Many children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder have difficulties identifying and labeling feelings and emotions of others. Three adolescent males all diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder participated in this study. In a multi-element design, the participants were trained to tact private events of others in context using novel video-based scenarios. Two of the three participants were able to increase and maintain their responding for all trained and derived relations, as well as a transformation of stimulus function task. The third participant required multiple exemplar training to novel stimuli to increase his responding for all the video-based scenarios. The results of the study support the utility of relational training for teaching children with autism to identify private events of others in context.

Currently there is limited published literature on procedures for teaching distinction to individuals who are diagnosed with autism. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the procedures outlined within the PEAK T curriculum to teaching participants to respond in terms of the non-arbitrary property of distinction (i.e., “different”). The procedures that are described in the PEAK T program- 3D- Distinction: Picture Discrimination was replicated across three young males diagnosed with autism using a multiple exemplar simple discrimination training. Responding to non-arbitrary features of stimuli other than sameness is pivotal in the development of more complex forms of language. All three individuals achieved mastery criterion. The results continue to add to the need for research on the different frames of RFT.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of multiple exemplar training in establishing comparative relations of faster and slower as a generalized operant in children with autism. The current study employed a multiple baseline across participants to evaluate the effectiveness of the multiple exemplar training procedures. The participants used in the study were 3 children diagnosed with Autism. The baseline phase consisted of 4-trial blocks; this was done by presenting each stimulus once for AB- relation. Participants were trained comparative relations of faster and slower with one set of stimuli, and test probes were conducted with a novel, untrained set of stimuli to evaluate the degree to which participants responding generalized. This sequence was repeated for the duration of baseline. Y/Z relation remained at low levels during baseline and was only used to see if the skill generalized. The results suggest the procedures were effective for teaching comparative relations for 3 of the 3 participants. Additionally, 3 of the participants responded correctly to the test relations, supporting the use of the procedures in prompting generalized relational responding. An implication is that we can utilize these procedures to establish relational responding in children with autism.

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Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-02-24T18:20:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ CARLOS DE LIMA COSTA.pdf: 1687787 bytes, checksum: 2b9f2eb92c1c46102d108608625e10d5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-24T18:20:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ CARLOS DE LIMA COSTA.pdf: 1687787 bytes, checksum: 2b9f2eb92c1c46102d108608625e10d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-09 / This dissertation attempts to interpret and explain the impact of the historical Jesus on the life of his first disciples, as well as on the communities that came about around him. It is argued that the reason of Jesus‟ impact has to do with the fact that he merged the two types of the prophetic weberian sociology, namely, the exemplary prophet and the emissary prophet. In order to do that, the synoptic Gospels are taken as the main sources for the knowledge of the perception the first communities had of Jesus. Through research in these sources, it is observed that the prophetic characteristics are verified both in the deeds and in the words of Jesus. Indeed, Jesus understood himself as God‟s prophet. Additionally, both his disciples and those who met him, perceived him first and foremost as a prophet. Furthermore, his actions in the synoptic Gospels are strongly marked by the prophetic tradition. This thesis also reveals that the preaching of Jesus is shaped by that tradition in form and content. Finally, through the exegetical narrative of the temptation in the desert, it is demonstrated that the first communities formed around him perceived Jesus as both an exemplary prophet and as an emissary prophet. In this sense, the narrative presents the merging of the mystical experience, typical of the exemplary tradition with the ascetic practices and the ethical radicalism, characteristic of the emissary tradition. Therefore, the disciples and the first Christian communities perceived in Jesus a charismatic power which permeated his life and word, being that fact the reason of the great impact Jesus exerted over their lives and, in turn, over entire communities and, eventually, over the whole society. / A presente pesquisa propõe-se interpretar e explicar o impacto que a figura histórica de Jesus exerceu na vida de seus primeiros discípulos e discípulas, bem como nas comunidades que se formaram ao seu redor. Defende-se que a razão do impacto que Jesus provocou foi por haver fundido os dois tipos proféticos da sociologia weberiana: o profeta exemplar e o profeta emissário. Para tal, considera-se os Evangelhos Sinóticos como as fontes principais para o conhecimento da percepção que as primeiras comunidades cristãs tiveram de Jesus. Através da pesquisa destas fontes, verifica-se que a característica profética se manifesta tanto nas ações quanto nas palavras de Jesus. Ele se compreendeu fundamentalmente como um profeta de Deus. Além disso, tanto os seus discípulos e discípulas quanto aqueles que o conheceram, perceberam-no primeiramente como profeta. Ademais, sua atuação nos Evangelhos Sinóticos se manifesta fortemente marcada pela tradição profética. Averígua-se também que a pregação de Jesus se apresenta moldada por esta tradição, tanto na forma quanto em seu conteúdo. Por fim, através da análise exegética do relato da tentação de Jesus no deserto, constata-se que as primeiras comunidades formadas ao seu redor o perceberam tanto como profeta exemplar quanto como profeta emissário. Neste sentido, o relato se apresenta como a fusão da experiência mística, típica da profecia exemplar com as práticas ascéticas e o radicalismo ético, característicos da profecia emissária. Portanto, os discípulos e discípulas e as primeiras comunidades cristãs perceberam em Jesus um poder carismático que perpassava tanto sua vida quanto suas palavras, sendo esta a razão do grande impacto que exerceu sobre suas vidas e, por conseguinte, sobre comunidades inteiras e sobre a sociedade em geral.

