Cette thèse examine la gestion du risque lors des Méga-Evénements Sportifs (SME). Elle prend en compte à la fois des concepts théoriques, de la configuration de gouvernance pour en étudier les impacts mais aussi des débats suscités lors de ces manifestations. Les éléments d’organisation sont analysés sous un angle critique, permettant de mieux saisir la structure de la configuration et le fonctionnement qui en découle : les forces de sécurité en présence, les interdépendances, forces et tensions qui définissent les rapports entre les acteurs. Nous questionnons ces dimensions du point de vue de la surveillance et du contrôle social. Notre projet de démonstration s’articule en deux temps : dans un premier temps par l’élaboration d’un cadre théorique et des possibilités de transfert de modèles dans le cadre des événements sportifs pour tenter dans un second de valider ces tendances de gestion au travers d’un cas empirique : la Coupe du Monde de Football 2006. Les objectifs poursuivis se décomposent en une double question : en quoi les SME sont révélateurs des politiques de sécurité instaurées dans le cadre de Méga-Evénements culturels politiques et socio-économiques au regard de la gestion de la sécurité mais également en quoi les SME peuvent-ils être mobilisés pour infléchir les politiques de sécurité nationale. L’exemple allemand nous sert de support pour envisager les évolutions possibles des systèmes de sécurité suite à l’organisation d’une manifestation de ce type.Notre démonstration met en avant la démarche d’élaboration de projets de sécurité des SME à partir d’une identification de risques construits par les gestionnaires de la sécurité jusqu’à la mise en place de dispositifs de sécurité et aux conséquences de ceux-ci à différents niveaux. Toutes ces étapes sont analysées au regard du triangle sécurité, menace et liberté.La Coupe du Monde 2006 est une illustration des tensions existant dans la gestion de la sécurité des SME : à la fois support d’application et de progrès des mécanismes de sécurité utilisés hors du domaine sportif, elle soulève également des débats quant aux conséquences des décisions politiques sur les libertés individuelles découlant des évolutions. En dépit d’une réussite apparente, nous examinons les dimensions de l’organisation de la sécurité lors de la Coupe du Monde 2006 et abordons les problématiques posées. / This dissertation addresses the issue of risk management during Sports Mega Events (SME). It deals with the theoretical concepts of configuration and that of governance, and addresses the discussions and impact surrounding these sports events. Organizational aspects are analyzed from a critical angle, making for a better understanding of the equation: security forces, interdependencies, power relations and tensions between the elements that come into play. These dimensions are questioned from the point of view of surveillance and that of social control.This dissertation falls into two parts: first, I develop a theoretical framework and assess the transferability of models in the context of sporting events. I then study the empirical case of the 2006 Football World Cup. How were security policies introduced as part of Mega-Events cultural and social economic policies? Additionally, how were SMEs mobilized to influence national security policies? The German case may lead to future changes in security systems for the organization of this type of event.This study highlights the process of developing safety initiatives during SMEs: from identification of risk as constructed by security managers to the implementation of safety devices and its consequences. These stages are discussed in relation to the security threat and freedom triangle.The World Cup of 2006 is an illustration of the tensions in managing the security of SMEs. Methods which are traditionally used in other realms were applied in the sporting context of this World Cup raise a number of issues, notably the consequences security policies may have on individual freedoms. Despite the apparent success of the World Cup, this study examines the question of security organization and discusses the issues raised.

Recent scholarly efforts have sought to examine the cumulative impact of deleterious adverse childhood exposures on various mental health outcomes. Lifetime prevalence rates for depressive disorders are approximately 20% among adolescents. Depression is ranked as the leading cause for disability and fourth leading contributor to the global burden of disease in the world. The purpose of this study was to determine the cumulative impact of adolescent adverse experiences on outcomes of depression, suicide ideation, and overall mental distress in a cohort of 125 adolescent girls receiving public assistance. The adverse exposures studied were personal victimization, household dysfunction, and community violence exposures. Across the three categories of exposures, adolescents reported that community exposures were the highest 92.8%, followed by household dysfunction 89.6 %, and lastly, personal victimization 80%. Over 40% reported experiencing more than seven adverse exposures. There was a doubling in the incidence of depression by the fourth year, and an almost ten percent increase in mental distress by the fourth year. Evidence of a significant direct association was found for those experiencing victimization with depression and suicide ideation. The total Adolescent Adverse Exposures (AAE) score was positively correlated with the CES-D scores in the last three years of the study, however not with suicide ideation. The cumulative impact or 'dose-response' relationship of such exposures on depression, suicide ideation, or change over time was not found. In contradiction with general beliefs and existing literature, a significant negative association was found with depression and having a parent incarcerated or experiencing the divorce of parents. This finding suggests given the homogeneity of this population, experiencing both poverty and high levels of exposure to victimization, that having an incarcerated parent or parental divorce may be potentially protective mitigating the stressful experiences of continued victimization. The results of this study offer evidence of high prevalence rates of adversity occurring in the lives of these already at risk adolescents. A call for efforts to reduce community violence and personal victimization in the context of poverty are needed to prevent the growing rates of depression and suicide ideation for these fragile families and adolescence.

