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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
141

Uma \'tão pesada cruz\': o governo da Angola portuguesa nos séculos XVI e XVII na perspectiva de Fernão de Sousa (1624-1630) / Its such a heavy cross: the Portuguese Angolas government in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth centuries from the perspective of Fernão de Sousa

Ito, Alec Ichiro 26 August 2016 (has links)
Exercitando um escopo de análise histórico e eclético, a presente dissertação versará sobre o funcionamento de um sistema administrativo misto, arquitetado no formato de nodos interconectados, ou apenas rede, em prol da manutenção de um espaço jurisdicional ultramarino. Nessa empreitada, seremos guiados por duas traves-mestras: a primeira é o interesse nos fenômenos advindos dos contatos intersociais, a segunda é a análise perscrutada da documentação inserida nas Fontes para a história de Angola do século XVII, organizadas por Beatrix Heintze. Problematizando algumas das situações coetâneas pelas quais passavam a expansão portuguesa na África Centro-Ocidental, bem como nos debruçando sobre algumas das indagações levantadas por uma historiografia recente, defenderemos que havia uma série de movimentos ambivalentes e ambíguos no que tangia ao governo do domínio ultramarino da Angola portuguesa. Sucintamente, chamaremos atenção para a importância dos procedimentos e resoluções políticoadministrativas adotados naquele domínio, analisando as maneiras de arregimentação e condução de uma máquina de guerra portuguesa, destacando a importância da participação política de atores e sujeitos centro-africanos nos rumos políticos das chamadas conquistas e abordando as relações institucionais e econômicas entre Luanda e os entrepostos portugueses instalados no interior. Por excelência, as hierarquias internas e os contatos sociais e políticos luso-africanos foram gestados em um ambiente conflituoso, entrecortado por tensões sociais, atritos institucionais e embates políticos. Em ultima instância, concluiremos que ocorriam justaposições e aglutinações entre as formas de dominação e intermediação que faziam parte do funcionamento político e institucional da Angola portuguesa, contanto que duas precondições fossem atendidas: o engrandecimento da exploração economia através do tráfico transatlântico e a penetração institucional e política do continente. / Considering an eclectic and historical scope of analysis, this dissertation will argue about the execution of a mixed administrative system, based on institutional nodes interconnected in a form of network system, operated on the behalf of an overseas jurisdictional space. Our efforts will be engaged with two mainstreams: the first is our interest in the phenomena related with some inter-social contacts, the second is the analytical research of the Fontes para a história de Angola do século XVIIs documentation, organized by Beatrix Heintze. Casting some questions related to the different situations concerned with the Portuguese Expansion in the West Central Africa, as well as reflecting some inquiries posed by the recent historiography, here we stand for a settle of ambivalent and ambiguous series of movements emerged from the Portuguese Angolas overseas domain, calling up for the importance of some political and institutional forms of proceedings. They were all managed in order to resolve some issues related with the Portuguese Angola, paying attention to the recruitment and mobilizations of the Portuguese war machine, elucidating how the local political actors interacted with the conquistas and how was carried out the institutional and economical relations between Luanda and the interior entrepôts. All the internal hierarchies and luso-african contacts was settled down in a conflictive environment, crossed through social tensions, institutional frictions and political shocks. Finally, we conclude that some forms of domination and intermediation in the Portuguese Angola were sustained by a correlation between juxtapositions and agglutinations, but only if two demands were attended: the enlargement of the economical exploitation through the transatlantic slave trade and the institutional and political penetration of the African continent.
142

Uma \'tão pesada cruz\': o governo da Angola portuguesa nos séculos XVI e XVII na perspectiva de Fernão de Sousa (1624-1630) / Its such a heavy cross: the Portuguese Angolas government in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth centuries from the perspective of Fernão de Sousa

