A 2008 Gallup poll places public support for the death penalty at 64 percent. Stemming from an observation of how little is known about the death penalty, this study sheds light on six key areas of the death penalty: cruel and unusual punishment, deterrence potential, innocence, discrimination, cost, and the challenges created for the legitimacy of America's moral leadership internationally in conjunction with our evolving standards of decency. Following a review of existing literature, six conclusions were made. The first is the methods of execution authorized in this country are not administered "painlessly," and in accordance to the Eighth Amendment. The second is there is n~ evidence to support the claim that the death penalty has a deterrent effect. The third is innocent people have been sentenced to death. The fourth is the death penalty is being applied based on legally improper criteria (race, gender, and socioeconomic class). The fifth is from a strictly financial perspective the death penalty is unreasonable. Lastly is that maintaining our moral leadership as well as the death penalty cannot be done in the eyes of the international community, and the death penalty is on the decline. This study expands upon existing literature regarding the aforementioned six key areas of interests, through the use of a non-experimental, descriptive research survey. Results suggest that although an overwhelming majority of subjects are not knowledgeable about the death penalty, 45 percent still support the death penalty. Education may be the key to bringing a decline in support for the death penalty; those who have taken a class on the death penalty, or are currently taking one support the death penalty 17.4-19.9 percent (respectively) less than those who have never taken a class on the death penalty. In conclusion, support for the death penalty may be related to a lack of knowledge.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / Includes bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The forced transfer of immovable property to enforce judgment debts by way of sale in execution has constitutional implications. Firstly, if the property is residential, section 26 of the Constitution (the housing clause) raises the question whether the current legal framework takes sufficient account of the imperative to respect people‟s access to adequate housing. Read with section 36 (the limitation clause), the requirement is that someone‟s home may only be violated if the result is proportionate based on all the relevant circumstances. Secondly, since the home qualifies as “property” for purposes of the section 25 (the property clause), the law that regulates this forced sale may not permit the arbitrary deprivation of property. In other words, it is necessary to also investigate whether the sale in execution of debtors‟ property satisfies the section 25(1) non-arbitrariness test. Therefore, the research problem that this dissertation addresses revolves around the implications of sections 25 and 26 of the Constitution for the “normal” sale-in-execution process. More specifically, the scope of the investigation is limited to forced transfers of residential property as a result of mortgage foreclosure. What makes this perspective interesting is that, in addition to the debtor‟s constitutional rights, the creditor also enjoys constitutional protection by virtue of the limited real right (the mortgage) that is registered over the debtor‟s home. This real security right is also “property” that is worthy of recognition under section 25. To the extent that the National Credit Act places obstacles in the way of creditors‟ right to enforce their debts, this interference may also amount to a deprivation of property, which must satisfy the requirements of the property clause. This dissertation shows that the traditional common law framework of mortgage foreclosure does not give full effect to debtors‟ sections 25 and 26 rights. Nevertheless, based on the subsidiarity principles, I argue that a development of the common law or the creation of unique constitutional defences is not called for. The reason for this submission is that the debt relief mechanisms of the National Credit Act already provide constitutionally appropriate relief for debtors who face the loss of their properties. The available mechanisms – including debt review, debt rearrangement and the right to reinstate credit agreements – are aimed at resolving the root of mortgage foreclosure, namely over-indebtedness. This approach will ensure that mortgage foreclosures have a constitutionally valid and proportionate effect on the rights of both parties to the mortgage relationship. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die afdwinging van vonnisskulde by wyse van die verkoop in eksekusie van onroerende eiendom is ‟n gedwonge oordrag van eiendom met grondwetlike implikasies. Eerstens, waar die eiendom residensieël is, verg artikel 26 van die Grondwet (die behuisingsklousule) dat die huidige regsraamwerk voldoende rekenskap sal gee van die opdrag om mense se toegang tot geskikte behuising te respekteer. Saamgelees met artikel 36 (die beperkingsklousule), mag daar slegs op iemand se reg van toegang tot behuising inbreuk gemaak word indien die impak regverdigbaar is met inagneming van al die relevante omstandighede. Tweedens, aangesien die huis kwalifiseer as “eiendom” vir doeleindes van artikel 25 (die eiendomsklousule), mag die regsreëls wat eksekusieverkope reguleer nie arbitrêre ontnemings van eiendom toelaat nie. Met ander woorde, dit is nodig om ondersoek in te stel of die verkoop in eksekusie van skuldenaars se wonings aan artikel 25(1) se nie-arbitrêrheidstoets voldoen. Die navorsingsprobleem behels dus die implikasies van artikels 25 en 26 van die Grondwet vir die “normale” verkoop-in-eksekusie proses. Die omvang van die ondersoek is spesifiek beperk tot oordragte van residensiële eiendom as gevolg van die oproep van verbande. Wat hierdie perspektief verder interessant maak, tesame met die feit dat skuldenaars grondwetlike regte het, is die feit dat skuldeisers ook grondwetlike beskerming geniet ten aansien van die beperkte saaklike reg (die verband) wat geregistreer is oor die skuldenaar se huis. Hierdie saaklike sekerheidsreg is ook “eiendom” wat erkenning verdien in terme van artikel 25. Vir sover as wat skuldeisers se vermoë om hul skulde af te dwing deur die Nasionale Kredietwet aan bande gelê word, mag hierdie beperkinge moontlik ook op ‟n ontneming van eiendom neerkom. Gevolglik moet hierdie skuldverligtingsmeganismes ook aan die vereistes van die eiendomsklousule voldoen. Hierdie proefskrif wys daarop dat die tradisionele gemeenregtelike raamwerk vir die oproep van verbande nie ten volle effek gee aan skuldenaars se regte onder artikels 25 en 26 nie. Nietemin, met beroep op die subsidiariteitsbeginsels argumenteer ek dat ‟n ontwikkeling van die gemenereg of die skep van unieke grondwetlike remedies nie in hierdie konteks toelaatbaar is nie. Die rede hiervoor is dat die Nasionale Kredietwet se skuldverligtingsmeganismes reeds voorsiening maak vir grondwetlik aanvaarbare verligting vir skuldenaars wat deur die moontlike verlies van hul eiendomme in die gesig gestaar word. Die beskikbare maatreëls – insluitend skuldhersiening, skuldherstrukturering en die reg om kredietooreenkomste te laat herleef – is gemik daarop om die oorsaak van verbandoproeping aan te spreek, naamlik oorverskuldigdheid. Hierdie benadering sal verseker dat die oproep van verbande ‟n grondwetlik geldige en proporsionele effek op die regte van beide partye het. / South African Research Chair in Property Law / National Research Foundation / Ciucci Bursary

