An attentional template based on a feature in visual working memory (VWM) can be used to bias attention toward feature-matching objects in the visual field. Attentional guidance based on a single feature is highly efficient and has been well characterized. It is debated, however, whether multiple features can be used to guide attention simultaneously. Some argue that only a single feature in VWM can be elevated to an “active” state and influence perceptual selection. To evaluate whether multiple features can guide attention simultaneously, eye movements were recorded while participants completed both traditional and gaze-contingent visual search tasks. Participants demonstrated guidance by multiple features by switching between relevant colors frequently and without delay. Furthermore, relevant objects of different colors actively competed for saccadic selection. These results provide compelling evidence that multiple attentional templates are able to guide selection simultaneously. Although it was originally proposed that a feature in VWM could also be used to bias attention away from irrelevant items (“template for rejection”), the evidence thus far has been mixed. Some studies report that participants were faster to find a target item after being cued with a distractor feature, suggesting participants were using this feature to avoid matching items, while other studies report a cost and find that participants actually attended to cue-matching items even though they are irrelevant. The current work demonstrates that some evidence in support of feature-guided avoidance can be explained by spatially recoding the cued feature information. Furthermore, when shown a distractor color at the beginning of a trial, participants frequently fixated a matching object early in the trial, but avoided matching objects later in the trial. Other work has suggested that this initial attentional capture by a cue-matching object facilitates later avoidance, but the current data do not support a functional relationship of this nature. In sum, it may not be possible to implement an exclusionary template directly as feature-guided avoidance, but it may be possible to implement indirectly by converting the irrelevant feature information into relevant feature or spatial information.

Exclusionary discipline in school contributes to gender and racial disproportionality in the juvenile justice system and marginalizes African American girls. Using the social justice and rational choice theories as the foundation, the purpose of this case study was to explore the relationship between the criminalization of behavior in schools, racial bias, and gender stereotypes contribute to the overrepresentation of the school to prison pipeline in Virginia. The central research question focused on the relationship between the criminalization of behavior in schools, racial bias, and gender stereotypes on the overrepresentation of African American girls in the school to prison pipeline. Employing a qualitative case study design, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 8 African American women (ages 20-30) and surveys from 12 educators. Other data included school discipline and juvenile justice reports from the Virginia Department of Education and Office of Juvenile Justice. The interview data were coded and analyzed using matrix and thematic analysis. Three findings emerged from the thematic analysis from document data. First, participants perceive diversionary programs, community partnership and restorative justice programs create safe and positive learning environments. Second, there are opportunities for policymakers to use their influence to promote social equity. Finally, zero tolerance policies are ineffective. The positive social change implications from this study include recommendations to policymakers to implement restorative justice programs to ensure that all students learn in a positive environment. These actions will benefit all students in public schools and decrease racial disparities in schools and the juvenile justice system.

The purpose of this dissertation study was to consider the ways in which middle school students made meaning of their experience with exclusionary discipline, specifically in-school suspension (ISS). While ISS has historically been positioned as an alternative to exclusionary discipline, ISS programs are often designed in ways that are exclusionary. Current research on exclusionary discipline points to the ways in which suspensions and expulsions impact students academically, socially, and emotionally. Very little of that research, however, considers the perspectives of the students who have been the recipients of exclusionary discipline. Thus, seeking to more fully understand the lived experiences of students who have been in ISS, I chose to apply a phenomenological methodology to the study. The research took place in a large school system in the Southeast, specifically with 13 middle school students in grades six through eight. The participants had been suspended between four and 14 times, for between eight and 37 days. Situating the study within a social constructionist framework, I viewed student behavior as socially constructed within interactions with school personnel. Drawing on an interpretive approach to phenomenological inquiry, I developed verbal portraits of each student in the form of first person accounts of their experiences with ISS. I also conducted a thematic analysis of the 13 interviews, developing five themes that illustrated how they made meaning of their experience. The themes, expressed in the words of the participants, are: (1) Gettin’ Written Up, (2) There are Some Teachers, (3) Sometimes it’s Boring. Sometimes it’s Fun. Sometimes it’s Torture. (4) The ISS Teacher’s a Nice Lady with a Snoozy Attitude, and (5) Our Learning Time. Based on these findings, implications are presented for both educators and educational researchers. Implications include (1) the need for students’ input into educational decisions and educational research, (2) the need to research and design ISS programs that benefit students rather than simply punish them, (3) the need for discussions around teachers who bully students and the ways in which students resist such treatment (or don’t), and (4) the need to further investigate the role of the ISS teacher in student discipline.