Alec Ichiro Ito 26 August 2016 (has links)
Exercitando um escopo de análise histórico e eclético, a presente dissertação versará sobre o funcionamento de um sistema administrativo misto, arquitetado no formato de nodos interconectados, ou apenas rede, em prol da manutenção de um espaço jurisdicional ultramarino. Nessa empreitada, seremos guiados por duas traves-mestras: a primeira é o interesse nos fenômenos advindos dos contatos intersociais, a segunda é a análise perscrutada da documentação inserida nas Fontes para a história de Angola do século XVII, organizadas por Beatrix Heintze. Problematizando algumas das situações coetâneas pelas quais passavam a expansão portuguesa na África Centro-Ocidental, bem como nos debruçando sobre algumas das indagações levantadas por uma historiografia recente, defenderemos que havia uma série de movimentos ambivalentes e ambíguos no que tangia ao governo do domínio ultramarino da Angola portuguesa. Sucintamente, chamaremos atenção para a importância dos procedimentos e resoluções políticoadministrativas adotados naquele domínio, analisando as maneiras de arregimentação e condução de uma máquina de guerra portuguesa, destacando a importância da participação política de atores e sujeitos centro-africanos nos rumos políticos das chamadas conquistas e abordando as relações institucionais e econômicas entre Luanda e os entrepostos portugueses instalados no interior. Por excelência, as hierarquias internas e os contatos sociais e políticos luso-africanos foram gestados em um ambiente conflituoso, entrecortado por tensões sociais, atritos institucionais e embates políticos. Em ultima instância, concluiremos que ocorriam justaposições e aglutinações entre as formas de dominação e intermediação que faziam parte do funcionamento político e institucional da Angola portuguesa, contanto que duas precondições fossem atendidas: o engrandecimento da exploração economia através do tráfico transatlântico e a penetração institucional e política do continente. / Considering an eclectic and historical scope of analysis, this dissertation will argue about the execution of a mixed administrative system, based on institutional nodes interconnected in a form of network system, operated on the behalf of an overseas jurisdictional space. Our efforts will be engaged with two mainstreams: the first is our interest in the phenomena related with some inter-social contacts, the second is the analytical research of the Fontes para a história de Angola do século XVIIs documentation, organized by Beatrix Heintze. Casting some questions related to the different situations concerned with the Portuguese Expansion in the West Central Africa, as well as reflecting some inquiries posed by the recent historiography, here we stand for a settle of ambivalent and ambiguous series of movements emerged from the Portuguese Angolas overseas domain, calling up for the importance of some political and institutional forms of proceedings. They were all managed in order to resolve some issues related with the Portuguese Angola, paying attention to the recruitment and mobilizations of the Portuguese war machine, elucidating how the local political actors interacted with the conquistas and how was carried out the institutional and economical relations between Luanda and the interior entrepôts. All the internal hierarchies and luso-african contacts was settled down in a conflictive environment, crossed through social tensions, institutional frictions and political shocks. Finally, we conclude that some forms of domination and intermediation in the Portuguese Angola were sustained by a correlation between juxtapositions and agglutinations, but only if two demands were attended: the enlargement of the economical exploitation through the transatlantic slave trade and the institutional and political penetration of the African continent.
143

Finding genetic elements that head to the autistic phenotype

Gillis, Robert Francis Fraser January 2007 (has links)
Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal
144