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-11-22T11:45:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Sabrina Berardocco.pdf: 1227928 bytes, checksum: abf5ae73bd896cc998867994d57eb317 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-22T11:45:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sabrina Berardocco.pdf: 1227928 bytes, checksum: abf5ae73bd896cc998867994d57eb317 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-25 / The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze paragraph 1 of article 908 of the Civil Procedure Code (CPC / 15) that does not find a corresponding article in the Civil Procedure Code revoked (CPC / 73), from the point of view of the creditor- executive without a competitive creditor. The legal nature of the acquisition (award procedure) will be analyzed in comparison with the prevailing tax law that asserts the way of original acquisition, when in our research, we realized that it was a derivative form of acquisition. Subrogation in the process, now introduced by the article under study, originates in the sole paragraph of article 130 of the CTN, which deals exclusively with the auctioning, relegating to the field of tax liability other forms of acquisition, according to the caput of the mentioned article. Thus, in our sense, the CPC could not introduce the rule of subrogation on tax credits (IPTU), because it affects the complementary law (CTN), so that we proposed a new reading of paragraph 1 of art. 908 of the CPC, expurgating of its content the tributary debts. The credits that may be subject to the subrogation referred to in §1 of article 908 of the CPC are those established at the time of the award, including those of a propter nature, thus taking into account condominium credits and arising from environmental obligations / O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar o § 1º do artigo 908 do Código de Processo Civil (CPC/15), que não encontra artigo correspondente no Código de Processo Civil revogado (CPC/73), sob o ponto de vista do credor-adjudicatário em tutela executiva sem credor concorrencial. A natureza jurídica da aquisição (adjudicação) será analisada em confronto com a jurisprudência tributária dominante, que assevera ser modo de aquisição originária, quando em nossas pesquisas chegamos à conclusão ser ela uma forma derivada de aquisição. A sub-rogação no processo, ora introduzida pelo artigo em estudo, tem como origem o parágrafo único do artigo 130 do CTN, que trata exclusivamente da arrematação, relegando ao campo da responsabilidade tributária outras formas de aquisição, conforme caput do artigo mencionado. Desse modo, em nosso sentido, não poderia o CPC introduzir a regra da sub-rogação sobre os créditos propter rem tributários (IPTU), por estar afeta à lei complementar (CTN), de tal sorte que propusemos uma nova leitura do § 1º do art. 908 do CPC, expurgando-se de seu conteúdo os débitos tributários. Os créditos que poderão ser objeto da sub-rogação de que trata o § 1º do artigo 908 do CPC são aqueles constituídos à época da adjudicação, incluindo os de natureza propter rem, assim considerados os créditos condominiais e decorrentes de obrigações ambientais

This thesis is the first sustained analysis of the relationship between Elizabethan theatre and the judicial practice of burning at the stake. Focusing on a five-year window of theatrical output (1587-1592), it argues that polemical literary presentations of burning are the key to understanding the stage's negotiation of this most particular form of judicial violence. Unlike other forms of penal violence, burning at the stake was not staged, and only fourteen incidences of the punishment are recorded in Elizabethan England. Its strong literary presence in Protestant historiography is therefore central to this study. Part I explores the tragic and overtly theatrical rhetoric that the widely available Acts and Monuments built around the burning of heretics in the reformation, and argues that the narrative of this drama of injustice intervened in the development of judicial semiotics over the late-sixteenth century. By the time that Tamburlaine was first performed, burning at the stake was a pressing polemical issue, and it haunts early commercial theatre. Elizabethan historiography of the stake was deeply influential in Elizabethan theatre. In Part II, I argue that Marlovian fire spectacles evoke tableaux from the Acts and Monuments to encourage partisan spectatorship, informed by the rhetoric of martyrdom. Dido's self-immolation courts this rhetoric by dismissing the sword from her death, while Tamburlaine's book burning is condemned through its emphatically papist undertones. These plays court the stake through spectacles utilizing its rhetoric. In Part III, I show that characters historically destined to face the stake required thorough criminalization to justify their sentence. Alice Arden is distinguished from female martyrs celebrated for their domestic defiance, while Jeanne d'Arc's historical heresy is forcefully rewritten as witchcraft and whoredom to condemn 1 Henry VI's Joan la Pucelle. Both women are punished offstage, and the plays focus instead on the necessary task of justifying the sentence of burning. Though rare in practice, burning at the stake was a polemical issue in Elizabethan England. Despite the stake's lack of imitation in the theatre, I argue that widely available Protestant historiography - propaganda at the heart of debates about burning and religious violence - affected both how plays were written, and how they could be viewed.

Objetiva-se demonstrar a fundamental importância de a Justiça do Trabalho haver adquirido competência material para executar a contribuição previdenciária decorrente de suas sentenças, em vista dos interesses tutelados, tanto para o trabalhador, quanto para o Sistema Previdenciário, trazendo as conceituações de dignidade da pessoa humana e do valor social do trabalho, os principais pensamentos surgidos acerca dessa temática, enfocando o aspecto de serem princípios corolários da Seguridade Social e do Direito do Trabalho, um em complemento do outro. São traçados aspectos históricos do Direito Laboral e da Seguridade Social, apresentando-se a evolução histórica da competência da JT para executar a contribuição previdenciária, lançando-se um olhar crítico para a reforma do Judiciário, a partir do denominado neoconstitucionalismo e a interpretação da norma constitucional. Também é tratada a contribuição previdenciária na lide trabalhista, sua hipótese de incidência, fato gerador, definindo-se a questão relativa à aplicação da lei no tempo. Discorre-se a respeito da natureza jurídica da sentença trabalhista em relação à contribuição previdenciária, o julgamento proferido pelo STF no RE n 569.056-3-PA e a Proposta de Súmula Vinculante n 28 (incompetência da JT para executar a contribuição previdenciária nas hipóteses de reconhecimento de vínculo de emprego). Perquire-se sobre o papel da União na lide trabalhista, seus aspectos processuais, investigando-se quais as oportunidades de manifestação nos autos. Posteriormente, o tema Acesso à Justiça é discorrido para tratar sobre os instrumentos processuais existentes no ordenamento jurídico pátrio que viabilizam a informação ao banco de dados da Previdência Social dos valores do salário-decontribuição do obreiro, apresentando-se os entendimentos de diversos autores acerca da viabilidade de imposição, pelo magistrado, de obrigação de fazer, a fim de essas informações serem vinculadas ao nome do trabalhador consistente na informação desses dados. Os princípios constitucionais da celeridade e efetividade processuais são exaltados, na medida em que esse procedimento resolve tanto a questão trabalhista, como a previdenciária do hipossuficiente. Tais informações são fornecidas por intermédio da GFIP, esclarecendo-se sua origem, destinação, obrigatoriedade de expedição, inclusive sob pena de negativação do empregador junto à Receita Federal do Brasil. Investiga-se, ainda, a possibilidade de ser exigida essa obrigação, na hipótese de ser editada a súmula vinculante que afasta a competência da Justiça do Trabalho para executar a contribuição previdenciária decorrente do reconhecimento do vínculo de emprego. Por fim, trata-se sobre prescrição e decadência da contribuição previdenciária na JT, discorrendo-se acerca da natureza jurídica desse tributo, a fim de se saber a que prazos está submetida. Define-se o que é obrigação tributária, crédito tributário e lançamento tributário, estabelecendo-se um paralelo da contribuição previdenciária em seus vários estágios, a natureza jurídica da sentença trabalhista, na parte que trata sobre a contribuição, e são apresentadas as espécies de lançamento tributário, a fim de se descobrir a que modalidade se adequaria a sentença, nesse aspecto

We study some aspects of liquidity of stocks traded through the National Stock Exchange (NSE) of India. Initially we examine the multi-dimensional nature of liquidity by conducting day-wise factor analysis of eleven liquidity proxies across a cross-section of stocks, using data from two periods reflecting different market conditions. Five factors emerge consistently, interpretable as depth, spread, volume, price elasticity and relative activity. Subsequently, we study execution of limit orders in the NSE from three angles. First we consider order execution probability, using 106 stock-specific logistic models. Important predictors of order execution probability are price premium followed by volatility, relative activity, bid ask spread and order imbalance. Some differences are noted when comparing companies of different sizes and between buy and sell orders. Second, we study order execution times using survival analysis. Several diagnostic tests indicate that parametric Accelerated Failure Time models using the log-logistic distribution for the survival time S(t) are suitable for current data. 100 stock-specific models are built; results are consistent with the logistic models. Additionally depth is also found to be important. Finally we build 4 combined models across stocks for both execution probabilities as well as times. These models perform well on out of sample data, suggesting their predictive utility.

Condemned prisoners in Texas and most other states are given an opportunity to make a final statement in the last moments before death. An anecdotal review by the author of this study over the last 15 years indicates that condemned prisoners use the opportunity for a variety of purposes. They ask forgiveness, explain themselves, lash out at accusers, rail at the system, read poems, say goodbyes to friends and family, praise God, curse fate - and assert their innocence with their last breaths. The final words also are typically heard by a select group of witnesses, which may include a prisoner's family and friends, victim's relatives, and one or more journalists. What the public knows about a particular condemned person's statement largely depends on what the journalists who witness the executions chose to include in their accounts of executions, the accuracy of their notes, and the completeness of the statements that are recorded on departments of correction websites or records. This paper will examine, through rhetorical and content analyses, the final words of the 355 prisoners who were executed in Texas between 1976 and 2005, identify those who made unequivocal claims of innocence in their final statements, and analyze news coverage of their executions by the Associated Press.

No description available.

Den här texten fokuserar på fem mossliksfynd från förromersk järnålder i Danmark. Med dessa fallexempel undersöktes också vilken betydelse mossen som en våtmark i sig kan överbevarandet av forntida människokroppar och vilka forskningsresultat som presenterats underde senaste åren. Utifrån dessa avgränsningar ämnade frågeställningarna att jämföra de fem fynden, undersöka möjliga orsaker till varför offren dött samt vilka möjligheter och begränsningar som fyndmaterialet har idag. Tanken kring teori var att se hur mossar kunde fungera som speciella platser under järnålder för mänskliga handlingar av deponeringar. Resultatet blev att där finns likheter och skillnader mellan mossliken, att en mängd orsaker kunde förklara deponeringar i mossar, och att där finns både positiva möjligheter med fortsatt forskning men att fyndmaterialet också är begränsat på flera sätt. / This paper focuses on five bog bodies from Denmark, from the pre-roman Iron Age. With these case examples, the importance of the bog as a wetland in itself in preserving ancient human bodies was also investigated and which research results have been presented in recent years. Based on these boundaries, the question intended were to compare the five case examples, investigate possible reasons for why the victims died and what opportunities and limitations the find material has today. The idea behind the theory was to see how bogs could have functioned as special sites for human depositions during the Iron Age. The results were that there are similarities and differences between bog bodies, that a number of reasons could explain depositions, that there are both positive opportunities with continued research but that the material found is also limited in several ways.