The study compares the use of authoritarian corporatism in Taiwan and Indonesia. The comparison is made for the purpose of obtaining a more balanced relation between the state and the society in these two countries. The adopted definitions of corporatism in the study are by Wiarda and Stepan. Wiarda defined corporatism as a system of social and political organization in which the major social and interest groups are all integrated into the government system. The integration is on a monopoly base so that the state can reach a balanced development by means of directions, protections, and control over these groups. Stepan divided corporatism into two kinds: exclusionary and inclusionary corporatism. Specifically, the study adopts the theory of exclusionary and focuses the comparison on the establishment and operation of trade union system. The research results of the study are as follows. First, both in Taiwan and Indonesia, the use of authoritarian corporatism has social and political backgrounds. The social background refers to the prevailing traditional values of Confucialism in Taiwan and Pancasila Industrial Relation in Indonesia. Both values systems place a premium on a harmonious and cooperative interaction between the employers and the labors. Therefore, the idea is denied that labors have the right to fight for their own benefits against the employers. Second, both Taiwan and Indonesia governments choose authoritarian corporatism as the tool to control the society. The choice is made not out of the need to moderate benefits of various social classes or to cope with economic crisis. Instead, it is for setting up functional, not competitive social organization systems. These organizations are the paths connecting different interest groups. At the same time, some organizations which are not favored by the state are kept from being formed. The participation in politics is limited to a certain scale. Such measure is considered preventive authoritarian corporatism. The application of the authoritarian corporatism makes the trade union systems both in Taiwan and Indonesia become the marginal parts of the political framework. It¡¦s hard then to have the labors own more rights. So the corporarism is also exclusionary authoritarian corporatism. The labor organization is naturally an expansion of the political control of the state over the labors. Third, it is found that under the framework of authoritarian corporatism, the operation of labor organizations varies according to the changing goals of state¡¦s development. However, there is a difference in the manner and extent of Taiwan¡¦s control over the operation from that of the Indonesia government. Taiwan government controls the operation in an active manner while the Indonesia government controls the operation in a passive manner. Fourth, at the end of authoritarian politics in Taiwan and in Indonesia, the demands for changes are appearing in both countries. It¡¦s inferred that there may appear inclusionary corporatism which will lead to a more balanced relation among the labors, the employers and the states both in Taiwan and Indonesia.

Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Summaries in English and Afrikaans. Includes bibliographical references.

Greenbelts have been used around the world to control urban growth and to enhance the natural environment of cities since the last century. However, some Latin American governments, influenced by urban renewal principles and modern planning, have implemented greenbelts to beautify and order cities. Much criticism has arisen about the social repercussions of using greenbelts as a way to control citizen behavior, which in many cases has resulted in exclusionary practices, especially of low-income populations. Based on a case study that documents and analyzes the uses and perceptions of residents of the informal settlement, Los Platanitos, of the Parque Nacional Mirador Norte, my research attempts to illuminate the political and social processes shaping urban environmental planning in Santo Domingo in order to understand practices of exclusion and marginalization in contexts marked by socioeconomic inequalities. / text

Com base nas contribuições de (MARTÍNEZ-ALIER, 2009), (SEN,2009), (ACSELRAD,2009) e (RIBEIRO, 2008), este trabalho investigou o modelo de intervenção promovido pelo Programa Social e Ambiental dos Igarapés de Manaus PROSAMIM realizado com recursos do Governo do Estado do Amazonas e empréstimos contraídos com o Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento BID, para intervenções urbanísticas, habitacionais e ambientais em cursos dágua localizados na bacia hidrográfica do Educandos, decretadas, pelo município, como Área de Especial Interesse Social. Projeto urbanístico que se não fosse os 77,26% de deslocamentos, por indenizações, impactando outros cursos dágua, seria um modelo inovador de abordagem socioambiental. Neste contexto a proposta da investigação foi espacializar o fenômeno dos deslocamentos e o pós-reassentamento na dimensão da casa e do urbano para os remanejados em unidades habitacionais no Parque Residencial Manaus e na dimensão do urbano para os reassentados em casas populares nos Conjuntos Habitacionais João Paulo II, Cidadão V, Nova Cidade e Presidente Lula. Cujos resultados, fundamentados em oficinas diagnósticas e dados georreferenciados sinalizaram para as áreas remanescentes fragilidade quanto à adequação do modelo habitacional às especificidades de uma cidade sobre as águas, como é Manaus e à cultura e clima local, impondo novos hábitos de consumo e adequação nas relações sociais, com o novo entorno. Para os reassentados nos quatro Conjuntos Habitacionais, se identificou com as variáveis que as principais ameaças advêm da falta de equipamentos e serviços urbanos mínimos necessários à dignidade humana. Associado aos efeitos adversos ocasionados pela falta de proteção dos recursos hídricos levando ao comprometimento a fauna aquática, a sociedade e os ecossistemas. O método DRUP, orientou as técnicas de pesquisa com as oficinas diagnósticas, pesquisa documental, entrevistas, e registro fotográfico para o recorte temporal do ano de 2003 a 2012. / Based on contributions (MARTÍNEZ-ALIER, 2009), (SEN, 2009), (ACSELRAD,2009) and (RIBEIRO, 2008), this study investigated the intervention model promoted by the Social and Environmental Stream Program of Manaus PROSAMIM, and it was accomplished with resources from Amazonass governement and loans from the Inter-American Development Bank IDB, to urban interventions, housing and environmental in watercourses located in the water basin of Educandos, proclaimed by the town as a Special Area of Social Interest. Urban project that if it werent for the 77.26% of displacements, for indemnities, impacting other watercourses, it would be an innovative model of socio-environmental approach. In this context the proposal of the research was spatialize the phenomenon of displacement and post- resettlement in the dimension of the houses to the relocation of housing units in Parque Residencial Manaus and dimension of the urban people to the resettled citizens in popular houses in the Housing Complexes João Paulo II , Cidadão V, Nova Cidade and President Lula, whose results, based on diagnostic workshops and georeferenced data signaled to remaining weaknesses areas, in relation to the adequacy of housing model to the specifications of a city on the water, such as Manaus and the culture and local climate, imposing new consumption habits and adequacy to social relations, with the new surroundings. For the resettled citizens in the four Housing Complexes, it has been identified, with the variables, that the main threats come from the lack of equipment and minimum urban services necessary for human dignity. Associated with adverse effects caused by the lack of protection of water resources leading to commitment with the aquatic fauna, society and ecosystems. The method DRUP, guided search techniques with diagnostic workshops, data research interviews, and photographic record for the time frame of 2003 to 2012.