Mathematical modelling of compaction and diagenesis in sedimentary basins

Yang, Xin-She January 1997 (has links)
Sedimentary basins form when water-borne sediments in shallow seas are deposited over periods of millions of years. Sediments compact under their own weight, causing the expulsion of pore water. If this expulsion is sufficiently slow, overpressuring can result, a phenomenon which is of concern in oil drilling operations. The competition between pore water expulsion and burial is complicated by a variety of factors, which include diagenesis (clay dewatering), and different modes (elastic or viscous) of rheological deformation via compaction and pressure solution, which may also include hysteresis in the constitutive behaviours. This thesis is concerned with models which can describe the evolution of porosity and pore pressure in sedimentary basins. We begin by analysing the simplest case of poroelastic compaction which in a 1-D case results in a nonlinear diffusion equation, controlled principally by a dimensionless parameter lambda, which is the ratio of the hydraulic conductivity to the sedimentation rate. We provide analytic and numerical results for both large and small lambda in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4. We then put a more realistic rheological relation with hysteresis into the model and investigate its effects during loading and unloading in Chapter 5. A discontinuous porosity profile may occur if the unloaded system is reloaded. We pursue the model further by considering diagenesis as a dehydration model in Chapter 6, then we extend it to a more realistic dissolution-precipitation reaction-transport model in Chapter 7 by including most of the known physics and chemistry derived from experimental studies. We eventually derive a viscous compaction model for pressure solution in sedimentary basins in Chapter 8, and show how the model suggests radically different behaviours in the distinct limits of slow and fast compaction. When lambda << 1, compaction is limited to a basal boundary layer. When lambda >> 1, compaction occurs throughout the basin, and the basic equilibrium solution near the surface is a near parabolic profile of porosity. But it is only valid to a finite depth where the permeability has decreased sufficiently, and a transition occurs, marking a switch from a normally pressured environment to one with high pore pressures.
145

High accuracy computational methods for the semiclassical Schrödinger equation

Singh, Pranav January 2018 (has links)
The computation of Schrödinger equations in the semiclassical regime presents several enduring challenges due to the presence of the small semiclassical parameter. Standard approaches for solving these equations commence with spatial discretisation followed by exponentiation of the discretised Hamiltonian via exponential splittings. In this thesis we follow an alternative strategy${-}$we develop a new technique, called the symmetric Zassenhaus splitting procedure, which involves directly splitting the exponential of the undiscretised Hamiltonian. This technique allows us to design methods that are highly efficient in the semiclassical regime. Our analysis takes place in the Lie algebra generated by multiplicative operators and polynomials of the differential operator. This Lie algebra is completely characterised by Jordan polynomials in the differential operator, which constitute naturally symmetrised differential operators. Combined with the $\mathbb{Z}_2$-graded structure of this Lie algebra, the symmetry results in skew-Hermiticity of the exponents for Zassenhaus-style splittings, resulting in unitary evolution and numerical stability. The properties of commutator simplification and height reduction in these Lie algebras result in a highly effective form of $\textit{asymptotic splitting:} $exponential splittings where consecutive terms are scaled by increasing powers of the small semiclassical parameter. This leads to high accuracy methods whose costs grow quadratically with higher orders of accuracy. Time-dependent potentials are tackled by developing commutator-free Magnus expansions in our Lie algebra, which are subsequently split using the Zassenhaus algorithm. We present two approaches for developing arbitrarily high-order Magnus--Zassenhaus schemes${-}$one where the integrals are discretised using Gauss--Legendre quadrature at the outset and another where integrals are preserved throughout. These schemes feature high accuracy, allow large time steps, and the quadratic growth of their costs is found to be superior to traditional approaches such as Magnus--Lanczos methods and Yoshida splittings based on traditional Magnus expansions that feature nested commutators of matrices. An analysis of these operatorial splittings and expansions is carried out by characterising the highly oscillatory behaviour of the solution.
146

Soluções exatas de equações de Einstein para buracos negros e anéis de matéria / Exact solutions of Einstein's equations for black holes and matter rings

