Seminario para optar al título de Ingeniero Comercial, Mención Administración / En la primera etapa del presente estudio se indaga sobre la naturaleza y funcionamiento de Exemplars y Base Rate, dos de las principales herramientas comunicacionales que se emplean en la actualidad. Sin embargo el uso de dicho instrumental cuenta con su mayor grado de desarrollo en el área periodística, y de difusión de medios. De esta manera, la actual investigación busca extender al plano publicitario, algunas de las principales conclusiones que han sido obtenidas en el campo del periodismo, respecto de la utilización y procesamiento de Exemplars y Base Rate. Además, el estudio analiza con especial detalle las propiedades que estas herramientas tienen en materia de persuasión y de influencia en la opinión de las personas, así como también en el nivel de recordación e impacto emocional que son capaces de generar en éstas. Adentrándose un poco más en el tema de la persuasión, la investigación se orienta también a estudiar el rol que juega el Vividness Effect, como elemento clave de las facultades que un estímulo comunicacional posee para persuadir a una audiencia determinada. La sección experimental de este estudio fue desarrollada mediante encuestas, aplicadas a alumnos de Ingeniería Comercial de la Universidad de Chile, y cuyos principales resultados defienden las mayores propiedades persuasivas que los Exemplars poseen respecto de los Base Rate. De la misma forma se destacan los mejores resultados obtenidos por los Exemplars en materia de Recordación; y también en Impacto Emocional, al analizar las respuestas de Activación generadas en la muestra utilizada. Al mismo tiempo, no se obtuvieron resultados concluyentes acerca del efecto que el lineamiento cognitivo, tiene sobre el nivel de persuasión que la publicidad ejerce en las personas. Finalmente se entregan algunas sugerencias, explicando los aciertos y desaciertos de los resultados generados por esta investigación, y planteando temas de estudio complementarios al presente, para quienes deseen seguir indagando en áreas similares a la explorada.

Working paper summarizing research into cataloging theory, history of science, mathematics, and information science. / The report summarizes a research program that has been investigating how catalogers, other Cultural Heritage information workers, World Wide Web/Semantic Web technologists, and the general public understand, explain, and manage resource description tasks by creating, counting, measuring, classifying, and otherwise arranging descriptions of Cultural Heritage resources within the Bibliographic Universe and beyond it.

No description available.

No description available.

This study was designed to research whether the conditions that give rise to exemplar effects in experimental designs are present in the real world, specifically by conducting a comprehensive content analysis of news articles in weekly U.S. news magazines. Exemplification studies the relationship between examples and the larger population they represent, and how examples effect consumer's perceptions and behaviors (Zillmann & Brosius, 2000). In experimental design several independent variable have been tested and have shown that people's perceptions fall largely in line with the emphasis of the exemplars presented. A stratified random sample of magazines, representative of a whole year, was obtained for TIME and Newsweek. An intercoder reliability test was performed with 11% of the sample. Eighty-seven articles met the coding requirements and generated 873 exemplars. This research developed a significant number of operational definitions and procedures for content analysis of exemplars. A discussion of issues arising in of content analysis that were not manifest in experimental designs is presented such as non-news articles, the presence of bias, and multiple article foci. The concept of primary base rate data, the reasonable reader test, and expanded definitions of visual exemplars are also presented.Several of the conditions that gave rise to exemplification effects in experimental designs were present. Eighty percent of articles had more exemplars than counterexemplars; Sixteen percent of articles contained perceptually enhanced base rate data; Ninety percent of articles contained no ratio data—meaning a judgment of how representative the exemplars were was not possible. The remaining 10% were considered to be non-representative. Some elements considered to give exemplars more influence were not common in weekly U.S. news magazine articles. Direct quotes were used in only 27% of exemplars, with anecdotes comprising 51%. Similarly, the majority of exemplars (52%) came from non-attributed sources or official reports. Vivid emotion was present in only 2% of exemplars. In addition, 31% of articles were judged to be about a single exemplar, with no counterexemplars present. The most common type of image used were innocuous, with threatening images used the least. Fifty-six percent of exemplar sources were not attributed to a gender, 33% of exemplar sources were male and 7% were female. Similarly, 54% of exemplar subjects did not specify a gender, while 25% were about males and 6% were about females.

Research has shown that video modelling can improve social behaviours in children with ASD. In addition, research in behaviour modelling training from the field of organisational psychology has shown that using a mix of positive and negative exemplars can assist in acquisition and generalisation of a skill. The current study compared the use of one negative and one positive exemplar, with the use of two positive exemplars to determine which combination would result in faster acquisition and/or superior generalisation of a skill. No other studies have examined this with children diagnosed with ASD. Seven children, aged between 5 and 15 years, and diagnosed with ASD participated in a multiple baseline design across children; within child across two modelling conditions; and within each modelling condition across two tasks. In one condition, a participant watched a video containing one exemplar of a model (same sex and of similar age but with normal development) perform a task the wrong way, and one exemplar of the same model perform the same task the right way (wrong/right). In another condition, the participant watched a video containing two different exemplars of the model perform a matched task the right way (right/right). During the intervention, 1 participant refused to watch the videos. For 13 of the 16 tasks, where training was completed, participants either reached criterion or made some gains in acquisition of the social skills. However, for seven of the tasks criterion was not reached. Generally, neither modelling condition was superior in acquisition or generalisation of the targeted social skills. Confounds occurring during the course of the study may have contributed to the equivocal results. For some children with ASD, video modelling in combination with the delivery of preferred reinforcers may be required for successful skill acquisition. Further implications, particularly the potential negative effects of vicarious reinforcement when an observer does not gain reinforcement for imitation are discussed, as are recommendations for future research.

