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Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / Europe in the twentieth century witnessed the large-scale displacement and mass murder of civilian populations because of their ethnic or national identity. Genocide is the ultimate expression of this form of integral nationalism. As a result of the Second World War, the term "genocide" was introduced to describe the victimization of nations, and became codified in international law and agreements. The end of the century saw the introduction of a new term: "ethnic cleansing". This term was used to signify something less than the total physical annihilation of a people in the Balkans wars, in contrast to the extermination campaign of the Nazis in World War Two, or the Turks following World War One. This work looks at both campaigns, the Nazis against the Jews and the Serbs against the Bosnians, to argue, however, that ethnic cleansing is genocide. While much of the debate of the 1990s focuses on body counts to justify the distinction between the two, a careful analysis of the original work on genocide and the UN Agreement which outlaws such phenomenon reveal that this "body count" notion is neither correct nor justifiable. Similarly, a look at these two cases reveals act of genocide developed gradually, rather than as part of pre-existing master plans. / Major, United States Army

Thesis (doctoral)--Universiteit Leiden, 2005. / Title from e-book title screen (viewed Aug. 10, 2009). Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references and index.

This thesis examines the current methodological approaches to digital access and dissemination of eugenics archives. It looks in-depth at four institutions from around the world which provide some means of digital access to a specific eugenics collection that they control: the Wellcome Collection within the Wellcome Library in London, the Image Archive on the American Eugenics Movement founded in part by the Cold Springs Laboratory in New York, the Canadian Eugenics Archive, and the State Institute for Race Biology at the Uppsala University Library Special Collections in Sweden. The complexity of archival methodology and thought has evolved over the course of the past few decades, with more and more institutions recognizing the historical bias of their collections and many working towards combating these biases to bridge knowledge gaps and provide more detailed and nuanced understanding of their materials. With the development of the internet, and the pressure for heritage institutions to turn towards more digital methods of dissemination of their collections, there has been fierce debate as to good practices towards implementing these digital means of access and dissemination. Collections which contain historically problematic materials, such as eugenics collections, can make digitization and digital methodologies particularly difficult. This thesis serves as a groundwork for the development of good institutional methodologies in terms of digitization of eugenics-related materials by comparing the available methodologies employed by four institutions holding materials which were particularly significant during the period of legally applied eugenics on their respective populations.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-05-08T14:00:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Audrei Rodrigo Pizolati_.pdf: 2737318 bytes, checksum: d1de552055105af16eee0e0a18514067 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-08T14:00:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Audrei Rodrigo Pizolati_.pdf: 2737318 bytes, checksum: d1de552055105af16eee0e0a18514067 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-15 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente pesquisa objetivou problematizar a articulação entre o discurso eugênico e a produtividade da ação preemptiva da educação, a fim de evitar o surgimento de anormalidades que venham a prejudicar o corpo social. Percebe-se que a questão educacional se desdobrou em torno da degenerescência, marcou, de certa maneira, os indivíduos em que os comprometimentos físicos e/ou intelectuais não permitiram mostrar os resultados da educação recebida. Para melhor compreendermos estas nuances, investiguei diferentes artigos, dissertações e teses sobre o tema, somado a isso, analisei também como esses discursos eugênicos circularam durante a I Conferência Nacional de Educação, realizada na cidade de Curitiba, Paraná, no ano de 1927. Esse evento foi idealizado pela Associação Brasileira de Educação (fundada em 1924), e, dois anos depois, ocorreu o I Congresso Brasileiro de Eugenia. De certo modo, tais debates sobre a educação fomentaram a necessidade de se organizar algo desse porte para a sistematização da eugenia no Brasil, o que demonstra a imbricação entre ambos os temas (eugenia e educação) nesse contexto sociopolítico. Além da questão eugênica que apareceu de modo transversal em muitas teses, conceitos relativos aos cuidados com o corpo, matrimônio, maternidade, combate aos vícios, moral, educação sexual e criação da prole à luz da eugenia e da biologia também foram recorrentes no material. Isso demonstra claramente a imbricação entre o que os eugenistas propuseram à época para o aprimoramento do indivíduo e do corpo social e o que os educadores preconizaram naquele contexto para este mesmo fim. / The present research aimed to problematize the articulation between the eugenic discourse and the productivity of the preemptive action of education, in order to avoid the appearance of abnormalities that may harm the social body. It can be seen that the educational question has unfolded around the degeneracy, marked in a certain way the individuals in which the physical and / or intellectual commitments did not allow to show the results of the education received. In order to better understand these nuances, I investigated different articles, dissertations and theses on the subject. In addition, I also analyzed how these eugenic discourses circulated during the First National Conference of Education held in the city of Curitiba, Paraná, in 1927. This event was conceived by the Brazilian Association of Education (founded in 1924) two years later, the I Brazilian Congress of Eugenics (1929) took place. To a certain extent, such debates on education have instigated the need to organize something of this magnitude for the systematization of eugenics in Brazil, which demonstrates the overlap between both themes (eugenics and education) in this sociopolitical context. In addition to the eugenic question that appeared transversally in many theses, concepts related to body care, marriage, maternity, addictions, morals, sex education and offspring in the light of eugenics and biology also recurrent in the material. This clearly demonstrates the imbrication between what the eugenics proposed at the time for the improvement of the individual and the social body and what the educators advocated in that context for this very purpose.

