A Organização Mundial da Saúde recomenda que os bebês sejam amamentados de forma exclusiva, pelo menos, seis meses após o nascimento. Após este período, recomenda-se a introdução de alimentos complementares, a fim de atender as quantidades nutricionais, minerais e energéticas necessárias às crianças. Produtos alimentares destinados a lactentes formam uma parte importante da dieta de muitos bebês, por isso é muito importante que esses alimentos contenham quantidades suficientes de minerais. Alimentação complementar inadequada é uma das principais causas das altas taxas de desnutrição nos países em desenvolvimento. Neste estudo, níveis dos elementos essenciais: Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Se e Zn e dos elementos tóxicos: As, Cd e Hg foram determinados em amostras de vinte e sete diferentes produtos alimentares por Análise por Ativação com Nêutrons Instrumental (INAA) e Espectrometria de Absorção Atômica (AAS). Para a validação da metodologia foram analisados os materiais de referência: INCT MPH-2 Mixed Polish Herbs e NIST SRM 1577b Bovine Liver para INAA e NIST SRM 1548a Typical Diet e NIST SRM 1547 Peach Leaves para AAS. As vinte e sete amostras de alimentos para bebês foram adquiridas em supermercados e drogarias da cidade de São Paulo. Os elementos essenciais e tóxicos foram determinados e a maioria das concentrações obtidas dos elementos essenciais estava abaixo das recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde, enquanto as concentrações dos elementos tóxicos foram inferiores ao limite superior tolerável. As concentrações baixas dos elementos essenciais obtidas nessas amostras indicam que as crianças não devem ser apenas alimentadas com esses alimentos comerciais. / The World Health Organization recommends that infants should be breastfed exclusively for at least six months after birth. After this period, it is recommended to start introducing complementary foods, in order to meet the child´s nutritional, mineral and energy needs. Commercial food products for infants form an important part of the diet for many babies. Thus, it is very important that such food contains sufficient amounts of minerals. Inadequate complementary feeding is a major cause of high rates of infant malnutrition in developing countries. In this study, essential elements: Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Se and Zn and toxic elements: As, Cd, Hg levels were determined in twenty seven different commercial infant food product samples by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). In order to validate both methodologies the reference material: INCT MPH-2 Mixed Polish Herbs and NIST - SRM 1577b Bovine Liver by INAA and NIST - SRM 1548a Typical Diet and NIST - SRM 1547 Peach Leaves by AAS were analyzed. The twenty seven baby food samples were acquired from São Paulo city super markets and drugstores. Essential and toxic elements were determined. Most of the essential element concentrations obtained was lower than the World Health Organization requirements, while concentrations of toxic elements were below the tolerable upper limit. These low essential element concentrations in these samples indicate that infants should not be fed only with commercial complementary foods.

A Organização Mundial da Saúde recomenda que os bebês sejam amamentados de forma exclusiva, pelo menos, seis meses após o nascimento. Após este período, recomenda-se a introdução de alimentos complementares, a fim de atender as quantidades nutricionais, minerais e energéticas necessárias às crianças. Produtos alimentares destinados a lactentes formam uma parte importante da dieta de muitos bebês, por isso é muito importante que esses alimentos contenham quantidades suficientes de minerais. Alimentação complementar inadequada é uma das principais causas das altas taxas de desnutrição nos países em desenvolvimento. Neste estudo, níveis dos elementos essenciais: Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Se e Zn e dos elementos tóxicos: As, Cd e Hg foram determinados em amostras de vinte e sete diferentes produtos alimentares por Análise por Ativação com Nêutrons Instrumental (INAA) e Espectrometria de Absorção Atômica (AAS). Para a validação da metodologia foram analisados os materiais de referência: INCT MPH-2 Mixed Polish Herbs e NIST SRM 1577b Bovine Liver para INAA e NIST SRM 1548a Typical Diet e NIST SRM 1547 Peach Leaves para AAS. As vinte e sete amostras de alimentos para bebês foram adquiridas em supermercados e drogarias da cidade de São Paulo. Os elementos essenciais e tóxicos foram determinados e a maioria das concentrações obtidas dos elementos essenciais estava abaixo das recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde, enquanto as concentrações dos elementos tóxicos foram inferiores ao limite superior tolerável. As concentrações baixas dos elementos essenciais obtidas nessas amostras indicam que as crianças não devem ser apenas alimentadas com esses alimentos comerciais. / The World Health Organization recommends that infants should be breastfed exclusively for at least six months after birth. After this period, it is recommended to start introducing complementary foods, in order to meet the child´s nutritional, mineral and energy needs. Commercial food products for infants form an important part of the diet for many babies. Thus, it is very important that such food contains sufficient amounts of minerals. Inadequate complementary feeding is a major cause of high rates of infant malnutrition in developing countries. In this study, essential elements: Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Se and Zn and toxic elements: As, Cd, Hg levels were determined in twenty seven different commercial infant food product samples by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). In order to validate both methodologies the reference material: INCT MPH-2 Mixed Polish Herbs and NIST - SRM 1577b Bovine Liver by INAA and NIST - SRM 1548a Typical Diet and NIST - SRM 1547 Peach Leaves by AAS were analyzed. The twenty seven baby food samples were acquired from São Paulo city super markets and drugstores. Essential and toxic elements were determined. Most of the essential element concentrations obtained was lower than the World Health Organization requirements, while concentrations of toxic elements were below the tolerable upper limit. These low essential element concentrations in these samples indicate that infants should not be fed only with commercial complementary foods.