Probably the fundamental issue about the relation between art and beauty in the Critique of the Power of Judgment, of 1790, is the difficulty to recognize an object as a work of art (across a concept of art) and the judgment of taste, which when considered as pure cannot possess concepts that determine the object. Nevertheless, there does not seem to be another experience such as the experience of beauty for the recognition of beautiful artwork. Thus, it becomes necessary to explore the points of convergence between a production oriented to ends and the production of a beautiful object, considering, despite what has just been said, that the "concept" of work of art is different from any concept that could be considered to be an end of an intentional act. Along this dissertation we propose to explore the relations between the practice of genius and taste, as regulators of the artistic production, recognition and valuation of the works of art. We will consider for it, the possible rules of the genius, trying to isolate the formal and content aspects of the object. With this intention, we will depart from the classification of the works of art as forms of expressiveness, similar to the language, trying to show the weaknesses of any classic aesthetic norm in the establishment of rules of connection between forms and contents. Nevertheless, also we will evaluate the emphasis of Kant himself in supporting identifiable connections between the objects considered as works of art, specially the formal aspects of the same ones. From the previous analysis we will be forced to evaluate the relationship between beautiful art and nature. The failure of the arbitrariness, as a way for establish the artistic beauty in the assimilation to a form of language , leads us to recovering the theory of natural beauty, trying to find the points of contact between beauty and aesthetic the experience of art. Therefore, we will evaluate the consequences of the Kantian theory of art in relation to the aesthetic experience of the "Analytic of the Beauty ", distinguishing the difficulties that Kant might have had in mind when he developed his philosophy of art. The fundamental aim of this tour across Kant's text is the possibility of evaluating the current importance of the Kantian aesthetics, linking the exegesis of the text with two fundamental elements of the contemporary debate in philosophy of art: definition (or recognition) and valuation. We try to show that the aspects considered by Kant as necessary to support this balance (originality, relation between artists and public across the work, place of the work em the society, pleasure of the aesthetic experience, artistic tradition), still are relevant for the current debate in aesthetics and reflective human action. / Provavelmente o principal problema da relação entre arte e beleza na Crítica da Faculdade de Julgar, de 1790, esteja na necessidade de reconhecer um objeto como obra de arte (através de um conceito de arte) e o juízo de gosto, que, considerado puro, não pode ter conceitos que determinem o objeto. Porém, não parece haver outra experiência além da experiência de beleza para o reconhecimento da obra de arte bela. Assim, faz-se necessário explorar os pontos de convergência entre uma produção orientada a fins e a produção de um objeto belo, considerando, contudo, que o conceito de obra de arte é diferente de qualquer conceito que possa ser colocado como fim de um ato intencional. No percurso do trabalho nos propomos a explorar as relações entre a prática do gênio e o gosto como regulador da produção artística e do reconhecimento e valoração das obras de arte. Consideraremos para isso as possíveis regras do gênio, tentando isolar os aspectos formais e os aspectos de conteúdo do objeto. Neste intento, partiremos da classificação das obras de arte como formas de expressividade, semelhantes à linguagem, visando mostrar as fraquezas de qualquer norma estética clássica no estabelecimento de regras de conexão entre formas e conteúdos. Porém, também avaliaremos a ênfase do próprio Kant em manter conexões identificáveis entre os objetos considerados obras de arte, sobretudo os aspectos formais dos mesmos. A partir da análise anterior estaremos obrigados a avaliar a relação entre arte bela e natureza. O fracasso da arbitrariedade, como forma de estabelecimento do belo artístico enquanto assimilação a uma forma de linguagem nos leva a recuperar a teoria da beleza natural, visando encontrar os pontos de contato entre beleza e experiência estética da arte. Destarte, avaliaremos as conseqüências que temos da teoria kantiana da arte em relação à experiência estética da Analítica do Belo , destacando as dificuldades de que o próprio Kant poderia ter sido consciente ao desenvolver sua filosofia da arte. O alvo fundamental deste percurso através do texto de Kant se encontra na possibilidade de avaliar a atualidade da estética kantiana, vinculando à exegese do texto dois elementos fundamentais do debate contemporâneo em filosofia da arte: definição (ou reconhecimento) e valoração. Pretendemos mostrar que os aspectos considerados por Kant como necessários para manter este equilíbrio (originalidade, relação entre artistas e público a través da obra, lugar da obra na sociedade, prazer da experiência estética, tradição artística), ainda são relevantes para o debate atual no que diz respeito à estética e ao agir humano reflexivo.