Eugenic discourse is apparent in the work of many writers in the early 20th century, but is especially explicit in D.H. Lawrence's novel, Lady Chatterley's Lover, as well as his private letters. A close reading of these works illustrates Lawrence's attempts to grapple with his advocacy of eugenic.

Having gained a particular understanding of religion from his anthropological knowledge and psychological research, Raymond B Cattell claims that morality and ethics could be motivated scientifically. He further postulates that the results of scientific research could be implemented effectively to thwart the modern trend of moral collapse. Consequently Beyondism is presented as a religion from science, working from without inward by starting from the outer reality and moving inward to intention. Beyondism is based on the acceptance of evolution as the prime process in the universe. It differs greatly from other alternatives to revealed religion such as humanism and existentialism. This study explores Cattell’s views on religion, epistemology, cosmology and morality, reflecting his Darwinian approach of evolutionary advance and cooperative competition. The evaluation of the viability of the idea of religion from science is performed by means of Ken Wilber’s systems theory and JS Krüger’s conditionalist criteria for religion. Read in the light of his work on personality, intelligence, heredity and environmental influence, his approach to genetics is considered outside the fashionable opinion by which his views have suffered negation, misrepresentation and rejection. Considering recent scientific and social developments, his authentic research and visionary interpretation could be of value not only in the field of psychology, but also in the study of religion. / Thesis (M. Th. (Religious Studies))

At a time when the rest of Canada, and indeed much of the Western World, was looking for alternatives to large custodial mental hospitals, people in the Western Canadian province of Saskatchewan celebrated the opening of one of the country's largest asylums. The province remained committed to the institution throughout the interwar years, offering few alternatives for people deemed insane or mentally defective. People on the outside often saw the asylum as an economic boon, a marker of civilization, or as an institution that was crucial for protecting the health and safety of the public. Patients and their families, however, struggled against an institution where patients were subjected to a broad range of indignities. By carefully considering Saskatchewan's regional social and political culture, I examine the values that were projected onto the asylum by those on the outside and the boundaries that were established between the patients and the public that enabled the public to see the asylum as necessary despite widespread patient suffering. I argue that the public accepted the Weyburn Mental Hospital first as a monument worthy of celebration and then as a necessary, though perhaps regrettable, tool for segregation. The asylum in the interwar years is best understood as a political rather than a medical institution, where politicians and the asylum administration cultivated an image for the institution that conformed to regional values. The government and the media defined the patient experience for a curious public, portraying the institution and its patients in a way that not only legitimized the asylum but that also assigned it meaning far beyond its stated medical function. The values associated with the asylum changed over time, but were always guided by political concerns and were always facilitated by manipulating the relationship between the asylum, its patients, and the surrounding community.

The aim of this thesis is to explore Simon Mawer's approach to science and to compare the roles of science in his novels Mendel's Dwarf and The Girl Who Fell from the Sky. The description of author's life and its influence on his work with emphasis on the scientific aspects is provided and his opinion on the relationship between science and literature given. The difference between fiction with aspects of science and science fiction is explained and other authors who deal with science in their fiction are exemplified. As Mendel's Dwarf employs genetics and eugenics and The Girl Who Fell from the Sky nuclear physics, the brief development of these scientific fields is described.