Orientadores: Maria Isabel Rodrigues, Gabriela Alves Macedo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T23:36:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maldonado_RafaelResende_D.pdf: 966845 bytes, checksum: ddc61b8ed34d47c4c2ebff5a3967c4a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A crescente necessidade por energia e o avanço das preocupações com problemas ambientais devido ao uso de combustíveis fósseis tem levado a busca de alternativas para a área energética. Dentro deste contexto, a produção de biocombustíveis como etanol e biodiesel mostram um grande potencial de avanço e despertam amplo interesse na área de pesquisas.O biodiesel é comumente obtido por reações de transesterificação com catálise alcalina, no entanto a via enzimática constitui-se em uma forma promissora para a produção deste tipo de combustível. Este trabalho analisou as etapas de produção, purificação e imobilização da lipase de Geotrichum candidum NRRLY-552 e aplicação dessa enzima na biocatálise das reações de hidrólise, esterificação e transesterificação de óleos vegetais em diferentes sistemas reacionais. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a lipase de Geotrichum candidum NRRLY-552 pode ser obtida a baixo custo, com a utilização de um resíduo agro-industrial (água de maceração de milho) com atividade lipolítica de cerca de 20 U/mL. A purificação parcial desta enzima foi realizada por dois métodos ¿ precipitação com sulfato de amônio e precipitação com etanol, seguido de liofilização em ambos os casos. Tais métodos proporcionaram a obtenção de um preparado enzimático com atividade lipolítica de cerca de 500 U/g em duas ou três etapas. O pequeno número de etapas e a elevada atividade enzimática propiciam a aplicação desta enzima para biocatálise de reações com óleos vegetais para uso na produção de biocombustíveis. A enzima selecionada apresentou um bom desempenho para a reação de hidrólise de óleos vegetais, atingindo taxas de hidrólise de cerca de 80% após 24 horas de reação, em frascos agitados a 210 rpm, 45oC e 15% m/m de água no meio reacional com uma concentração de enzima de 5% m/m da lipase. A enzima não apresentou ação de esterificação suficiente para produção de biodiesel na presença de etanol, no entanto o sistema reacional desenvolvido permite que a associação com outras lipases de boa ação de esterificação possibilite a obtenção do biodiesel a partir do hidrolisado obtido neste trabalho / Abstract: The growing energy necessity and the advancement of environmental concerns due to the use of fossil fuels have led the search for alternatives to the energy area. In this context, the production of biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel shows a great potential for advancement and arouse widespread interest in the area of research. Biodiesel is commonly obtained by transesterification with alkaline catalysis; however, the enzymatic pathway is a promising way to produce this type of fuel. This work studied the stages of production, purification and immobilization of lipase from Geotrichum candidum NRRLY-552 and application of this enzyme in the biocatalysis of the hydrolysis, esterification and transesterification of vegetable oils in different reaction systems. The results showed that the lipase from Geotrichum candidum NRRLY-552 can be obtained at a low cost, using a residue of the agro-industrial (corn steep liquor), with lipolytic activity of about 20 U/mL. Partial purification of this enzyme was performed by two methods - precipitation with ammonium sulphate and precipitation with ethanol, followed by lyophilization in both cases. Such methods provided to obtain an enzyme preparation with lipolytic activity of 500 U/g in two or three steps. The small number of steps and the high enzyme activity provide the application of this enzyme to catalysis of reactions with vegetable oils for the use in biofuel production. The selected enzyme showed a good performance for the hydrolysis of vegetable oils, reaching rates of hydrolysis of about 80% after 24 hours of reaction, in shaken flasks at 210 rpm, 45°C and 15% w/w of water in the reaction with enzyme concentration of 5% w/w of the lipase. The enzyme did not show enough action esterification for biodiesel production in presence of ethanol; however, the reaction system developed permits the association with other lipases with good deed esterification with allows obtainable biodiesel from the hydrolysed produced in this work / Doutorado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos

RISE Bioeconomy is working with the biorefinery concept. That is, for the company, to utilize all wood derivatives in effective processes, resulting in unique products. RISE Bioeconomy is investigating the possibilities of producing holocellulose through an oxidative delignification process of wood, using peracetic acid (PAA). The product, high-purity holocellulose, can be used for the production of for example cellulose nanofibers, a product that in recent years have increased in interest. The PAA-delignification process relies on oxidative treatment with peracetic acid, where the lignin is solubilized in water through the formation of carboxylic groups in the lignin, yielding cellulose of very low lignin content and minimal degradation of the cellulose. In addition to the holocellulose, a solution containing water, acetic acid, salts and highly oxidized lignin is obtained. The PAA-delignification has yet only been performed in lab-scale, however, the aim is to scale up the process. There has not yet been any further utilization of the oxidized lignin and it has been proposed that esterification of the carboxylic groups with an alcohol is a possible valorization route. Due to the up-scaling of the PAA-delignification, it is of large interest to find a valorization route for the lignin by-product to fulfill the biorefinery concept. This master thesis focuses on evaluating esterification of an oxidized lignin, with the aim to propose a process suitable for up-scaling. The lab trials for the PAA-delignification of wood yielded limited amounts of lignin and due to difficulties while isolating this lignin, it was not partially characterized until months into the project. Therefore, model compounds were initially used to evaluate the process setup. Compounds with muconic acid type structures are some of the expected products from PAA-delignification of wood and muconic acid was therefore used as a model compound. In addition to this, vanillic acid was used to represent the phenolic lignin compounds. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of the vanillic acid esterification was shown to be a suitable method for analyzing the conversion of this reaction. Due to the difficulties with the analysis of the model compounds, no results regarding the reaction procedures were obtained. As a “proof-of-concept”, a kraft lignin was oxidized, isolated and then esterified. Two different methods of esterification were performed, with and without a molecular sieve. It was assumed that the amount of carboxylic groups would increase after oxidation and decrease after a successful esterification. The amount of carboxylic groups after each process was analyzed with Phosphorus Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (31P-NMR). For the process without molecular sieve, the 31P-NMR analysis indicated that esterification of the lignin had occurred, to a limited extent. This was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR). The process with molecular sieve showed no indication of esterification of the lignin. The project did prove the concept of esterifying an oxidized lignin and led to several different proposals for further work in the area. Due to the very wide scope of this project and several unexpected obstacles, this project did not fully answer the research questions given.

L'acrylate d'éthyle est synthétisé par l'estérification catalytique de l'acide acrylique et de l'éthanol. La réaction s'écrit : CH2=CH-COOH + C2H5OH D CH2=CH-COOC2H5 + H2O Comme cette réaction est équilibrée, l'élimination de l'eau produit par la réaction permet de déplacer la réaction, donc d'augmenter le taux de conversion de l'acide acrylique et la productivité en acrylate d'éthyle. La pervaporation est une technique de séparation membranaire, qui est potentiellement intéressante pour la déshydratation de mélanges organiques. Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié le procédé industriel de l'estérification de l'acrylate d'éthyle qui est continu. C'est la première fois que la pervaporation d'un mélange complexe contenant des dérivés acryliques polymérisables est étudiée. Tout d'abord le procédé continu d'estérification a été simulé sur Aspen Plus. Une analyse du schéma de procédé a permis d'identifier deux scénarii d'amélioration des performances énergétiques par pervaporation. Dans le scénario le plus favorable, la pervaporation permet de réduire de 25% la consommation d'énergie ou d'augmenter de 25% la production. Dans la deuxième partie de notre étude, des membranes commerciales ont été testées pour déshydrater des mélanges représentatifs du milieu d'estérification. Les membranes testées ont montrées de bonnes performances de séparation (flux et sélectivité élevées) et de bonnes résistances chimiques. La faisabilité de l'intégration de la pervaporation au procédé est donc prouvée / Ethyl acrylate is synthesized by the catalytic esterification of acrylic acid and ethanol. The reaction can be described as: CH2=CH-COOH + C2H5OH D CH2=CH-COOC2H5 + H2O Since this reaction is reversible, the removal of the water helps shifting the reaction to the right side, thus increasing the conversion of acrylic acid to ethyl acrylate. Pervaporation is a membrane separation technique which is helpful for the dehydration of organic mixtures. In this work, we studied the industrial process for the esterification of ethyl acrylate which is continuous. To our knowledge this is the first time that the pervaporation of a mixture containing polymerizable acrylic derivatives is studied. Firstly, the continuous esterification process was simulated on Aspen Plus. An analysis of the flowsheet diagram has identified two scenarios for improving energy performance through implementing dehydration pervaporation. In the most favorable scenario, the pervaporation can reduce 25% energy consumption or increase 25% ethyl acrylate production. In the second part of our study, commercial membranes were tested for dehydrating mixtures which are representative of esterification reaction. The tested membranes offered good separation performance (high flux and selectivity) and high chemical resistance. The feasibility of the hybrid process is thus proven