Ancrée dans une double posture interprétativiste et positiviste et une fondation théorique triple d’éthique de la vertu, d’apprentissage social et de leadership authentique, cette thèse exploratoire mobilise les champs de la philosophie et des sciences sociales afin de conceptualiser les dimensions de l’Exemplarité Managériale Perçue (EMP) : 1) des comportements d’éthique personnelle, de management éthique d’équipe et de considération d’autrui, 2) un processus de perception de l’exemplarité managériale et 3) l’impact de cette perception sur les individus. Une étude exploratoire est suivie de deux études quantitative et qualitative sur un échantillon de 1172 professionnels dans 28 pays. Nous identifions des processus mimétiques qui facilitent la socialisation et l’adoption de normes et la transmission de connaissances et de compétences, ainsi que des sources d’inspiration vertueuse qui encouragent l’individu à devenir un meilleur être humain, collaborateur et manager. Les résultats présentent un modèle relationnel issu d’analyses factorielles exploratoires et de modélisation par équations structurelles qui souligne la nature exemplaire de comportements éthiques et de l’alignement et identification du manager à l’organisation ainsi que des contrastes entre différentes cultures. Le développement en cours d’un instrument de mesure ouvre des voies de recherche futures dans la méthodologie d’exploration à grande échelle et la recherche d’antécédents de managers perçus comme exemplaires. Cette recherche trouve des applications managériales en alignement organisationnel, conduite du changement et en développement du management et du leadership / Anchored in both an interpretivist and positivist epistemological posture and a triple theoreti-cal foundation of virtue ethics, social learning and authentic leadership, this transdisciplinary exploratory doctoral thesis mobilizes philosophy and social sciences fields to conceptualize the dimensions of Perceived Managerial Exemplarity (PME): 1) behaviors manifesting personal ethics, team management ethics and consideration of others, 2) a perception process of managerial exemplarity and 3) the impact of that perception has on individuals. An explorato-ry study is followed by two quantitative and qualitative studies on a sample of 1,172 professionals in 28 countries. We identify on one hand mimetic processes that facilitate so-cialization and the adoption of common standards and norms and the transmission of knowledge and skills, and on the other sources of virtuous inspiration that encourage the indi-vidual to become a better human being, associate and manager. The results show a relational model originating from exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling that high-lights the exemplary nature of ethical behavior and alignment/identification of the manager with the organization, as well as contrasts between different cultures. The ongoing develop-ment of a measurement instrument opens future avenues of research in large-scale exploration methodology and research of common antecedents of perceived exemplary managers. This re-search finds diverse managerial applications in organizational alignment, change management and management development and leadership