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台灣利率自由化的演進過程，是採取循序漸進的方式，先由貨幣市場實施，再逐步推及到存放款市場。自1989年利率自由化及1991年政府開放新商業銀行設立以來，台灣銀行業的競爭就進入了白熱化的春秋戰國時代，金融版圖重新調整，產業的競爭有增無減。這期間經過兩次的金融改革，體質較弱的銀行紛紛走向讓售及被併購的命運，尤其是2008年發生金融海嘯，對銀行業的經營更是一大挑戰。觀察近年來銀行業的經營困境，存放款利差持續走低，多數銀行採取價格競爭策略，企業授信市場採用低利削價的手段，造成銀行業獲利率降低，危及銀行健全經營體質。所以本研究從文獻回顧探討影響放款利率定價決定因素，從樣本銀行實務授信政策及放款定價辦法探討影響放款利率定價決定因素，並利用樣本資料從實證模型的估計及檢驗來推估假設變數與企業貸款利率定價之間的具體關係及影響方向與程度，最後將實證結果提供予銀行管理當局擬定授信政策及建立完善放款利率定價模型之參考。 / From money market to deposit and loan markets, the development of interest rate liberalization in Taiwan has been in gradual progress. Since interest-rate liberalization in the year of 1989 and governmental approval on the establishment of new commercial banks in 1991, the competition among banks in Taiwan has become severe. Market shares among banks have thus changed. During the period, the financial market experienced two banking reforms. Banks with relatively weak financial nature have been forced to be sold or merged. Moreover, the financial turmoil in the year of 2008 made the business environment of banking industry even more challengeable. Running business in banking has been more difficult in recent years. Interest rate spread for banks has been narrowing. Most banks have adopted price competition strategies. Such price-cutting policy in commercial loan market has resulted in the deterioration of bank management in the industry. This research reviews study-papers focusing on the factors affecting commercial loan interest rate pricing, using bank A as a sample to review its actual operation of credit policy and loan pricing means. In addition, by adopting technique of empirical model measurement and statistical test on the sample data, the concrete correlation and extent of influence between hypothetical variables and pricing on commercial loan interest rate are also estimated. The aim of this paper is to provide empirical tested results to the banking authorities for their reference when designing fine credit policies and commercial loan pricing model.

The rule-making power of the European Commission, dissertation Mgr. Mgr. Jiří Lenfeld, M.A.; supervisor: doc. JUDr. Richard Král, Ph.D., LL.M. Charles University, Faculty of Law, Department of European Law Prague, March 2013 The aim of the dissertation is to analyse the role of the European Commission in the legislative process of the European Union with the focus on procedures for adoption of legally binding Union acts. The European Commission is one of the main institutions of the European Union. It represents and upholds the interests of the EU as a whole and manages the day-to-day business of implementing EU policies. However, to limit the role of the European Commission to that of an executive body would be misleading. Its role in the EU institutional system is much broader than that. The European Commission is the most important legislator among the EU institutions and is also empowered with an almost exclusive power to submit drafts of EU legal acts. The rule-making power of the European Commission could be seen from two different points of view. In a narrow sense of the word it could be seen as a power conferred on the European Commission by the Treaties to propose drafts and to adopt EU legal acts implementing legally binding Union acts. However, the exercise of the rule-making power may...