Castro, Gian Machado de 13 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Patricio A. Letelier Sotomayor e Marcelo Moraes Guzzo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T19:55:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Castro_GianMachadode_D.pdf: 3217878 bytes, checksum: 48c026fc06d4c9e5db03014506ffc609 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Nesta tese, estudamos o problema de um anel delgado de matéria de densidade constante com um buraco negro de Kerr em seu centro. Nosso objetivo foi resolver as equações de Einstein no vácuo com simetria axial para esse sistema gravitacional. Para fazer a sobreposição não-linear do anel com o buraco negro (BN), utilizamos o método de Belinsky e Zakharov (MBZ). Este método necessita de uma solução conhecida (solução semente) para gerar uma nova solução. Tomamos a aproximação da solução do anel em multipolos como solução semente. Como resultado, obtivemos a solução de um anel com o BN central. A expansão do anel em multipolos exige o truncamento da série. Esta aproximação introduz um erro em nossa solução. Realizamos o estudo do mesmo devido ao truncamento da série. Também estudamos a estabilidade de órbitas circulares equatoriais de partículas movendo-se ao redor do sistema anel-BN quanto a perturbações epicíclicas e verticais. Analisamos essas perturbações para os modelos de gravitação relativística e newtoniana. Como resultado, encon- tramos o efeito inesperado da duplicação das órbitas circulares de flotons para alguns valores de parâmetros relacionados com o anel e o BN, bem como zonas de estabilidade na região interna do anel. / Abstract: In this thesis, we will study the problem of a thin ring of matter of constant density with a central Kerr black hole. The aim of this work is to solve the Einstein equations in the vacuum with axial symmetry for that gravitational system. To do the nonlinear superposition of the ring with the black hole (BH), we used the Belinsky and Zakharov method (BZM). This method needs a known solution (called seed solution) to generate a new one. We took the Newtonian ring potential approximated by a multipolar expansion as seed solution. As result, we obtained the solution of a ring with a central BH. The ring multipolar expansion demands the truncation of the series. This approach introduces an error in our solution. Estimations of errors due to the truncation of the multipolar expansions are performed. We also studied the stability of equatorial circular orbits of particles moving around the system ring plus BH due to epicycle and vertical perturbations. We analyzed those perturbations for relativistic and Newtonian gravitational models. As result, we found the unexpected effect of the duplication of the photons circular orbits for certain values of parameters related with the ring and BH, as well as zones of stability in the inner area of the matter ring. / Doutorado / Relatividade e Gravitação / Doutor em Ciências
147

Analyse semi-classique des opérateurs périodiques perturbés / Semi classical analysis for perturbation of periodic operators

Sbai, Youssef 10 December 2015 (has links)
Cette thèse traite de certaines propriétés spectrales de deux classes spécifiques des opérateurs périodiques. Nous nous intéressons tout d’abord à un modèle périodique perturbée par un opérateur dépendant d’un petit paramètre semi-classique. Nous obtenons alors le comportement asymptotique de la fonction du comptage des valeurs propres dans les gaps spectrales avec une estimation optimale du reste. Le second modèle étudié dans cette thèse est un modèle elliptique périodique d’ordre deux perturbée par un opérateur dépendant d’une grande constante de couplage. Nous donnons également la description de la fonction de compactage des valeurs propres lorsque la constante de couplage tend vers l’infini. La dernière partie de cette thèse discute l’étude du spectre discret de l’opérateur de Schrödinger avec un potentiel très oscillent dépendant d’un petit paramètre semi-classique. / This Ph.D thesis deals with some spectral properties of two specific classes of two periodic operators. We are firstly interested in the model periodic perturbed by operator depending on a small semi-classical constant. We obtain an asymptotic behavior of the eigenvalue counting function in the spectral gaps with scharp remainder estimate. The second model studied in this thesis is a two-dimensional periodic elliptic second order opera-tor perturbed by operator depending on a large coupling constant. We also give the description of the counting function of eigenvalues when the coupling constant tends to infinity. The last part of this thesis highlights the study the spectrum of a Schrödinger operator perturbed by a fast oscillatingdecaying potential depending on a small parameter.
148

Semiparametric estimation for extreme values

Bouquiaux, Christel 05 September 2005 (has links)
Nous appliquons la théorie asymptotique des expériences statistiques à des problèmes liés aux valeurs extrêmes. Quatre modèles semi-paramétriques sont envisagés. Tout d'abord le modèle d'échantillonnage de fonction de répartition de type Pareto. L'index de Pareto est le paramètre d'intérêt tandis que la fonction à variation lente, qui intervient dans la décomposition de la fonction de survie, joue le rôle de nuisance. Nous considérons ensuite des observations i.i.d. de fonction de répartition de type Weibull. Le troisième modèle étudié est un modèle de régression. On considère des couples d'observations $(Y_i,X_i)$ indépendants, les v.a. $X_i$ sont i.i.d. de loi connue et on suppose que la fonction de répartition de la loi de $Y$ conditionnellement à $X$ est de type Pareto, avec une fonction à variation lente et un index $gamma$ qui dépendent de $X$. On fait l'hypothèse que la fonction $gamma$ a une forme quelconque mais connue, qui dépend d'un paramètre $\ / Doctorat en sciences, Orientation statistique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
149

Modelos de toxicidad inducidos por microsatélites CAG y caracterización de dianas terapéuticas en C. elegans

Gómez Escribano, Ana Pilar 24 May 2021 (has links)
[ES] El equilibrio de la homeostasis de proteínas es esencial para asegurar la funcionalidad celular. La expresión de proteínas propensas a plegarse mal induce la formación de agregados tóxicos que alteran el correcto funcionamiento de estos sistemas de control, lo que conduce a un desequilibrio de la homeostasis de proteínas, y por consiguiente a una afectación patológica. Varias enfermedades neurodegenerativas, como la enfermedad de Huntington (EH), Parkinson, Alzheimer, entre otras, tienen en común esta marca patológica molecular. Especialmente, la EH pertenece a un grupo de patologías producidas por proteínas que contienen expansiones de poliQs (varias ataxias espinocerebelosas, la atrofia muscular bulbar y espinal y la atrofia dentatorubro-pálidoluisiana), que hacen que estos péptidos sean propensos a la agregación, y causen los problemas que hemos descrito. A pesar de que estas enfermedades son genéticas, y se conoce su causa molecular, se cree que la presencia de variantes alélicas en otros genes puede exacerbar o ralentizar la agregación de proteínas con poliQs. Por tanto, la identificación de estos genes permitirá profundizar en los mecanismos moduladores de la dinámica de agregación de poliQs e identificar dianas terapéuticas frente a la toxicidad de poliQs. También es ampliamente conocido que el ARN que porta tripletes CAG tiene carácter patogénico. En este trabajo hemos desarrollado modelos, empleando C. elegans, que muestran signos indirectos de que están expresando transcritos CAG patogénicos, puesto que los tejidos diana están alterados. Usamos uno de estos modelos, que perturba la función de las neuronas GABAérgicas del gusano, para realizar un cribado de 85 compuestos farmacológicos, que nos llevó a identificar cuatro compuestos que reducían los defectos motores en estos animales. Además de poliQs y transcritos CAG, también se producen péptidos derivados de una traducción no canónica, conocida como traducción RAN. En relación a esto, hemos profundizado en la identificación y modelización de estos péptidos en C. elegans mediante la expresión de expansiones CAG fusionadas a proteínas fluorescentes para su detección in vivo. Además hemos empleado otros modelos ya existentes, para caracterizar potenciales dianas terapéuticas, como AMPK, la cual puede ser activada por diferentes sustancias. Sin embargo, algunas sustancias, como la metformina o el salicilato, son pleiotrópicas. Por tanto, hemos caracterizado la activación sinérgica de AMPK, mediante metformina y salicilato, para reducir el estrés por agregados de poliQs, con lo que podríamos evitar que otras dianas resulten activadas. Por último, hemos demostrado que este tratamiento sinérgico reduce la toxicidad inducida por la α -sinucleína implicada en la enfermedad de Parkinson. Por otro lado, hemos caracterizado en C. elegans un nuevo alelo que potencia la la agregación de poliQs, vlt10, en el gen unc-1. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la mutación unc-1(vlt10) perturba la sinapsis eléctrica entre las neuronas sensoriales IL2 y ASJ, induciendo un exceso de señalización hormonal que requiere la función de la sulfotransferasa SSU-1. También hemos demostrado que la diana de esta señal es un receptor nuclear llamado NHR-1. En este mismo capítulo, hemos identificado otra ruta de señalización hormonal, mediada por otro receptor nuclear (DAF-12), que tiene un papel protector. Se desconoce qué hormona modula la actividad de NHR-1. Sin embargo, hemos identificado que algunos de los genes regulados por NHR-1 están relacionados con el metabolismo lipídico. Además, hemos observado que la disrupción de unc-1 induce la acumulación de lípidos en los gusanos, pero a la vez estos animales contienen menos ácidos grasos totales. Esto sugiere que las grasas juegan un papel fundamental en la modulación de la agregación de poliQs, y quizás señala posibles dianas terapéuticas contra enfermedades causadas / [CA] L'equilibri de l'homeòstasi de proteïnes és essencial per a assegurar la funcionalitat cel·lular. L'expressió de proteïnes propenses a plegar-se malament indueix la formació d'agregats tòxics i altera el correcte funcionament dels sistemes de control, cosa que condueix a un desequilibri de l'homeòstasi de proteïnes, i per consegüent a una afectació patològica. Diverses malalties neurodegeneratives, com la malaltia de Huntington (MH), Parkinson i Alzheimer, entre altres, tenen en comú aquesta signatura patològica. Especialment, la MH pertany a un grup de patologies produïdes per proteïnes que contenen expansions de poliQs (s'inclouen diverses atàxies espinocerebel·loses 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 i 17, l'atròfia muscular bulbar i espinal, i l'atròfia dentatorúbrica-pàl·lidaluisiana), que fan que aquests pèptids siguen propensos a l'agregació, i causen els problemes que hem descrit. Malgrat que aquestes malalties són genètiques i es coneix la seva causa molecular, es creu que la presència de variants al·lèliques en gens pot incrementar o alentir l'agregació de proteïnes amb poliQs. Per tant, la identificació de gens modificadors permet aprofundir en els mecanismes moduladors de la dinàmica d'agregació de poliQs ens permet trobar dianes terapèutiques enfront de la toxicitat de poliQs. També és àmpliament conegut que l'ARN que contenen expansions CAG té caràcter patogènic. Per tant, hem desenvolupat models, utilitzant C. elegans, en els quals es mostren signes indirectes que expressen transcrits patogènics, ja que els teixits diana revelen una funcionalitat alterada. Utilitzant aquests models, que alteren la funció de les neurones GABAèrgiques del cuc, hem realitzat un cribratge de 85 compostos farmacològics, que ens va portar a identificar quatre compostos que reduïen els defectes motors en aquests animals. A més de poliQs i l'ARN que conté expansions de CAG, es produeixen pèptids derivats d'una traducció no canònica, coneguda com a traducció RAN. En relació amb això, hem aprofundit en la identificació i modelització d'aquests pèptids en C. elegans mitjançant l'expressió d'expansions CAG fusionades a proteïnes fluorescents per a la seva detecció in vivo. A més hem emprat models ja generats, per a caracteritzar potencials dianes terapèutiques, com AMPK puga ser activat per diversos fàrmacs. No obstant això, alguns activadors, com la metformina o el salicilat, són substàncies pleiotròpiques. Per tant, hem caracteritzat l'activació sinèrgic de AMPK, mitjançant metformina i salicilat, per a reduir l'estrés induït per agregats de poliQs i s'evita l'activació de dianes no desitjades. I finalment, hem demostrat que aquest tractament sinèrgic podria ser utilitzat per a reduir proteïnes tòxiques com la α-sinucleína, causant de la malaltia de Parkinson. D'altra banda, hem caracteritzat un nou modulador de l'agregació de poliQs, vlt10, en el gen unc-1, que produeix un augment d'agregació de poliQs. Els nostres resultats suggereixen que la mutació unc-1(vlt10) pertorba la sinapsi elèctrica entre les neurones sensorials IL2 i ASJ, induint un excés de senyalització hormonal que requereix la funció de la sulfotransferasa SSU-1. També hem demostrat que la diana d'aquest senyal és un receptor nuclear anomenat NHR-1. En el mateix capítol, hem identificat una altra ruta de senyalització hormonal, mitjançada per un altre receptor nuclear (DAF-12), que té un paper protector. Es desconeix l'hormona que modula l'activitat de NHR-1. No obstant això, hem identificat que alguns del genes regulats per NHR-1 estan relacionats amb el metabolisme lipídic. els resultats han sigut confirmats. També hem observat que la disrupció de unc-1 indueix l'acumulació de lípids en els cucs, però simultàniament aquests animals contenen menys àcids grassos totals. Això suggereix que els greixos juguen un paper fonamental en la modulació de l'agregació de poliQs, i potser assenyala / [EN] The balance of protein homeostasis is essential to ensure cellular functionality. The expression of proteins that are prone to misfolding induces the formation of toxic aggregates, which leads to