Le but de cette thèse est de développer des catalyseurs hétérogènes utilisés dans l’estérification de l’acide oléique en triméthylpropane afn de produire un bio-lubrifiant : le triméthylolpropane trioléate. Quatre groupes de catalyseurs furent étudiés 1) hétéropolyacides (HPA) immobilisés sur de la silice après dépôt d’oxyde de zirconium; une forte immobilisation des HPA sur la silice fut obtenue avec notamment une bonne résistance au phénomène de lixiviation garantissant une bonne stabilité du catalyseur. 2) silice macroporeuse (Si(HIPE)) fonctionnalisée avec trois différentes phases actives (HPA, SO3H-/PO3H2-, phosphates de zirconium) : ces catalyseurs présentent une morphologie facile à manipuler mais la réaction se trouve être inhibée par emprisonnement des réactifs et des produits dans les pores. 3) nanoparticules magnétiques fonctionnalisées (MNP) : plusieurs approches furent étudiées pour protéger les MNP lors d’une utilisation à bas pH. La surface recouverte ou greffée avec des MNP a été modifiée pour les groupements sulfoniques. Catalyseurs MNP sont non seulement actifs mais aussi facilement récupérables (propriété magnétiques) et donc réutilisables et recyclables. 4) résines échangeuses de cations ; elles ont montré un réel potentiel industriel grâce à une stabilité remarquable et une possibilité de recyclage unique. Pour les résines de type gel, une étape dite de « pre-swelling » a été développée pour augmenter leurs productivités. Ces résines sont sélectives vers la formation des mono- et diesters, tandis que le triester se forme à cause de la présence d’acide oléique résiduel ou la température élevée du système. Cette coopération entre les catalyses homogène et hétérogène permet de paramétrer la réaction industrielle en la démarrant avec la résine échangeuse d’ions à basse température et la terminer à plus haute température pour obtenir le triester. / This project aims at developing heterogeneous catalysts for the esterification of oleic acid (OA) with trimethylolpropane (TMP) to produce an automotive bio-lubricant, namely trimethylolpropane trioleate (TMPTO). Four groups of catalysts were studied: 1) heteropolyacids (HPA) immobilized onto silica through the link of zirconia; 2) functionalized with three different active phases (HPA, SO3H-/PO3H2-, zirconium phosphates) macroporous Si(HIPE); 3) functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNP); and 4) cation ion-exchange resins. We developed a method for the strong immobilization of the HPA onto silica and obtained stable-toward-leaching catalysts (first group of catalysts) which can be easily recycled for the further uses. The Si(HIPE)-materials (second group) have convenient shape that makes them easy to operate but they inhibited the reaction due to entrapment of the reagents and the products inside the small pores. The work dedicated to MNP (third group) investigated different approaches to protect MNP for the use at low pH of the reaction of interest. We found that silica coating of MNP as well as organic silane grafting promote the MNP stability. The surface of coated and grafted MNP was modified to the sulfonic moieties. The MNP-catalysts are easily recoverable by magnet, active and recyclable. Concerning the ion-exchange resins (fourth group), they possess unique stability and recyclability showing potential for the industrial applications. For the gel-type resin the so-called “pre-swelling” step was developed to increase the productivity of the resin. We also found that the resins catalyze the formation of mono- and diesters, whereas the final triester is generated thanks to the residual OA or high temperature of the system. This cooperative scenario between heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis allows designing the industrial reaction starting with ion-exchange resin at lower temperature and completing it at higher temperature to obtain the triester.