In some instances, Information Systems and Information Technology (IS/IT) practitioners have been noted to commit privacy violations to Personally Identifiable Information (PII). However, computing exemplars, due to their notable dispositional Hallmark Features of morality, understandings of ethical abstractions, and other components that comprise their virtuous makeups, are theoretically less likely to commit privacy violations to PII. This research attempted to verify if those IS/IT practitioners who identify with some of the Hallmark Features of moral and computing exemplar were less willing to commit privacy violations to PII than were those IS/IT practitioners that did not identify themselves with some of the Hallmark Features of moral and computing exemplars. In order to accomplish this, this research developed and validated two new survey instruments capable of identifying those IS/IT practitioners that were more and less willing to commit unethical privacy violations to PII, and contrast them against some of the Hallmark Features of computing exemplars. The findings of this research supported the conclusion that IS/IT practitioners that identify with some of the Hallmark Features of moral and computing exemplars were less willing to commit privacy violations to PII than were other IS/IT practitioners. Specifically, the results indicated that the most prominent predictor to indicate a lesser willingness to commit privacy violations to PII was that of those IS/IT practitioners that displayed prosocial orientations. Additionally, the predictors of age, level of education, and how ethical IS/IT practitioners assessed themselves to be, proved to be significant markers for those individuals that were less willing to commit privacy violations to PII. While the results are promising, they are also alarming, because the results also indicate that IS/IT practitioners are blatantly willing to commit privacy violations to PII. Thus, two immediate implications resonate from the results of this research. First, there are those individuals that have been given the trusted position of guardianship for society's personal information that should probably not have it, and secondly, further investigations are warranted to determine what other predictors may promote a lesser willingness to commit privacy violations to PII. The contribution of this research to the fields of IS/IT, personnel selection and testing, and organizational assessment and training is unique. This is because, to date, no other discernable literatures have ever investigated the rating and rankings of the severity of PII privacy violations, nor has any other research investigated what Hallmark Features of individuality contribute to a less willing disposition to commit PII privacy violations.

The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of a treatment package consisting of computer-assisted instruction using multiple video exemplars to teach safety skills to students with intellectual disability. A multiple probe across participants design was used to evaluate knowledge acquisition and the generalization of knowledge to the authentic setting (e.g, the school parking lot). The results showed training was effective in knowledge acquisition and improving skills demonstrated while crossing the parking lot.

This research supports the on-going national research that has accompanied the development and implementation of the New Zealand Ministry of Education's social studies curriculum exemplars (2004). A social studies exemplar is a sample of authentic student work annotated to illustrate learning, achievement and quality in relation to levels 1- 5 of Social Studies in the New Zealand Curriculum (SSNZC, 1997). The aim of the research was to support teachers to implement the social studies curriculum exemplars in informed ways by encouraging and promoting the use of the social studies exemplars as models of quality social studies teaching. This small scale qualitative research was undertaken by a syndicate of four Years 5/6 teachers and the researcher. The four primary teachers assumed roles of teacher-researchers and worked together collegially with the researcher within a community of practice to co-construct the research process. The research involved incorporating aspects of the exemplars into their social studies programmes during 2006. The community of practice engaged in regular collegial conversations relating to the exemplars. Three of these narratives were taped semi-structured conversations captured in situ. Transcripts of student-teacher conversations were collected, analysed and commented upon to provide some information about student learning outcomes in relation to the exemplars. The notion of reciprocity underpinned this research, since it involved the researcher being willing to contribute to the research in return for the teachers' time and involvement in the study. The support and guidance provided by the researcher was provided as an outcome of her experience in teaching social studies for the School of Education. The research takes into account contemporary ideas about learning and teaching theory, as well as the nature of social studies pedagogy. It examines the implications of sociocultural processes for learning with its emphasis on interaction and collaborative learning iv environments. The research context and the methodology were informed by new understandings about the empowerment of teachers implementing their own professional development and conducting research into their own practice. This research makes a contribution to the field of social studies curriculum and wider professional contexts by informing pre-service teachers' understandings of the intent and use of the New Zealand Ministry of Education's social studies curriculum exemplars. Additionally, it supports in-service social studies professional development, illustrates processes around communities of practice and exemplifies social studies pedagogy.

<p>The purpose of this BA-thesis was to study how three daily Swedish newspapers use a specific type of exemplars, which are recognized by a number of attributes. A photograph of the person that is interviewed always illustrates this type of exemplars and at least two persons are asked the same question.    The three newspapers that have been compared in this study each represent one of the major types of Swedish newspapers: morning press, tabloids and local press. By using a quantitative content analysis, one month was examined in all three newspapers in the year of 1997 and 2007.  Two of the theories that have been central in the thesis are Colin Sparks model of tabloidization, which demonstrates the process of tabloidization and McQuail′s description of commercialization.  The results of the study indicate that there are many similarities between the three newspapers use of exemplars. However, there are some differences when it comes to frequency and function. Noteworthy is that the newspaper “Dagens Nyheter” did not publish a single exemplar the first year of the study, 1997. Ten years later the very same paper published 15 exemplars during the month of examination.</p>