Cette thèse soutient l'idée que dans l'acquisition linguistique, l’analogie en tant que processus cognitif a un rôle déterminant. Il ne s'agit pas de la simple ressemblance (A est comme B) mais d'un processus de calcul de quatrième proportionnel (trouver C, qui est à D comme A est à B). Elle se manifeste à tous les niveaux de l'analyse linguistique : phonologie, morphologie, syntaxe et lexico-sémantique. Ceci vaut pour l'acquisition de langue première et aussi pour l'apprentissage de langue seconde, mais cette fois dans des conditions différentes, la première langue jouant comme arrière-plan. L'analogie opère à partir d'exemples disponibles parce que rencontrés précédemment dans l'expérience linguistique. On rend compte ainsi de la régularité qui s'observe dans le langage sans devoir pour cela recourir à des règles. Le locuteur construit des représentations mentales (schèmes) pour chaque savoir rencontré qu’il intègre, produit et transforme par analogie, ce qui attribue à ce processus le caractère dynamique. / This thesis claims that, in language acquisition, analogy has a fundamental role as a cognitive process; not as a sheer resemblance but as a computation process aimed at computing a proportional fourth (find C, which is to D as A is to B). It operates at all levels of linguistic analysis: phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexico-semantics. This holds for L1 acquisition and L2 learning; in the latter, the conditions are different because L1 operates as a background. Analogy uses the examples that are available because that were previously met in linguistic experience. This accounts for the regularity that is to be observed in language without having to posit rules. The speaker constructs mental representations (schemas) for each knowledge he meets. He integrates, produces, and modifies the knowledge by analogy, which is why this process is dynamic.

Judgments that demand consideration of pieces of information in the environment occur repeatedly throughout our lives. One professional example is that of a physician that considers multiple symptoms to make a judgment about a patient’s disease. The scientific study of such, so called, multiple-cue judgments that involve multiple pieces of information (cues: e.g., symptoms) and continuous criterion (e.g., blood pressure) has been concerned with the statistical modelling of judgment data (see Brehmer, 1994; Cooksey, 1996; Hammond & Stewart, 2001). In this thesis behavioural experiments, cognitive modelling and brain imaging is used to investigate an adaptive division of labor between multiple memory representations in multiple-cue judgment. It is hypothesized that the additive, independent linear effect of each cue can be explicitly abstracted and integrated by a serial, additive judgment process (Einhorn, Kleinmuntz, & Kleinmuntz, 1979). It is further hypothesized that a variety of sophisticated task properties, like non-additive cue combination, nonlinear relations, and inter-cue correlation, are carried implicitly by exemplar-memory (Medin & Schaffer, 1978; Nosofsky, 1984; Nosofsky & Johansen, 2000). Study I and II investigates the effect of additive versus non-additive cue-combination and verify the predicted shift in cognitive representations as a function of the underlying cue-combination rule. The third study is a review that discusses the nature of these representational shifts; are they contingent upon early perceived learning performance instead of automatic and error-driven? Study IV verifies that this shift is evident also in the neural activity associated with making judgments in additive and non-additive tasks.

Clustering data by identifying a subset of representative examples is important for detecting patterns in data and in processing sensory signals. Such "exemplars" can be found by randomly choosing an initial subset of data points as exemplars and then iteratively refining it, but this works well only if that initial choice is close to a good solution. This thesis describes a method called "affinity propagation" that simultaneously considers all data points as potential exemplars, exchanging real-valued messages between data points until a high-quality set of exemplars and corresponding clusters gradually emerges. Affinity propagation takes as input a set of pairwise similarities between data points and finds clusters on the basis of maximizing the total similarity between data points and their exemplars. Similarity can be simply defined as negative squared Euclidean distance for compatibility with other algorithms, or it can incorporate richer domain-specific models (e.g., translation-invariant distances for comparing images). Affinity propagation’s computational and memory requirements scale linearly with the number of similarities input; for non-sparse problems where all possible similarities are computed, these requirements scale quadratically with the number of data points. Affinity propagation is demonstrated on several applications from areas such as computer vision and bioinformatics, and it typically finds better clustering solutions than other methods in less time.