This thesis analyses forms of New Zealand national identity constructed in conjunction with successive America's Cup campaigns in 1987, 1992 and 1995. It is argued that New Zealand national iconography was appropriated by government and corporate interests and utilised as a mechanism for corporate capital accumulation and legitimation.The first New Zealand challenge was set against a background of neo-liberal policy reform initiated by the fourth Labour government in 1984. The comprehensive economic and social policy implementation had multiple negative effects for New Zealand's political economy. This thesis undertakes a comprehensive analysis of these effects and argues that the commitment to neo-liberalism resulted in both the means for a New Zealand America's Cup syndicate and the necessity for an event which could obscure New Zealand's economic decline. National identity was reformulated through America's Cup nationalism to incorporate the values of neo-liberalism.As a result of the entrenchment of neo-liberal values, the needs of corporate interests and state enterprises to define citizens as consumers concluded in the commercialisation of culture. This thesis argues that the pursuit of effective corporate branding strategies led to the appropriation of symbols and images of national identity by corporate interests. The 1992 and 1995 America's Cup challenges represent the convergence of the discourses of sport, media and capitalism under the shared agenda of capital accumulation and legitimation. This convergence was structured around a commercialised conception of national identity which bore little relation to the social and economic reality experienced by many New Zealanders.

The aim of this thesis is to develop procedures for the modelling and inversion of teleseismic P and S waveforms which are as flexible as possible. This flexibility is necessary in order to obtain accurate source depth and mechanism estimates for small to moderate size events, such as those that are relevant in the context of monitoring the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). ¶ The main challenge for extending source depth and mechanism inversion methods to smaller events is to ensure that sufficiently accurate synthetic seismograms are available for comparison with observed records. An accurate phase-adaptive reflectivity method has therefore been developed, against which the performance of less computationally intensive approximations can be judged. The standard reflectivity method has been modified to allow for different crustal and upper mantle structures at the source and receiver, and the full effects of reverberations and conversions in these structures can be allowed for. Core reflections and refractions can also be included; these phases can become important at certain distance ranges. A slowness bundle approach has been developed, where a restricted slowness integration about the geometric slowness for the direct wave is undertaken at each frequency, allowing accurate results to be obtained whilst avoiding the expense of a full reflectivity technique. ¶ Inversion using the neighbourhood algorithm (NA) is performed for source depth, mechanism and time function, by modelling direct P and S and their surface reflections (pP, sP and pS, sS) at teleseismic distances. Both SV and SH data are exploited in the inversion, in addition to P data, in order to obtain improved constraints on the source mechanism, including any isotropic component. Good results are obtained using a simple generalised ray scheme, however, the use of a flexible derivative-free inversion method means that more accurate synthetics are able to be used in the inversion where appropriate. The NA makes use of only the rank of the data misfits, so that it is possible to employ any suitable misfit criterion. In the few cases where control on the source mechanism is limited, good depth resolution is still usually obtained. ¶The structures near the source and receiver play an important role in shaping the detail of the teleseismic waveforms. Although reasonable results can be achieved with simple synthetics and a standard velocity model, significant improvement can be made by modifying the representation of structure near the source and receiver. In the case of sub-oceanic events it is important to allow for the effects of water reverberations. The crustal structure near the receiver can also have quite a large influence on the waveforms through reverberations and conversions. This is exploited in receiver function inversion, which is again accomplished using the NA approach.

