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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
101

Molecular Physiological Characterization of Ammonia Transport in Freshwater Rainbow Trout

Nawata, C. Michele 12 1900 (has links)
Ammonia excretion from the freshwater fish gill is thought to occur mainly via passive diffusion of NH3 aided by a favourable plasma-to-water ammonia gradient sustained by a pH gradient formed by an acidified gill boundary layer. Rhesus (Rh) proteins are the newest members of the ammonia transporter superfamily. In this thesis research, ten rainbow trout Rh cDNA sequences were cloned and characterized. Rhcg2 mRNA and H+-ATPase mRNA and activity levels were upregulated in the trout gill pavement cells in response to experimentally elevated plasma ammonia, concurrent with enhanced ammonia excretion. Controversially, Rh proteins are thought to transport C02. However, Rh mRNA levels in most tissues of hypercapnia-exposed trout remained stable suggesting that trout Rh proteins likely do not conduct C02. Xenopus oocytes expressing trout Rh proteins facilitated the bi-directional transport of methylamine, an ammonia analogue. Methylamine transport was inhibited by ammonia and sensitive to a pH gradient and the concentration of the protonated species. Use of the scanning ion electrode technique (SIET) indicated that trout Rh proteins have an ammonia affinity within the physiological range, which is greater than that for methylamine, and they transport ammonia more rapidly than methylamine. A model of ammonia excretion in the trout gill pavement cell is proposed wherein ammonia enters via basolateral Rhbg and exits via apical Rhcg2, binding to these channels as NH4+ but transiting as NH3. In the gill boundary layer, NH3 combines with an H+ ion released from H+-ATPase and/or Na+/H+ exchange, forming NH4+. As low-affinity, high-capacity ammonia transporters, Rh proteins in the trout gill would exploit the favourable pH gradient formed by the acidic boundary layer to facilitate rapid ammonia efflux when plasma ammonia levels are elevated. Basal plasma ammonia levels are likely maintained by simple passive NH3 diffusion with a smaller role for Rh proteins under these conditions. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
102

The Impact of Bisphenol A Exposure on Implantation, Steroid Hormone Excretion, Uterine Morphology and Receptor Expression in Inseminated Female CF-1 Mice

Berger, Robert G. 09 1900 (has links)
<p> Bisphenol-A (BPA), used in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, has established estrogenic properties. Early pregnancy in mice is highly sensitive to exogenous estrogens, particularly during the period of blastocyst implantation. Accordingly, I assessed pregnancy outcome, implantation, urinary hormone levels and uterine morphology following BPA exposure. Subcutaneous injections of BPA administered on days 1 through 4 of gestation reduced litter size at a dose of 3 mg/animal/day and decreased the proportion of parturient females at 10 mg/animal/day. Hysterectomies performed on day 6 of pregnancy confirmed a significant disruption of implantation occurring at doses as low as 6 mg/animal/day. Urinary progesterone levels were also reduced by 10 mg/animal/day. Uterine luminal area expanded substantially in response to increasing doses of BPA. Luminal epithelial cell height increased following exposure to 10.125 mg/animal, whereas there were no differences in the number of corpora lutea among conditions. The proportion of cells staining positively for estrogen receptors was affected non-monotonically, showing highest levels at 3.375 mg/animal and lowest levels at 10.125 mg/animal. Similarly progesterone receptor expression measured through western blots related non-monotonically to dose, being highest at 3.375 mg/animal and diminishing with increasing dose. Effects of a single administration of BPA on days 0, 1, or 2 of gestation were also investigated. A single dose of 10 mg reduced the number of implantation sites when given on day 0 or 1, and 6 mg did so on day 1, but there was no such effect of any dose administered on day 2. Exposure to low, environmentally-relevant doses of BPA did not result in any clear reproductive or hormonal effects. These studies highlight the detrimental effects BPA exposure induces during early pregnancy and provides further evidence of its weak estrogenic properties in vivo.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
103

Effects of Blood Feeding on The Transcriptome of The Malpighian Tubules in The Asian Tiger Mosquito Aedes albopictus

Esquivel Palma, Carlos Josue 19 May 2015 (has links)
No description available.
104

Nutritional strategies to improve nitrogen efficiency and reduce nitrogen excretion of lactating dairy cows

Noftsger, Susan M. January 2003 (has links)
No description available.
105

Corn responses to high levels of copper application as copper rich pig manure

Bajracharya, Keshari January 1987 (has links)
The use of copper (Cu) in pig production to stimulate growth and improve feed efficiency is presently being questioned due to the potential environmental hazards associated with the repeated disposal of the resulting Cu rich manure in agricultural land. Results of field experiments conducted on three diverse Virginia soils indicated that the long-term application of Cu as either copper sulfate or Cu rich pig manure, even at high application rates (average application rate for 9 years was 108 metric tons of manure ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ or 32 kg Cu ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), had no adverse effects on corn yields. Copper levels in corn grain and leaf tissue were not increased by the nine annual applications of Cu rich manure or CuSO₄ , except for a slight increase in Cu concentration in corn grain from CuSO₄ application on only one soil. Copper concentrations in all plant tissues were well within normal ranges for all treatments at all sites. Corn grain yields were not decreased by Cu application on any of the three soils. / M.S.
106

