This essay aims to contribute to the field of criticism of religion and citizenship education by analyzing how two Swedish textbooks portray different forms of criticism of religion. Based on Stenmark´s definition of criticism of religion that contains internal, external, negative and constructive criticism of religion and content analysis, the occurrence of the various forms of criticism of religion is categorized and counted. Furthermore, the portrayal of criticism of religion is analyzed based on agent and existence in order to examine the type of citizen that the textbooks' portrayal can give rise to. The use of content analysis contributed to being able to identify and categorize different forms of criticism of religion. The second part of the analysis, which was based on agent and existence, contributed to creating a deeper understanding of what the depiction of criticism of religion can mean from a citizenship education perspective. The results showed that all forms of criticism of religion appeared in both textbooks, but to different extents. Furthermore, the results showed that the portrayal of criticism of religion in the textbooks probably affects citizenship education.

As human beings, we come across situations where our reasons, experience, or guidance from adults can be contradictory. A teacher also experiences these contradictory situations in the educational setting. In such cases, what should be the teacher's philosophy is my main idea or research question of this paper. To address this question, I started my exploration with the  Philosophy of the Teacher  by Nigel Tubbs, which states that contradictions exist as part of the teaching process and narrates the experience of the teacher as master, servant, and/or spiritual teacher. As part of this reading, I understood that the central contradiction is how the teacher can communicate the truth to the student in an educational practice where freedom for the child is given importance. On the other hand, Sankara from Indian Advaita Vedanta Philosophy states that teaching is defect free with no contradictions in teaching Brahma Vidya (Inquiry of Brahman). This view of Sankara made me explore more of Advaita Vedanta philosophy. In this exploration process, I learned from Sankara's Dakshinamoorthy stotram that interpretation of truth or reality as Brahman and further to the question why teaching is free from contradictions, I explore Brahma Sutra Bhashyam with the aid of Ahdyasa Bhashyam (error analysis) of Sankara. Adhyasa Bhashyam employed the method of superimposition and elimination (neti-neti or negation) along with methods like questioning, illustration of examples, and story.

Ever since they were formulated in the Middle Ages, St. Thomas Aquinas' famous Five Ways to demonstrate the existence of God have been frequently debated. During this process there have been several misconceptions of what Aquinas actually meant, especially when discussing his cosmological arguments. While previous researchers have managed to tease out why Aquinas accepts some infinite regresses and rejects others, I attempt to add on to this by demonstrating the centrality of his metaphysics in his argument from motion. Aquinas cannot be properly understood or debated with a contemporary view of causality, but rather must wrestle with the concepts he actually employs in the arguments. To demonstrate this, I will compare the Thomistic argument from motion to the contemporary Kalām cosmological argument of William Lane Craig. Although some may consider it beneficial to base theistic arguments on more modern principles, this analysis shows that the metaphysical framework used by Aquinas is much less vulnerable to the rebuttals that otherwise challenge the Kalām argument, and that their differences in strength rest on their differences in metaphysics.

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Folksonomier, system som låter användare klassificera innehåll, blir allt vanligare på webben. Typiskt sker denna klassificering genom att användare fritt beskriver innehållsobjekt med hjälp av nyckelord.Denna uppsats presenterar en underökning av hur nyckelord förhåller sig till varandra hierarkiskt, inom ett folksonomisystem. Undersökningen är baserad på ett webbgränssnitt, där besökare kunde förfina eller förkasta förslag på hierarkier av nyckelord. Dessa förslag genererades utifrån av ett verkligt folksonomisystem.Efter analys av 400 inkomna svar dras slutsatsen att flera aspekter av metodologin måste förfinas för att tydliga resultat ska kunna uppnås. Förslag på sådana förändringar presenteras slutligen. / Folksonomies, systems for user classified content, are becoming more common on the web. Typically, these classification systems let users describe content objects by assigning them keywords ("tags").This thesis presents a study on how keywords in a folksonomy system relate hierarchically. The study is based on a web interface, where visitors could refine or reject suggestions of hierarchies of keywords. Suggestions where generated from a real folksonomy system.After analysis of 400 responses, the conclusion is made that to reach clear results, several aspects of the methodology have to be modified. The thesis ends with presenting possible ways to achieve this.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Mathematics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / A finite group G is called (l, m, n)-generated, if it is a quotient group of the triangle group T(l, m, n) = x, y, z|xl = ym = zn = xyz = 1-. In [43], Moori posed the question of finding all the (p, q, r) triples, where p, q and r are prime numbers, such that a non-abelian finite simple group G is a (p, q, r)-generated. In this thesis, we will establish all the (p, q, r)-generations of the following groups, the Mathieu sporadic simple group M23, the alternating group A11 and the symplectic group Sp(6, 2). Let X be a conjugacy class of a finite group G. The rank of X in G, denoted by rank(G : X), is defined to be the minimum number of elements of X generating G. We investigate the ranks of the non-identity conjugacy classes of the above three mentioned finite simple groups. The Groups, Algorithms and Programming (GAP) [26] and the Atlas of finite group representatives [55] are used in our computation / University of Limpopo

<p>This thesis looks at one example of a Bayesian argument for the existence of God in order to evaluate the quality of such arguments. It begins by explicating a general trend in philosophical apologetics towards probabilistic arguments for God's existence, most notably represented in Richard Swinburne's 2004 book, <em>The Existence of God</em>. Swinburne's arguments are presented as the pinnacle of the probabilistic movement. In order to judge the worth of such arguments, I carefully lay out the principles and assumptions upon which Swinburne's case is based. I show that his argument requires both the truth of substance dualism and the valid application of the simplicity principle to a set of possible hypotheses which purport to explain the existence of the Universe. Swinburne depends on the willingness of philosophers to accede to these points. I proceed to show that no agreement exists on the topic of dualism, concluding that Swinburne has a lot of work ahead of him if he wants this assumption to firmly support his argument. I then show that, while the simplicity principle is generally agreed to be a good tool for real-world situations, there are important differences when attempting to use it to adjudicate between hypotheses to explain the universe. The simplicity principle requires both background knowledge and a mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive set of hypotheses in order to be properly applied, both of which are here lacking. If I am right, then we will be unable to reasonably assign several values necessary in order to utilize Bayes' Theorem. Thus the Bayesian approach cannot be used for the problem of the existence of God. Finally, I show that Swinburne's own assumptions can be used to generate a different conclusion, which casts further doubt on his methodology.</p> / Master of Arts (MA)

This thesis is concerned with analysis of spectral and orbital stability of solitary wave solutions to discrete and continuous PT-symmetric nonlinear Schroedinger equations. The main tools of this analysis are inspired by Hamiltonian systems, where conserved quantities can be used for proving orbital stability and Krein signature can be computed for prediction of instabilities in the spectrum of linearization. The main results are obtained for the chain of coupled pendula represented by a discrete NLS model, and for the trapped atomic gas represented by a continuous NLS model. Analytical results are illustrated with various numerical examples. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This thesis argues that the research problem, which describes a lack of a common understanding of the digital age, and what its major transformations mean for different stakeholders, can be fruitfully interrogated by attending to emergent forms of making sense in the digital theater. The aim of the study was met by raising and responding to the following research questions: How does the digital theater understand and experience digital existence in participatory potentials, and how do creatives in the digital theater bridge participatory intensities, the tensions and sometimes gaps between experienced reality and digital capabilities to expand on their own and their theaters’ participatory potential? The study combined a phenomenological approach, with an ethnographic method and narrative analysis, supported by a theoretical framework of existential media studies with a particular focus on digital existence, in combination with prospects for participation, using cultural participation theories. The original contribution of the study was to apply theoretically sampled dimensions that reflected and expanded on cultural participation theories and existential media studies in a theorizing synthesis, and that revealed three intermingling themes: subverting, intentionality expanded, and presence, i.e., how the respondents navigated, bridged and communicated participatory potentials to subvert participatory contexts to expand and extend on participation, intentionally, and with close attention to contentious considerations in the present moment.

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