Exclusionary discipline is a consequence of behavior for students who break the student code of conduct. Extensive research about the effects that exclusionary discipline can have on secondary students, as evidenced by reduced graduation rates, has been conducted; but, research studies investigating the potential impact that exclusionary discipline can have on the academic outcomes of students at the elementary level have yet to be conducted. The use of exclusionary discipline is overrepresented in students with low socio-economic (SES) backgrounds; large populations of low-SES students are educated at Title I schools that receive federal funding to support academic growth. The purpose of this causal-comparative, non-experimental study was to investigate the impact that exclusionary discipline consequences had on fifth-grade students who attended all of the elementary schools within one north Texas school district during the 2018-2019 school year. In conjunction with the examination of the effect that the assignment of exclusionary discipline consequences can have on the academic outcomes of fifth-grade students, student-specific variables such as attendance at a Title I or non-Title I campus, student race, timing of exclusionary discipline assignment, and students in various educational programs were investigated to determine the potential impact of exclusionary discipline on fifth-grade students by student subgroup. Archival data such as the number of days a student spent in exclusionary discipline, student demographics, and students' scores on the State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR) standardized test scores in reading and mathematics were utilized. A summary of findings, implications for administrators and schools, and recommendations for future research is also presented.

Denna studie är en kritisk diskursanalys av tidningen Expressens artikelserie kring "Järnrörsskandalen" med särskilt fokus riktat kring hur Faircloughs tredimensionella analysmodell kan användas för att undersöka olika diskursordningar. Foucaults teori kring utestängningsmekanismer utgör även en betydande del av analysunderlaget och påvisar det komplexa förhållandet kring att försöka påvisa diskursens konstanta föränderlighet. Resultaten visar på en betyande svårighet kring att fastställa en obestridlig sanning. Trots denna problematik bedöms tidningen Expressen hantera diskursordningens följdriktghet ur ett utomordentligt effektivt sätt med hänsyn till källmaterialets svåra hantering. / This study is a critical discourse analysis regarding the swedish newspaper "Expressen" series of articles on the "Iron pipe scandal" with a focus on how Fairclough's three-dimensional analysis model can be used to investigate different order of discourse arrangements. Foucault's theory of exclusionary mechanisms also forms a significant part of the analytical data and demonstrates the complex relationship around trying to demonstrate the constant variability of discourse. The results show a significant difficulty in establishing an undeniable truth. Despite this problem, the newspaper Expressen is refereed to handle the consistency of the discourse order in an extraordinary effective way regarding the difficult management of the source material.

The school-to-prison pipeline is an expansive issue that impacts the educational and criminal justice systems in the United States. Traditionally, the research has linked the prevalence of the pipeline to factors based within school systems. These systemic factors include the use of zero tolerance policies, exclusionary disciplinary practices, and the presence of school resource officers. The proposed study aims to assess the impact of factors that perpetuate the school-to-prison pipeline that are non-systemic in nature. For the purposes of this study, the non-systemic contributors to the school-to-prison pipeline to be assessed are parental socialization, child self-control, learned noncompliance, child resilience, child problem behaviors, and child deviance. Scales for each non-systemic contributor were created and complied into a survey instrument. The study utilized an exploratory, quantitative methodology and non-experimental research using a survey approach in a cross-sectional design to assess the perceptions of non-systemic contributors of the school-to-prison pipeline among mental health professionals who service youth at risk for justice system involvement. A sample of 71 mental health professionals participated in the study. Results indicated that resilience predicted behavior problems in schools above and beyond any other non-systemic contributor. This finding produced wide-ranging implications for the manner in which children are socialized at home and disciplined at school.