Orientador: Telma Teixeira Franco / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T15:01:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tsukamoto_Junko_D.pdf: 1866337 bytes, checksum: 5cac22304ad7fddc116a61d4e57a941f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Reações enzimáticas em meio orgânico têm despertado grande interesse industrial devido às vantagens de obtenção de produtos puros pela maior especificidade das enzimas, pela redução de gastos energéticos e pela possibilidade de desenvolvimento de condições menos agressivas de processo. O uso de enzimas em síntese é uma alternativa viável à síntese orgânica e pode ser compreendida como processo relacionado ao novo conceito de ¿biotecnologia industrial¿ (white biotechnology), devido às preocupações ambientais e da sustentabilidade dos processos químicos. Processos biotecnológicos permitem a exploração racional de materiais renováveis (açúcares) para obtenção de produtos industriais, diminuindo a degradação ambiental. Uma rota enzimática é aqui proposta para obtenção de acrilatos de açúcares, monômero para confecção de polímeros biodegradáveis. O uso de enzimas em síntese orgânica oferece vantagens devido a especificidades na formação de produto, onde os custos de separação, purificação e tratamento de resíduos são minimizados. As lipases são responsáveis por 20% das biotransformações realizadas atualmente. Ésteres derivados de carboidratos e de ácidos graxos vêm sendo produzidos para a indústria alimentícia e farmacêutica, entretanto, mas não se encontram ainda ésteres tais como acrilatos de carboidratos no mercado. Esse projeto visou um estudo da produção de acrilatos de carboidratos pela reação direta via enzimática pela lipase comercial CalB. A esterificação de três monossacarídeos (D-glicose, D-frutose e D-xilose) e dois dissacarídeos (sacarose e maltose) com ácido acrílico pela CalB no solvente terc-butanol foi estudada. O efeito dos três seguintes parâmetros foi avaliado: temperatura, razão molar entre os reagentes (açúcar: ácido acrílico) e quantidade de enzima sobre a conversão a ésteres foi avaliada. A conversão da reação foi acompanhada por cromatografia líquida (CLAE-IR) e por MALDI TOF MS / Abstract: Industrial interest in enzymatic reactions in organic media is due to the possibility of obtain pure compounds with the use of highly specific enzyme, the decrease in energy costs and the possibility of using mild process conditions. The development of new enzymatic processes for chemical synthesis as a viable alternative to the organic synthesis is related to the new concept of "industrial biotechnology" (white biotechnology), with higher concerns with the environment and the sustainability of chemical processes. Biotechnological processes that make a more rational use of renewed resources such as sugars to produce chemicals decrease, in most cases, the environmental impact. In this work an enzymatic route is proposed for the production of sugar acrylates, a biodegradable monomer. The use of enzymes in organic media has the advantage of high specificity to the desired product, lower separation and purification costs, and minimization of residue formation. Currently, lipases are responsible for 20% of all biotransformations. Esters derived from fatty acid and carbohydrates are produced for the food and pharmaceutical industries. However, acrylate esters of carbohydrate are still not found in the market. This aim of this work was to study the production of acrylates of carbohydrates by the direct enzymatic reaction of sugars with acrylic acid on the commercial lipase CalB. The esterification of three monosaccharide (D-glucose, D-fructose and xylose) and two disaccharides (sucrose and maltose) with acrylic acid on CalB in tert-butanol was studied. The effects of temperature, molar ratio of the reactants (sugar to acrylic acid) and amount of enzyme on the conversion to esters were studied. The esterification reaction was monitored by HPLC and MALDI TOF MS / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Doutor em Engenharia Química

Não consta resumo na publicação. / Abstract not available.