An investigation into the physiology of urate pellet excretion by Parcoblatta fulvescens (Saussure and Zehntner) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)

Lembke, Hannah January 1985 (has links)
Physiological parameters involved in formed urate pellet excretion by the wood cockroach, <i>Parcoblatta fulvescens</i> were investigated. Uric acid excretion by last instar juvenile <i>P. fulvescens</i> was studied first. Food consumption, urate and non-urate pellet excretion patterns show a skewed distribution with peak feeding occurring on day six and peak voiding of both pellet types on day seven of a 17.0 ± 2.0 (SD) day ecdysial cycle. The amount of urates excreted is determined by the level of dietary protein (p<0.0001) and is linearly related to protein consumption. Selective feeding on protein, carbohydrate and cellulose diets by reproductive female <i>P. fulvescens</i> was investigated. Separate consumption patterns exist for each diet. These females did not excrete uric acid. Urate pellet consumption by reproductive female <i>P. fulvescens</i> was examined in relation to dietary protein and carbohydrate. Urate pellet consumption increases with decreasing protein and increasing carbohydrate levels. Females that consume urate pellets do not excrete uric acid. These results suggest that urate-containing pellets serve to transfer nitrogen reserves among individuals. Urate spherules were enzymatically and histochemically identified in the middle and proximal regions of the Malpighian tubules of <i>P. fulvescens</i>, <i>Shawella couloniana</i> and <i>Symploce hospes</i>. These spherules are discharged into the hindgut in sufficient quantities to obscure the presence of food residues. The significance of formed urate pellet excretion is discussed in relation to the nitrogen economy of <i>Parcoblatta fulvescens</i>. / Master of Science / incomplete_metadata
107

Quitosana associada a grão de soja integral na alimentação de vacas leiteiras: I. Digestão, metabolismo e desempenho produtivo; II. Avaliação de metodologias para estimativas da digestibilidade aparente total e produção microbiana ruminal / Chitosan associated with whole raw soybeans in the dairy cows diets: I. Digestion, metabolism and productive performance; II. Evaluation of techniques for estimates the total-tract apparent digestibility and microbial protein synthesis

Zanferari, Filipe 31 March 2017 (has links)
A presente tese foi elaborada em três capítulos, correspondente às seções 2, 3 e 4. No primeiro objetivou-se avaliar a associação de quitosana com grão de soja integral nas dietas sobre o consumo, fermentação ruminal, digestibilidade e metabolismo de nutrientes e seus efeitos sobre a produção de leite, perfil de ácidos graxos do leite e a eficiência produtiva de vacas em lactação. Para tal, 24 vacas multíparas da raça Holandesa, oito dessas com cânula ruminal, foram distribuídas em quadrados latinos 4×4 replicados. Os tratamentos foram obtidos por esquema fatorial 2×2 pela combinação de quitosana e grão de soja integral nas dietas. De modo geral, a associação de quitosana com grão de soja aumentou a eficiência de fermentação ruminal, reduziu as populações bacterianas ligadas à biohidrogenação e aumentou o teor de ácidos graxos insaturados na gordura do leite, mas houve significativa redução do consumo e digestibilidade dos nutrientes, da síntese de proteína microbiana e da produção de leite. No entanto, a adição de quitosana em dietas sem suplementação lipídica pode ser uma boa estratégia nutricional para aumentar a retenção de N e a eficiência alimentar de vacas em lactação, e adicionalmente, aumentar o teor de ácidos graxos insaturados e de cis-9, trans-11 CLA no leite. No segundo capítulo, o objetivo geral foi avaliar os indicadores externos Cr2O3 e TiO2 e os internos MSi, FDNi e FDAi, estes analisados em diferentes sacos de incubação in situ, a partir da acurácia, precisão e robustez das estimativas de excreção fecal em ensaio de digestão com vacas leiteiras consumindo diferentes dietas. Foram utilizadas oito vacas canuladas no rúmen para a realização de coletas totais de fezes com 24, 48 e 72 h de duração. De modo geral, o Cr2O3 gerou estimativas acuradas e precisas, no entanto a recuperação fecal e a robustez foram afetadas pelo consumo de extrato etéreo das vacas. O indicador TiO2 apresentou incompleta recuperação fecal, baixa acurácia, precisão e robustez. Dentre as combinações avaliadas para os indicadores internos, a FDNi em sacos de poliéster teve completa recuperação fecal e gerou as estimativas mais acuradas, precisas e robustas. A falta de acurácia e precisão dos indicadores têm grande impacto final sobre as estimativas de digestibilidade. No terceiro capítulo, o objetivo foi avaliar o uso da creatinina como indicador do volume urinário para estimativas de excreção total de derivados de purinas como técnica de avaliação da produção microbiana ruminal em vacas leiteiras alimentadas com diferentes dietas. Também foram utilizadas as oito vacas canuladas no rúmen para a realização de coletas totais de urina com 24, 48 e 72 h de duração. De modo geral, a creatinina foi afetada pelas condições experimentais do estudo, incluindo efeito de dieta e variações conforme o período experimental e animais. Apesar da relação entre excreção observada e estimada de derivados de purinas, essa deve ser vista com cautela, em razão de que o volume urinário foi subestimado e que as estimativas não identificaram corretas diferenças entre as dietas, comprometendo as avaliações sobre a produção microbiana ruminal. / The present thesis was elaborated in three chapters, corresponding to sections 2, 3 and 4. In the first one, the aim was to evaluate the association of chitosan (C) and whole raw soybean (WRS) in diets, evaluating the intake, ruminal fermentation, digestibility and nutrient metabolism and its effects on milk production, milk fatty acids profile and the productive efficiency of lactating cows. Twenty four multiparous Holstein cows, eight of them fitted with ruminal cannula, were distributed in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin squares. The treatments were a combination of C and WRS diets arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design. This association increased the efficiency of ruminal fermentation, reducing the bacterial population responsible for the biohydrogenation and increased the unsaturated fatty acids in milk. The C and WRS diets caused a significant reduction in DMI and nutrient digestibility, in microbial protein synthesis and milk yield. However, the addition of C in diets without a lipid supplementation may be a good nutritional strategy to increase the N retention and increase the food efficiency of lactating cows, and, indeed, to increase the unsaturated fatty acids content, mainly cis-9, trans-11 CLA. In the second chapter, the objective was to evaluate the external indicators Cr2O3 and TiO2 and the indigestible internal DM, NDF and ADF that were determined in in situ different incubation bags from the accuracy, precision and robustness of the fecal excretion estimates in a digestion assay with different dairy cow diets. Eight cows fitted with ruminal cannula were used to perform total fecal collection over 24, 48 and 72 hours. The Cr2O3 generated accurate estimates, however, the fecal recovery and robustness were affected by the ether extract intake. The TiO2 indicator showed incomplete fecal recovery, low accuracy, precision and robustness. Among the combinations for the internal indicators, the iNDF in polyester bags had a complete recovery and generated the most accurate and robust estimates. The lack of accuracy and precision of the indicators have a big impact on the digestibility estimates. In the third chapter, the aim was to evaluate the use of creatinine as an indicator of urinary volume. It would be possible to estimate the total excretion of purine derivatives to evaluate the ruminal microbial protein synthesis in different cow diets. Also, eight multiparous cows fitted with ruminal cannula were used to make total urine collection over 24, 48 and 72 hours. The creatinine was affected by the study experimental conditions, including dietary effect and variations according to period and animals. The relationship between observed and estimated excretion of purine derivatives should be viewed with caution, because the urinary volume was underestimated and the estimates did not identify the correct differences between diets, that could compromise the evaluations of ruminal microbial production.
108

Estudo de interação entre a ranitidina e o diclofenaco em voluntários sadios após administração peroral de Voltaren 50 / Pharmacokinetics interaction between diclofenac and ranitidine after peroral administration of Voltaren 50 to healthy volunteers

Porta, Valentina 27 January 1993 (has links)
Capítulo 1 O diclofenaco de sodio é um antiinflamatório não-esteroidal que, além de atividade antiinflamatória, apresenta também propriedades analgésica e antipirética. Seus efeitos farmacológicos estão relacionados à inibição da síntese de prostaglandinas. Vários métodos utilizando técnicas cromatográficas tem sido propostos para a determinação de diclofenaco em plasma, incluindo a cromatografia gás-líquido com detecção por captura de elétrons ou por ionização de chama, a cromatografia gás-líquido-espectrometria de massa e a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detecção eletroquímica ou no ultravioleta. Descreve-se aqui um método rápido, sensível e específico para a determinação de diclofenaco em plasma usando apenas 200 &#181;l de amostra e envolvendo extração simples e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) com detecção no ultravioleta. Extraiu-se o diclofenaco adicionando-se 200 &#181;l de plasma a tubos contendo 500 ng de padrão interno (ácido 2-(p-ciclo-hexen- 1\'-il-fenil)propiônico e 100 &#181;l de ácido ortofosfórico 2,5 N. A seguir adicionaram-se 4 ml de diclorometano e extraiu-se a mistura em agitador de tubos durante 60 segundos. Após centrifugação a 3000 rpm por 20 minutos a fase aquosa foi desprezada e a fase orgânica foi filtrada em membrana Millipore&#174; FHLP 01300 de 0,4 &#181;m e evaporada em corrente de nitrogênio a 37°C. O resÍduo foi dissolvido em 100 a 1000 &#181;l de fase móvel para injeção em CLAE. Empregou-se para a separação coluna Novapak&#174; C18, 150 x 3,9 mm, 4 &#181;m e fase móvel constituída por mistura de tampão acetato 0,75 M, pH 5,O e acetonitrila (55:45, v/v). A detecção foi feita em &#955; = 282 nm. O diclofenaco e seu padrão interno foram eluidos respectivamente a 3,3 e 6,5 minutos em fluxo de 0,9 ml/min. Os limites de confiança do método foram: 10-10000 ng/ml. linearidade; 1 ng/ml, sensibilidade; 95 %, recuperação relativa e 3,5 e 5,7 %, precisão intra e interdias, respectivamente. Este micrométodo mostrou-se suficientemente sensível, preciso e exato para estudos de disposição cinética e bioequivalêneia de fomulações contendo diclofenaco. Capítulo 2 Estudou-se a biodisponibilidade do diclofenaco nos produtos Voltaren&#174; 50 (A), Voltaren Retard&#174; 100 (B) e Artren&#174; 100 (C) após administração de dose única peroral de um comprimido a oito voluntários de ambos os sexos, adultos e sadios. As formulações foram administradas seguindo protocolo de estudo estabelecido por sorteio. Os voluntários em jejum receberam os medicamentos em dose única pela manhã e as amostras de sangue foram colhidas 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 e 24 horas após a administração. A concentração plasmática de diclofenaco foi determinada por técnica em cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) de fase reversa com detecção no ultravioleta em &#955; = 282 nm após extração com solvente orgânico em meio ácido. Com base nas curvas \"concentração plasmática (C) vs tempo\" e \"logC vs tempo\" foram detenninados os parâmetros da fase absortiva para os três produtos, em X-&#177; EPM: Cmax= 741 &#177; 137 ng/ml e tmax = 2,6 &#177; 0,4 h para o produto A, Cmax = 1399 &#177; 326 ng/ml e tmax = 2,4 &#177; 0,2 h para o produto B, Cmax = 192 &#177; 70 ng/ml e tmax = 2,3 &#177; 0,2 h para o produto C. Os valores de AUCT, calculados pelo método dos trapezóides e extrapolação a infinito, foram, em X- &#177; EPM: 1603 &#177; 253 ng.h/ml para o produto A, 3177 &#177; 606 ng.h/ml para o produto B, 2237 &#177; 529 ng.h/ml para o produto C. A extensão da biodisponibilidade (EBA) do diclofenaco nos produtos Voltaren&#174; 50 (A) e Artren&#174; 100 (C) foi calculada usando-se como referência o produto Voltaren Retard&#174; 100 (B). Foram obtidos os seguintes valores, em X- &#177; EPM (mediana): 138 &#177; 35 (123) % para o produto A, 102 &#177; 35 (68) % para o produto C. A partir dos resultados obtidos sugere-se que o produto B, citado como de liberação prolongada e usado como referência neste trabalho, apresentou características de rápida liberação, semelhantes às do produto A, sugerindo possível falha de impermeabilização no revestimento dos núcleos contendo diclofenaco de sódio durante o processamento industrial do lote do qual provieram os comprimidos aqui avaliados. Capítulo 3 O diclofenaco é um antiinflamatório não-esteroidal indicado para o tratamento de pacientes portadores de inflamações dolorosas de origem reumática ou não. É biotransformado por reações de oxidação seguidas de conjugação glicurônica. Uma pequena porcentagem do fármaco original sofre glicuronização direta. Vários métodos têm sido propostos para a determinação de diclofenaco e seus produtos de biotransformação em fluidos biológicos, incluindo cromatografia a gás com detecção por captura de elétrons e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) com detecção eletroquímica ou no ultravioleta. Entretanto, nenhum dos métodos utilizando CLAE mostrou-se suficientemente seletivo para o uso em estudos de disposição cinética. Descreve-se aqui um método sensível e específico para a determinação de diclofenaco e seus produtos de biotransformação hidroxilados em urina por CLAE com detecção no ultravioleta precedida de hidrólise enzimática nas amostras e extração com solvente orgânico em meio ácido. Adicionaram-se 500 &#181;l de urina a tubos contendo 10 mg de mistura de &#946;-glicuronidase e aril-sulfatase e 500 &#181;l de tampão acetato 0,75 M. A mistura foi incubada a 37°C por uma hora e, em seguida, transferiram-se 800 &#181;l do hidrolisado para tubos contendo 3,3 &#181; de padrão interno para diclofenaco (ácido 2-(p-ciclo-hexen-1\'-fenil)propiônico) e 1,0 &#181; de padrão interno para produtos de biotransformação (fenacetina). Procedeu-se à extração com 2 ml de mistura de diclorometano e álcool isopropílico (9:1, v/v) e agitação seguida por centrifugação a 3000 rpm durante 30 minutos. Desprezou-se a fase aquosa e filtrou-se a fase orgânica em sistema Millipore&#174; com membrana FHLP 01300 0,4 &#181;m. O extrato orgânico foi evaporado em corrente de nitrogênio a 37°C e o resíduo, dissolvido em volumes de 500-2000 &#181;l de fase móvel e injetado em CLAE. Usaram-se dois sistemas cromatográficos independentes e consecutivos para a separação do diclofenaco e seus metabólitos hidroxilados. Inicialmente utilizou-se coluna de fase reversa ODS-Shimadzu, 150 x 6,0 mm, 5 &#181;m e fase móvel constituída por tampão acetato 0,01 M, pH 5,0, metanol e acetonitrila (50:40:5) a um fluxo de 1,0 ml/min para eluição do padrão interno (fenacetina) a 10 minutos, 4\',5-di-hidroxidiclofenaco a 12 minutos, 3\'-hidroxidiclofenaco a 34 minutos, 4\'-hidroxidiclofenaco a 40 minutos e 5-hidroxidiclofenaco a 44 minutos. Em seguida utilizou-se a coluna Novapak&#174; C18, 150 x 3,9 mm, 4 &#181;m e fase móvel constituída por tampão acetato 0,75 M, pH 5,0 e acetonitrila (55:45, v/v) e um fluxo de 0,9 ml/min para eluição do diclofenaco a 3,3 minutos e padrão interno (ácido 2-(p-ciclo-hexen-l\'-il-fenil)propiônico, a 6,5 minutos. Os limites de confiança do método foram: 0,4-10,0 &#181;g/ml, linearidade; 0,1 &#181;/ml, sensibilidade, 75 %, recuperação relativa média da extração e precisão intra e interdias variando de 1,3 a 2,2 % e de 3,3 a 5,7 %, respectivamente. O método mostrou-se suficientemente sensível, preciso, exato e específico para o uso em estudos de excreção urinária de diclofenaco e seus produtos de biotransformação hidroxilados. Capítulo 4 Avaliou-se a existência ou não de interação farmacocinética entre a ranitidina e o diclofenaco em voluntários sadios após administração de dose peroral de Voltaren&#174; 50. Selecionaram-se 15 e avaliaram-se oito voluntários adultos, de ambos os sexos, sadios, em estudo constituído por duas fases. Dos oito voluntários, um foi excluído do estudo. Na Fase I o diclofenaco foi administrado isoladamente aos voluntários em jejum pela manhã. Na Fase II, os voluntários foram submetidos a um tratamento de sete dias com ranitidina, depois do qual receberam nova dose de diclofenaco. A administração de ranitidina continuou por mais três dias. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue e urina no intervalo de 0-72 horas após a administração de diclofenaco nas duas fases do estudo. Determinou-se a concentração plasmática e urinária de diclofenaco e a concentração urinária de seus produtos de biotransformação hidroxilados por técnica de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, em dois perfis independentes e consecutivos para diclofenaco e produtos de biotransformação, precedida por extração com solvente orgânico em meio ácido e, no caso das amostras de urina, precedida também por hidrólise enzimática. Os valores de \"clearance\" de formação (Clf) dos produtos de biotransformação hidroxilados foram, em X &#177; EPM (mediana): 15,9 &#177; 2,9 (15,2) ml/min para o 4\',5-hidroxidiclofenaco, 3,3 &#177; 0,9 (2,6) ml/min para o 3\'-hidroxidiclofenaco, 22,1 &#177; 5,9 (23,5) ml/min para o 4\'-hidroxidiclofenaco e 8,74 &#177; 1,43 (7,4) ml/min para o 5-hidroxidiclofenaco quando se administrou diclofenaco isoladamente. Não houve alteração significativa destes valores pela associação com a ranitidina. Da mesma forma, o \"clearance\" renal (Clr) do diclofenaco, de 7,1 &#177; 2,8 (5,1) ml/min após administração de diclofenaco isolado, não sofreu alteração significativa pela associação com a ranitidina. A associação com a ranitidina provocou um aumento significativo de cerca de 43 % na meia-vida de eliminação do diclofenaco em plasma, que passou de 1,01 &#177; 0,13 h (X &#177; EPM) na Fase I (fármaco isolado) para 1,44 &#177; 0,34 h na Fase II (fármaco associado), além de causar redução da excreção urinária do produto de biotransformação 4\'-hidroxidiclofenaco, que teve sua fração eliminada total (FelT) reduzida de 5,85 &#177; 1,12 (5,06) % (X &#177; EPM (med)) na Fase I para 4,39 &#177; 0,75 (3,73) % na Fase II. Com base nestes resultados sugere-se que a ranitidina reduza a biotransformação do diclofenaco pela diminuição da excreção renal de seu principal produto de biotransformação hidroxilado (4\'-hidroxidiclofenaco) com conseqüente aumento da meia-vida de eliminação plasmática do diclofenaco. Apesar da interação farmacocinética aqui registrada, a associação diclofenaco-ranitidina é vantajosa para pacientes com história de úlcera péptica, suscetíveis a ulceração recorrente. / Capítulo 1 Diclofenac sodium is a non-steroid anti-inflammatory agent which shows a high degree of anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity . It inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis in vitro and in vivo, and this inhibitory effect at least partly explains the mechanism of action of the drug. Several methods have been described for the determination of diclofenac in human plasma or serum, including gas chromatography with electron-capture or flame ionization detection, gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-detection. We describe a rapid, sensitive and specific procedure for the determination of diclofenac in plasma, using only 200 &#181;l of biological sample, involving single extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV-detection. An extraction with dichlormethane was performed by adding 200 &#181;l of plasma to a test tube containing 500 ng internal standard (2-(p-ciclohexen-1\'-fenil)propionic acid) and 100 &#181;l 2,5 N phosphoric acid. HPLC grade dichlormethane (4 ml) was added and the mixture was agitated with a vortex mixer and eentrifuged at 3000 rpm for 20 minutes. The aqueous phase was discarded and the organic phase filtered through a 0,4 &#181;m FHLP 01300 Millipore&#174; filter and evaporated in a stream of nitrogen at 37°C. The residue was dissolved in 100-1000 &#181;l mobile phase and injected into the liquid chromatograph. Analytical separation was performed in an isocratic system on a reverse-phase column (Novapk&#174; C18, 150 x 3,9 mm, 4 &#181;m). The mobile phase was 0,75 M acetate buffer, pH 5,0 and acetonitrile (55:45, v/v). Peaks were monitored at 955; = 282 nm. Diclofenac and its internal standard were eluted at 3,3 and 6,5 minutes, respeCtively, at a flow rate of 0,9 ml/min. Confidence limits for diclofenac measurements in plasma were: 10-10000 ng/ml, linearity; 1 ng/ml, sensitivity; 95 %, relative recovery, and intra and interassay precision of 3,5 and 5,7%, respectively. This micromethod proved to be sufficiently sensible, precise and accurate for kinetic disposition or bioequivalence studies. Capítulo 2 Bioavailability of diclofenac in two test formulations was compared to a reference after single oral dose to healthy adult volunteers of both sex. Formulations were administered after a fasting night following a randomized study protocol. Blood samples were collected at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 hours after dose administration. Diclofenac plasma levels were measured by HPLC technique using a reversed phase system after single extraction with organic solvent in acidic medium.. Peaks were monitored at UV-282 nm. Based on \"plasma concentration vs time\" curves, parameters were determined,expressed as X-&#177; SEM: Cmax = 741 &#177; 137 ng/ml and tmaxm = 2,6 &#177; 0,4 h, product A, Cmax = 1399 &#177; 326 ng/ml and tmax = 2,4 &#177; 0,2 h, product B and Cmax = 192 &#177; 70 ng/ml and tmax = 2,3 &#177; 0,2 h, product C AUCT values, determined by trapezoidal rule and integration to infinity, were, expressed as X- &#177; SEM: 1603 &#177; 253 ng.h/ml, product A, 3177 &#177; 606 ng.h/ml, product B and 2237 &#177; 529 ng.h/ml, product C. Bioavailability (EBA) of diclofenac in test products (A, B) was calculated against reference (B). EBA, expressed as X- &#177; SEM (median), were: 138 &#177;35(123) %, product A and 102 &#177;35 (68) %, product C. Based on this data formulation A and B are bioequivalents while C and B are not bioequivalents. There is a strong evidence that product B, slow-release formulations, as described by the manufacturer, presented fast-release properties. Capítulo 3 Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) advocated for use in painful and inflammatory rheumatic diseases and certain non-rheumatic conditions. Diclofenac is extensively metabolized mainly by oxidative pathways followed by glucuronide conjugation. A small percentage of the original drug is glucuronidated directly. Many methods have been described for the determination of diclofenac and its metabolites in biological fluids, including gas-chromatography with electron-capture detection and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV or electrochemical detection. However, none of the HPLC methods was sufficiently specific for use in kinetic disposition studies. We describe a sensitive and specific procedure for the determination of diclofenac and its hydroxy metabolites in urine, involving single extraction after enzymic hydrolysis of the glucuronic conjugates and HPLC with UV detection. The enzymic hydrolysis was performed by adding 500 &#181;l of urine to test tubes containing 10 mg of a mixture of &#946;-glucuronidase and aril-sulphatase and 500 &#181;l of acetate buffer 0,75 M, pH 5,0. This mixture was incubated at 37°C for one hour. Then, 800 &#181;l of the mixture were transferred to test tubes containing 3,3 &#181;g internal standard for diclofenac (2-(p-ciclohexen-l\'-il-phenyl)propionic acid) and 1 &#181;g internal standard for metabolites (phenacetine). Dichlormethane and isopropyl alcohol (9:1, v/v) (2 ml) was added and the mixture was agitated with a vortex mixer and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 30 minutes. The aqueous phase was discarded and the organic phase filtered through a 0,4 &#181;m FHLP 01300 Millipore&#174; filter and evaporated in a stream of nitrogen at 37°C. The residue was dissolved in 500-2000 &#181;l mobile phase and injected in the liquid chromatograph. Analytical separation was performed in two independent consecutives isocratic systems on reverse-phase column. In the first HPLC profile an ODS-Shimadzu column, 150 x 6,0 mm, 5 &#181;m and a mobile phase constituted of acetate buffer 0,01 M, pH 5,0, methanol and acetonitrile (50:40:5, v/v) at a flow rate of 1,0 <l/min were used for the elution of internal standard (phenacetine) at 10 minutes, 4\',5-dihydroxydiclofenac at 12 minutes, 3\'-hydroxydiclofenac at 34 minutes, 4\'-hydroxydiclofenac at 40 minutes and 5-hydroxydiclofenac at 44 minutes. In the secondonea Novapak&#174; C18 column, 150x 3,9 mm, 4 &#181;m and a mobile phase constituted of acetate buffer 0,75 M, pH 5,0 and acetonitrile (55:45, v/v) at a flow rate of 0,9 ml/min were used for the elution of diclofenac at 3,3 minutes and internal standard (2-(p-cyclohexen-1\'-phenyl)propionic acid) at 6,5 minutes. Confidence limits for diclofenac an its hydroxy metabolites were: 0,4-10,0 &#181;g/ml, linearity; 0.1 &#181;g/ml, sensitivity, 75 %, mean extraction recovery, and intra and interassay precision ranging from 1,3 to 2,2 % and 3,3 to 5,7 %, respectively. This method proved to be sufficiently sensitive, precise, accurate and specific for urinary excretin studies involving diclofenac and its hydroxy metabolites. Capítulo 4 The pharmacokinetic interaction between diclofenac and ranitidine was evaluated in 8 healthy volunteers after peroral single administration of Voltaren&#174; 50 in a two-phase study protocol. On phase I, diclofenac was administered alone, while on Phase II the volunteers were submitted to a chronic treatment with ranitidine for seven days; then a dose of diclofenac was administered and ranitidine continued for three days afterwards. Blood and urine samples were collected at time intervals 0-72 hours after diclofenac administration. Diclofenac and its hydroxylated metabolites in biological fluids were determined by two independent profiles using HPLC technique after a single extraction with organic solvent in acidic medium. Enzymic hydrolysis was necessary for the cleavage of conjugates in urine. Diclofenac elimination half-life was increased by 43 % ranging from 1,01&#177; 0,13 h to 1,44 &#177; 0,34 h (X &#177; SEM) when ranitidine was coadministered. Significant decrease on FelT of 4\'-OH-D ranging from 5,85 &#177; 1,12 (5,06) % to 4,89 &#177; 0,75 (3,73) % (X &#177; SEM (med)) was obtained by ranitidine association. Clf of metabolites expressed as X &#177; SEM (med) were, in ml/min: 15,9 &#177; 2,9 (15,2) for 4\',5-0H-D, 3,3 &#177; 0,9 (2,6) for 3\'-OH-D, 22,1 &#177; 5,9 (23,5) for 4\'-OH-D and 8,7&#177; 1,4 (7,4) for 5-0H-D after peroral single dose of diclofenac alone. These data showed no significant difference when ranitidine was administered. Diclofenac renal clearance (Clr), expressed as X &#177; SEM (med), was 7,1 &#177; 2,8 (5,1) ml/min after diclofenac and 5,4 &#177; 1,9 (3,5) ml/min, ranitidine. Based on these data, ranitidine decreases the biotransformation of diclofenac by inhibition of hydroxylation affecting urinary excretion of its main hydroxy metabolite, 4\'-hydroxydiclofenac. In spite of this pharmacokinetic interaction, without clinical relevance, patients with a history of peptic ulcer and more susceptible to recurrent ulceration, could benefit from the association diclofenac-ranitidine.
109

Farmacocinética, metabolismo e excreção renal da doxorrubicina em pacientes com câncer de mama / Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and urinary excretion of doxorubicin in breast cancer patients

Pippa, Leandro Francisco 29 September 2016 (has links)
O presente estudo visa descrever a farmacocinética, o metabolismo e a excreção renal da doxorrubicina, uma antraciclina utilizada no tratamento do câncer de mama. A doxorrubicina é biotransformada a doxorrubicinol pelas enzimas carbonil redutase 1 e 3 e aldo-ceto redutase. Foram investigadas 12 pacientes portadoras de câncer de mama no primeiro ciclo de tratamento adjuvante ou neoadjuvante com doxorrubicina (60 mg/m2) administrada por infusão intravenosa durante 30 min. As amostras seriadas de sangue foram colhidas até 48 h após o início da infusão e a urina foi coletada em intervalos de 4 h por 48 h. Os métodos de análise da doxorrubicina e doxorrubicinol em urina e em plasma como concentração total e concentração livre foram desenvolvidos empregando LC-MS/MS. Os métodos não apresentaram efeito matriz ou efeito residual e mostraram-se lineares para ambos os analitos nos intervalos de 0,4-200 ng/mL para concentração total em plasma; 0,4-40 ng/mL para concentração livre em plasma e 20-8000 ng/mL de urina. Os parâmetros farmacocinéticos da doxorrubicina foram calculados com base nas curvas de concentração plasmática total versus tempo empregando o programa Phoenix® WinNonlin® por modelo tricompartimental com observação de meias-vidas de distribuição, de eliminação rápida e de eliminação terminal de 0,10; 2,55 e 40,87 h, respectivamente. A fração livre de doxorrubicina foi de 16,05% e de doxorrubicinol de 17,34%. A fração da dose de doxorrubicina recuperada na urina (0-48 h) foi de 2,35% para o fármaco inalterado e de 1,35% para o fármaco metabolizado a doxorrubicinol. Os valores médios de clearances na população do estudo foram de 58,07 L/h para o total, 1,45 L/h para o renal, 56,62 L/h para o hepático e 0,71 L/h para o clearance de formação do metabólito doxorrubicinol. Logo, os dados inferem que a eliminação da doxorrubicina é preponderantemente biliar. Os valores de clearance total não corrigidos em função do peso ou área superficial corpórea mostraram coeficiente de variação de 95,32%, enquanto para valores de clearance total corrigidos em função do peso ou da área superficial corpórea, foram obtidos valores similares, respectivamente, 88,74% e 89,84%. O estudo detalhado da farmacocinética da doxorrubicina e seu metabólito doxorrubicinol permitiu, pela primeira vez, o cálculo da razão de extração hepática (E=0,63) em humanos, classificando a doxorrubicina como um fármaco de extração hepática intermediária. / The aim of this study is to describe the pharmacokinetics, metabolism and renal excretion of doxorubicin, an anthracycline used in breast cancer treatment. Doxorubicin is metabolised to doxorrubicinol by carbonyl reductase 1 and 3, and aldo-keto reductase enzymes. Twelve breast cancer patients with indication of adjuvant or neoadjuvant treatment were assessed during the first cycle of doxorubicin administration (60 mg/m2, iv-infusion, 30 min). Serial blood samples were collected up to 48 hours after the start of iv-infusion; urine was collected in 4-hour intervals, during 48 h. Methods for simultaneous quantification of doxorubicin and doxorubicinol in urine, as well as total and unbound fraction in plasma were developed applying LC-MS/MS. Neither matrix effect or carryover effect were observed. The methods were linear for both analytes in the ranges of 0.4-200 ng/mL for total plasma concentration; 0.4-40 ng/mL for unbound fraction concentration in plasma and 20-8000 ng/mL urine. Doxorubicin pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated based on total plasma concentration versus time curves applying Phoenix® WinNonlin® software by tricompartmental model analysis. Distribution, fast elimination and slow elimination half-lives were observed to be 0.10, 2.55 and 40.87 h, respectively. Unbound fractions were 16.05% for doxorubicin and 17.34% for doxorubicinol. The fraction of doxorubicin dose recovered in urine (0-48 h) was 2.35% for the drug excreted unchanged and 1.35% for doxorubicinol. The clearance mean values for the assessed population were 58.07 L/h for total clearance, 1.45 L/h for renal clearance, 56.62 L/h for hepatic clearance and 0.71 L/h for doxorubicinol metabolite formation clearance. Thus, the data suggest that doxorubicin elimination is carried out mainly by biliary excretion. Initial total clearance values demonstrated 95.32% variation coefficient, while total clearance values corrected to weight or body surface area presented similar variation coefficients, respectively 88.74% and 89.84%. The detailed pharmacokinetics study of doxorubicin and its metabolite doxorubicinol made it possible to calculate, for the first time in humans, the hepatic extraction ratio (E = 0.63), categorising doxorubicin as an intermediate hepatic-extraction-ratio drug.
110

Jodversorgung deutscher Wehrpflichtiger imAlter von 17,5 bis 21 Jahren

Bittermann, Heike 22 October 1999 (has links)
Daten der WHO belegen fast weltweit eine Jodmangelversorgung der Bevölkerung. Auch Deutschland wird zu den Jodmangelgebieten gezählt. Um repräsentative Daten zur Jod-versorgung verschiedener Bevölkerungsgruppen in Deutschland nach der Wieder-ver-einigung zu erheben, wurde ein Jod-Monitoring durchgeführt. Das Jod-Monitoring besteht aus 4 Teilstudien. In dieser Arbeit wird die Teilstudie, in der die Jodversorgung junger Männer, in diesem Fall Wehrpflichtige einer bestimmten Alters-gruppe, untersucht wurde, detailliert dargestellt. Dazu wurde die Jodausscheidung und die Jod-zu-fuhr der Probanden ermittelt. Die Jodaus-scheidung wurde in Spontanurinproben gemes-sen. Die Jodzufuhr wurde nach den Angaben eines Fragebogen berechnet. Ergänzend wurde in den Regionen, in denen das Jod-Monitoring durchgeführt wurde, der Jodgehalt in Trinkwasserproben analysiert. Die statistische Auswertung erfolgte im Hinblick auf regionale Unterschiede (Vergleich Nord/Süd und neue/alte Bundesländer). Die Arbeit enthält eine systematische Analyse der erhobenen großen Datenmenge. Daraus lassen sich Erkenntnisse über das Ernährungsverhalten, den Wissensstand zum Thema Jod und über die regionale Ausprägung der Jodversorgung der Probanden gewinnen. Sie bildet somit eine geeignete Basis für spätere prospektive Erhebungen zur Jodversorgung der Bevölkerung in Deutschland. / Data published by WHO prove a world-wide lack of iodine intake by the population. Even Germany is known as area of nutritional iodine deficiency. An iodine monitoring study has recently been undertaken with the aim of collecting representative data from different sections of the German population following reunification. The iodine monitoring project comprised four partial studies. The present paper represents such a partial study, giving details of iodine intake of young men, in this particular case of persons liable to military service of a specific age group. Iodine excetion and iodine intake of the tested persons were determined. Iodine excretion was measured on the basis of spontaneous urinanalyses. Data on iodine supply were determined in accordance with a questionnaire. In addition, the iodine content of drinking water in the areas covered by the study was determined. Statistical evaluation of the data was performed in respect to regional variations (comparing nothern and southern areas and new/old Lands of the Federal Republic of Germany). The study includes a systematic analysis of the voluminous data set. It allows insights into the eating habits, the status of knowledge about the significance of iodine and on the regional state of iodine supply available for the tested persons. Summing up, this study offers itself as a basis for future prospective studies with respect to the iodine supply of the German population.

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