Despite the growing importance of both destination image and event tourism, a research gap exists when the two fields are combined. Destination image and event tourism have been subject to separate research efforts in the tourism field, however there has been little evidence of research in how events can affect destination image. The thesis attempts to address the research gap that currently exists by using Canberra, the National Capital of Australia and two annual events in the Capital - Stegbar Canberra 400 and Floriade 2002 as case studies. The thesis illustrates the importance of destination image in regard to the destination selection process, the meaning and measurement of image and the growing interest in event tourism. Several studies have illustrated that destination images do influence tourists' behaviour and subsequently decision making (Hunt 1975). Image, among other variables can be the deciding factor in choosing one destination over another. In spite of the importance of this research line, several authors recognise a lack of an agreed way of conceptualising destination image. A conceptual framework of destination image was developed by Echtner and Ritchie (1991) which forms the foundation of the thesis. Although the framework has its flaws, it has been pointed out that the Echtner and Ritchie Destination Image Framework has been useful in the assessment of destination images. Importantly, how events can be used to influence the image of a destination is put forward. Canberra and its image, being the focus of the study, is discussed in detail with reference also to Tamworth and Sydney. Although much of the research into event tourism has focused on the economic benefits that events can provide to a destination, the effect an event can have on the destination image has not been well demonstrated. Research on Canberra has indicated various studies in regard to the perceptions Australians have of the destination, community attitudes towards Canberra and event related research, however the effect that events have on Canberra's image has not been addressed. The thesis incorporates studies of events to measure the effect that they have on the image of a destination. The two main studies were conducted in conjunction with the Centre of Tourism Research (CTR) at the University of Canberra. Two events, held annually in the National Capital, were the focus of the research - Stegbar Canberra 400 and Floriade 2002. Event attendees at the two events were the target sample consisting of both locals and interstate visitors to Canberra. Two key questions related to destination image were added to the existing questionnaires and were the focus of the research. Primary research commenced in June 2002 and concluded November 2002. Destination image responses were derived from both the Stegbar Canberra 400 and Floriade 2002. Results indicated that event attendees regard the two events as being very positive in respect to the destination image of Canberra. The Top 15 responses from both studies also indicate a positive correlation between events and the destination image of Canberra. The Top 15 image responses from the events indicated that events do have an influence on the image of the destination with many event related characteristics appearing in the Top 15 image responses. This was further emphasised when the results from the two events were compared to that of 'Australians' Perceptions of their National Capital' (Richards 2002). General destination images in all three studies were mentioned however Stegbar Canberra 400 and Floriade 2002 image responses were more events driven. The Perceptions study illustrated more unique characteristics of the National Capital along with National attractions. Further, the image results derived from Stegbar Canberra 400 and Floriade illustrates the notion of 'multiple' images that a destination may possess. It is postulated that events have a Life Cycle, and that their influence on destination image varies according to their life cycle stage. It was found that events that lay in the introduction stage of the life cycle have more varied image results that are directly related to the event itself. On the other hand, events that reside in the maturity stage possess strong images related more to the destination itself as opposed to the event. These 'older' events become synonymous with the destination and therefore images are associated with the destination. In conclusion, the research has illustrated that events do have an impact on the image or images of a destination. In this case, the image of Canberra was subject to influence from both Stegbar Canberra 400 and Floriade 2002 event attendees.

<p>Events play an important role in many computer systems, from small reactive embedded applications to large distributed systems. Many applications react to events generated by a graphical user interface or by external sensors that monitor the system environment, and other systems use events for communication and synchronisation between independent subsystems. In some applications, however, individual event occurrences are not the main point of concern. Instead, the system should respond to certain event patterns, such as "the start button being pushed, followed by a temperature alarm within two seconds". One way to specify such event patterns is by means of an event algebra with operators for combining the simple events of a system into specifications of complex patterns.</p><p>This thesis presents an event algebra with two important characteristics. First, it complies with a number of algebraic laws, which shows that the algebra operators behave as expected. Second, any pattern represented by an expression in this algebra can be efficiently detected with bounded resources in terms of memory and time, which is particularly important when event pattern detection is used in embedded systems, where resource efficiency and predictability are crucial.</p><p>In addition to the formal algebra semantics and an efficient detection algorithm, the thesis describes how event pattern detection can be used in real-time systems without support from the underlying operating system, and presents schedulability theory for such systems. It also describes how the event algebra can be combined with a component model for embedded system, to support high level design of systems that react to event patterns.</p>

<p>This study focuses on exploring Swedish journalists’ experiences and thoughts about the working conditions during the Olympic Games in Beijing 2008. It is interesting because of the fact that the Olympic Games where hosted in a country with dictatorial government and this is the foundation of this study. Theories about social construction, propaganda and media events were applied to illuminate and give a broader comprehension of the influence on the journalistic work during an Olympic Game. To explore this problem and get answers to our questions we used qualitative interviews with eight Swedish journalists who were stationed in Beijing. The result of this study is based on these journalists’ experiences of their reality. We found that all the journalists experienced an almost perfect working condition in many ways. Censorship and the lack of freedom of speech were debated a lot before the games in many western media. These subjects did not affect negative on the Swedish journalists work in Beijing but the debate had anyway an unavoidable influence on them. The line between sport journalism and a social journalism was often rubbed out and it seemed hard to avoid what happened outside the Olympic area. The organization of the Beijing Games is described by many journalists as the best of all times. We found that the journalists gave a common experience which says that almost everything in Beijing was controlled and set by the organization. The majority says at the same time that they were totally aware of the ongoing propaganda. The journalists in our study describe a journalistic freedom inside the Olympic area, in the same way as in every Olympic Game. No matter if it is hosted by a democratic or a dictatorial government.</p>

Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Some collision cascades, induced by keV polyatomic projectiles, result in the emission of multiple secondary ions. Such co-emissions imply that the ejecta originate from molecules co-located within the nano-volume perturbed by a single projectile impact. The relevance for the chemical analysis of nano-domains depends on the effectiveness of the projectile to cause co-emission of two or more secondary ions. This research examines how projectile characteristics, i.e. the energy and number of constituent atoms in the projectile, influence multiple secondary ion emission, or "superefficient" events. In addition we examine the relevance of this technique for nanostructure investigation. Yields have been measured for multi-ion emission events as a function of projectile characteristics. The data show that some collision cascades are "superefficient". For example, in a four-ion emission event, the yield for the phenylalanine quasi-molecular ion is two orders of magnitude larger from Au4+ impacts than from equal velocity Au+ projectiles. Yields for the co-emission of two phenylalanine quasi-molecular ions from "super-efficient" events have been measured. This case is particularly productive in that the detection of two analytically significant ions is recorded from a single event. Large increases (one to two orders of magnitude) in co-emitted ion yields were observed with increasing projectile energy and complexity. Correlation coefficients were calculated for the co-emission of two Ph ions, their behavior suggests differences in emission pathways for bombardment by atomic and polyatomic projectiles. Finally, we use this methodology to investigate surface structural effects on the occurrence of "super-efficient" events. The results indicate that it is possible to distinguish between two phases of a chemical compound although the stoichiometry remains the same. These results confirm previous predictions concerning the chemical nature of these "super-efficient" events. Also shown is that they are sensitive to the surface nanoenvironment. This approach extends the technology of Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry by providing a methodology for probing surface nano-domains at the sub100 nm level.

Throughout recent history, famous records of building failures may be found, unfortunately accompanied by great human loss and major economic consequences. One of the mechanisms of failure is referred to as ‘progressive collapse’: one or several structural members suddenly fail, whatever the cause (accident or attack). The building then collapses progressively, every load redistribution causing the failure of other structural elements, until the complete failure of the building or of a major part of it. The civil engineering community’s attention to this type of event was first drawn by the progressive collapse of the building called Ronan Point, following a gas explosion in one of the last floors. Different simplified procedures for simulating the effects of progressive collapse can now be found in the literature, some of them described in detail. However, no extensive study can be found, in which these procedures are compared to more complete approaches for progressive collapse simulation, aiming at the comparison of the assumptions underlying them. To further contribute to the elaboration of design codes for progressive collapse, such a study would therefore be of great interest for practitioners. All parties involved with the subject of progressive collapse are currently attempting to bridge the gap between the work done on the research front on the one hand, what can be considered as a fitting numerical model for regular industrial use on the other, and finally, the normalisation committees. The present research work aims at providing insight as to how the gaps between these poles may be reduced. The approach consists in studying the various hypotheses one by one, and gradually adding complexities to the numerical model, if they prove to be warranted by the need for sufficient accuracy. One of the contributions of the present work stems from this approach, in that it provides insight regarding the validity of the various simplifying assumptions. It also leads to the development of procedures which are kept as simple as possible, in an attempt to design them as best as possible for regular industrial use. The objective of simplifying assumptions validation is pursued in Chapter 2. This chapter consists of the text of a paper entitled “Comparison and study of different progressive collapse simulation techniques for RC structures”, in which the main simplifying assumptions of the progressive collapse guidelines are detailed and assessed. The DoD [1] and GSA [2] static linear and non-linear procedures are investigated, and compared to more complete approaches in order to assess their validity. In the next two chapters, two new procedures for design against progressive collapse are developed. They are based on quasi-static computations, their main objective being to account accurately for dynamic inertial effects. The first of these chapters consists in the text of a paper entitled “A new pushover analysis procedure for structural progressive collapse based on a kinetic energy criterion”, in which energetic considerations allow for the development of a static equivalent pushover procedure. The second chapter consists of the text of a paper entitled “A new pushover analysis procedure for structural progressive collapse based on optimised load amplification factors”, which uses load amplification factors resulting from optimisation procedures in order to account for dynamic inertial effects. The contributions of these two papers lie in the fact that they offer an improved accuracy on the results, when compared with other procedure available in the literature, which follow the same general principles. The two proposed procedures are thoroughly validated by systematic comparisons with results obtained with the more costly dynamic non-linear computations. Finally, an additional chapter focuses on the various approaches that can be adopted for the simulation of reinforced concrete beams and columns. Because a rather simple model for reinforced concrete is used in Chapter 2, the bulk of this chapter consists in the implementation of a more complex fibre-based non-linear beam element. Comparisons performed with this model provide insight to the limitations of the simpler model, which is based on the use of lumped plastic hinges, but show this simpler model to be valid for the purposes of the present work.