To shift from a petroleum-based to a biomass-based economy will require the development not only of biofuels, but also of biorenewable replacements for petroleum-derived chemicals. In this regard, environmentally friendly biomass-derived esters may serve as alternatives to fossil-derived chemicals such as toxic halogenated solvents and glycol ethers. Therefore, esterification of various carboxylic acids that find significant applications in the chemical, pharmaceutical, petrochemical, food, and cosmetic industries has been initiated by the chemical industry. At atmospheric condition, esterification is a reversible reaction limited by the low equilibrium conversion and slow reaction rate, and has recently been performed with excess alcohol to shift the equilibrium conversion. Heterogeneous or homogeneous acid catalysts are used to achieve acceptable reaction rates. The conventional acid-catalyzed process has been extensively developed; but it suffers from problems associated with the generation of side reactions, corrosion of equipment, expensive purification procedures, long reaction times and discharge of acidic wastes. Various attempts on esterification of carboxylic acids with ethanol have previously addressed important issues concerning product distribution, catalyst activity, and kinetics of acid-catalyzed esterification at lower reaction temperatures, but kinetics of uncatalyzed esterification at elevated reaction temperatures are still very limited. It is thus of great interest from a practical viewpoint that more information such as kinetic and thermodynamic parameters are required to develop a possible esterification process without using any catalyst. In this work, therefore, a fundamental study on the uncatalyzed esterification of different aliphatic carboxylic acids with stoichiometric amounts of ethanol was undertaken to examine the possibility of converting the biomass-derived carboxylic acids to ethyl esters and to determine the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for the uncatalyzed esterification. Experiments were conducted with isothermal batch reactors at temperatures ranging from 298 K to 623 K. A 2nd-order reversible kinetics rate expression was used to fit the experimental data. The thermodynamic and kinetic values estimated were found to vary for different esterification systems studied. The dependence of Keq on temperature for esterification of short-chain and long-chain carboxylic acids varied. Despite the nonlinearity of the Van't Hoff plot for esterification of linoleic acid, the Arrhenius and Eyring plots were linear. Two thermodynamic paths were developed for estimating the equilibrium conversions, and the theoretical values compared well with the experimental results reported in this study. Additional experiments performed to assess the corrosive and catalytic influences of metallic materials on esterification reaction indicated Inconel 625 alloy, nickel wire and stainless steel materials have potential corrosion problems on the uncatalyzed esterification reaction at elevated reaction. However, tantalum and grade 5 titanium materials showed acceptable level of compatibility for similar reaction conditions, and this can encourage the design of a flow reactor system.

The diploma thesis deals with a detailed study of he esterification reaction between PVAl and acrylic and methacrylic acids. Tha goal is to prepared PVAl-based macromers bearing (meth)acrylic moieties bound to PVAl macromolecular backbone. Attention will be paid especially to equlibrium establishing times and to the influence of reaction mixture composition on the properties of resulting products.

A set of 15 carboxylic acids of various structural types was used to test a new procedure of esterification of these substances in the urine without previous extraction. The acids were first measured by a reference method without the matrix, and then by a procedure, where lyophilized urine was treated with derivatizing reagent alcohol·HCl, which was then evaporated, the residue dissolved in water, esters extracted into an organic solvent and subsequently determined by GC/FID and GC/MS. The work is mainly focused on 2-hydroxyethyl- and carboxymethyl-mercapturic acids, but the procedure was also tested on di-, tri- and hydroxy-carboxylic acids, known as physiological urinary components or markers of metabolic disorders. Key words: carboxylic acids mecapturic acids freeze-dried urine esterification gas chromatography

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第20449号 / 農博第2234号 / 新制||農||1050(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H29||N5070(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 矢野 浩之, 教授 木村 恒久, 教授 髙野 俊幸 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM