc1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-10-25 / Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária / Este trabalho foi realizado no Instituto Barreiro de Biotecnologia (IBB), sediado na Fazenda Barreiro Ltda., município de Silvânia, Estado de Goiás, para avaliar os efeitos de suplementos com diferentes níveis de proteína não-degradável no rúmen (PNDR) sobre os parâmetros da cinética de degradação in situ da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), dos carboidratos fibrosos (CF) e da proteína insolúvel em detergente neutro (PIDN), assim como da cinética de passagem de partículas por bovinos mantidos em pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha. As amostragens foram feitas em duas épocas do ano (época 1 – maio, junho e julho/2000 e época 2 – março, abril e maio/2001). A cinética de passagem de fluidos foi realizada em três períodos, de agosto a setembro/2001, permanecendo os animais (três por tratamento e por período) na pastagem, recebendo os tratamentos da época 2. Em ambas as épocas foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três novilhos mestiços fistulados no esôfago e no rúmen, por tratamento e por período. Na época 1 os animais foram alojados em baias individuais e alimentados com suplementos com 20, 40 e 60% de PNDR e feno de Brachiaria brizantha e mistura mineral ad libitum, enquanto na época 2 foram distribuídos nos tratamentos: T 0 = pasto de capim-brizanta + mistura mineral ad libitum (PM); T 40 = PM + suplemento com 40% de PNDR; e T 60 = PM + suplemento com 60% de PNDR. Os perfis de degradação da FDN, dos CF e da PIDN obtidos foram interpretados cineticamente, utilizando o modelo logístico decrescente, e as estimativas dos parâmetros da cinética de passagem de partículas foram determinadas a partir do ajuste dos dados a diferentes modelos bicompartimentais (G1G1, G2G1, G3G1, G4G1, G5G1 e G6G1). As comparações dos modelos foram feitas por meio da freqüência observada dos valores mínimos para o quadrado médio residual obtido com os ajustes dos modelos e o número de corridas de sinal dos resíduos padronizados. A fibra em detergente neutro indigerível (FDN i ) correspondeu a cerca de 21 a 40% e de 16 a 35% da FDN nas amostras de pasto, nas épocas 1 e 2, respectivamente. O valor médio da repleção ruminal da fração indegradável, RR(I), foi 47% maior que o da fração potencialmente degradável, RR(U), durante a época 1, enquanto na época foi de 32%. Os carboidratos fibrosos representaram aproximadamente 80% dos carboidratos totais presentes nas amostras de pasto colhidas pelos animais, em ambas as épocas do ano. O aumento da fração carboidrato fibroso indigerível (CF i ), que ocorreu em detrimento da fração carboidrato fibroso digerível (CF d ), resultou em maior efeito de repleção ruminal, o que pode levar à redução da disponibilidade energética para os microrganismos que fermentam carboidratos fibrosos e não-fibrosos e a perdas de nitrogênio, na presença de fontes protéicas de rápida degradação ruminal. O capim-brizanta apresentou proporção significativa de seu nitrogênio na forma de proteína de lenta degradação ruminal, proteína digestível insolúvel em detergente neutro (PIDN d ), com média de 21 e 26% nas épocas 1 e 2, respectivamente. Os modelos G2G1 e G3G1 mostraram- se mais eficientes na determinação das estimativas dos parâmetros de cinética de passagem de partículas, nas épocas 1 e 2, respectivamente. As estimativas do tempo médio de retenção ruminal de partículas e de fluidos não foram influenciadas pelos diferentes níveis de PNDR do suplemento. / This work was carried out in the Instituto Barreiro de Biotecnologia (IBB), in the Barreiro Ltda. farm, county of Silvânia, Goiás State, to evaluate the effect of supplements with different levels of ruminal undegradable protein (RUP) on the kinetic parameters of in situ degradation of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), fiber carbohydrates (FC) and protein insoluble in neutral detergent (PIND), as well as particles passage kinetic by steers grazing Brachiaria brizantha pasture. Samplings were performed in two seasons of the year (season 1 – May, June and July/2000 and season 2 – March, April and May/2001). Fluids passage kinetic was performed in three periods, from August to September/2001, where the animals (three by treatment and by period) were under grazing, receiving the treatments of season 2. In both seasons a completely randomized design, with three esophageally and ruminally fistulated crossbred steers, by treatment and by period, was used. In the season 1, the animals were housed in individual stalls and fed supplements with 20, 40 and 60% RUP and Brachiaria brizantha hay and minerals ad libitum , whereas in the season 2 they were xivallotted to the treatments: T 0 = Palisadegrass pasture + minerals ad libitum (PM); T 40 = PM + supplement with 40% RUP; and T 60 = PM + supplement with 60% RUP. Degradation profiles of NDF, FC and PIND were kineticly interpreted, by using the decreasing logistic model, and the estimates of particles kinetic parameters were performed from adjusting data to the different bicompartimental (G1G1, G2G1, G3G1, G4G1, G5G1 e G6G1) models. The comparison among models were made by means of the observed frequency of minimum values for the average residual square obtained with the models adjustments and the number of signal runs of standardized residues. Indigestible neutral detergent fiber (NDF i ) level corresponded approximately from 21 to 40% and from 16 to 35% NDF in the pasture samples, in the seasons 1 and 2, respectively. The average value of undegradable fraction ruminal repletion, RR(I), was 47% higher than the potentially degradable fraction, RR(U), during the season 1, whereas in the season 2 was of 32%. Fiber carbohydrates were approximately 80% total carbohydrates in the pasture samples selected by the animals, in both seasons of the year. The increase of indigestible fiber carbohydrate (FC i ), as the digestible fiber carbohydrate (FC d ) decreased, resulted in higher ruminal repletion effect, that can leads to the reduction of energy availability for the microorganisms ferment fiber and non fiber carbohydrates and to nitrogen losses, in the presence of protein sources of fast ruminal degradation. Palisadegrass showed significant nitrogen proportion, as protein of low ruminal degradation, digestible protein insoluble in neutral detergent (PIND d ), averaging 21 and 26% in the seasons 1 and 2, respectively. G2G1 e G3G1 models were more efficient to determine the estimates of particles kinetic parameters, in the seasons 1 and 2, respectively. The estimates of average ruminal repletion time of particles and fluids were not affected by the different RUP levels of the supplement.

Animals face frequent threats from predators and must generate appropriate behavioural responses to ensure their survival. To achieve this, they process sensory cues to correctly identify the presence and imminence of a predatory threat, and transform this information into defensive actions. However, despite much research in identifying the circuits that may be responsible for such transformations, little is known about how this occurs mechanistically. We focus on how escape behaviour in the mouse is generated from visual predatory threats, and use a combination of behavioural, neurophysiological and anatomical methods to identify the relevant neurons and understand how they perform this computation. In this work, we developed an innate decision making paradigm in which a mouse detects and assesses sensory stimuli of varying threat evidence during exploration, choosing whether to escape to a shelter, or not. The performance data in this task were best formalised with a drift-diffusion model of decision making, providing a framework to understand innate behavioural tasks in terms of evidence accumulation and boundaries. Next, we performed calcium imaging in freely-moving mice to probe for neural correlates of decision elements and flight behaviour in brain areas that we show to be necessary for the flight responses: we found that VGluT2 neurons in the deeper medial superior colliculus (dmSC) increase their activity during a repeated threatening stimulus, while VGluT2 neurons of the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (dPAG) are silent until just before the initiation of escape, and are maximally active during escape. These results suggest that the dmSC accumulates evidence of threat which dPAG neurons threshold. This interpretation is supported by optogenetic activation of mSC-VGluT2 neurons in vivo, which recapitulates the statistics of escape probability evoked with a visual stimulus, while activation of VGluT2 neurons in the dPAG evokes an all-or-nothing escape response. Finally, using channelrhodopsin-2-assisted circuit mapping and monosynaptic viral tracing, we reveal that over half of dPAG-VGluT2 neurons receive monosynaptic connections from mSC-VGluT2 neurons with a low probability of release, allowing this synapse to act as a high-pass filter and providing a mechanism for the computation of an escape decision. These findings advance our understanding of how defensive behaviours are generated at circuit and single-cell level, and of how neurons process information in a circuit critical for implementing basic behaviours.

As energias e larguras de escape das Ressonâncias Gigantes, são calculadas utilizando-se técnicas de projeção visando incluir as ressonâncias de partícula-única nos cálculos de RPA (\"Random Phase Approximation\"). As equações de RPA obtidas são complexas, e as larguras de escape são interpretadas como sendo a parte imaginaria das soluções em energia. Os cálculos são feitos para a RGE1( O16 ) e RGE0 ( Zr90 ). Para o Zr90, os espectros das partículas emitidas pela RGE0, prótons e nêutrons, são calculados através do modelo híbrido. Devido à existência de mais do que um tipo de partícula sendo emitida, as analises são feitas dentro da aproximação de independência entre os canais de partículas no formalismo do modelo híbrido. / The energy and the escape of the Giant Resonances are calculated utilizing the projection to include the single-particle resonances in complex RPA (Random Phase Approximation) calculations. The escape widths are interpreted as the imaginary parts of the energy solution of the RPA equations. The Calculations are performed for the RGE1 ( O16 ) and RGE0 ( Zr90 ). For the Zr90 the spectra of the particles ejected by the RGE0, protons and neutrons, are calculated within the hybrid model. The analysis are made through the channels independence in the hybrid model formalism.