an imbalance in protein homeostasis and pathological consequences. Several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Huntington disease (HD), Parkinson, Alzheimer, among others, have this molecular pathological mark in common. HD belongs to a group of pathologies produced by proteins that contain expansions of polyQs (several spinocerebellar ataxias 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 and 17, bulbar and spinal muscular atrophy and the dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy), which make these peptides prone to aggregation, and cause the problems described above. Although these diseases are genetic, and their molecular cause is known, it is believed that the presence of allelic variants in other genes can exacerbate or slow the polyQ aggregation. Therefore, the identification of these genes will allow delving into the modulating mechanisms of the polyQ aggregation dynamics and find therapeutic targets against the polyQ toxicity. In addition, RNA that contains CAG triplets is pathogenic. In this work we have developed models using C. elegans that show indirect signs of pathogenic transcript expression since altered functionality was observed in target tissues. We use a model, which disturbs the function of the worm's GABAergic neurons, to screen for 85 pharmacological compounds, which led us to identify four compounds that reduced motor defects in these animals. In addition to polyQs and CAG transcripts, also are produced peptides derived from a non-canonical translation, known as RAN translation. In this regard, we have delved into the identification and modelling of these peptides in C. elegans through the expression of CAG expansions fused to fluorescent proteins to investigate them in vivo. Furthermore, we have used models previously generated to characterize potential therapeutic targets, such as AMPK. This enzyme can be activated using different compounds. However, some activators, such as metformin or salicylate, are pleiotropic substances. Therefore, in the second chapter of this thesis, we have characterised the synergistic activation of AMPK, using metformin and salicylate, to reduce the stress induced by polyQ aggregates and prevent possible unwanted targets from being activated. Finally, we have shown that this synergistic treatment could be used to reduce α-synuclein toxicity, which is involved in Parkinson disease. On the other hand, we have characterised a new allele that enhances polyQ aggregation, vlt10, in the unc-1 gene. Our results suggest that the unc-1(vlt10) mutation disturbs the electrical synapse between sensory neurons IL2 and ASJ, inducing an excess of hormonal signalling that requires the function of the sulfotransferase SSU-1. We have also shown that the target of this signal is the nuclear receptor NHR-1. In the same chapter, we have identified another hormonal signalling pathway, mediated by another nuclear receptor (DAF-12), which has a protective role. It is unknown which hormone modulates the activity of NHR-1. However, we have identified several genes that regulate lipid metabolism and whose expression could be modulated by NHR-1. In addition, we have observed that the disruption of unc-1 induces the accumulation of lipids in worms, but at the same time these animals contain less total fatty acids. Thus, our results suggest that the metabolism of fats play a key role in modulating polyQs aggregation, highlighting potential therapeutic targets against diseases caused by aggregation-prone proteins. / Gómez Escribano, AP. (2021). Modelos de toxicidad inducidos por microsatélites CAG y caracterización de dianas terapéuticas en C. elegans [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/166783 / TESIS
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Mean square solutions of random linear models and computation of their probability density function

Jornet Sanz, Marc 05 March 2020 (has links)
[EN] This thesis concerns the analysis of differential equations with uncertain input parameters, in the form of random variables or stochastic processes with any type of probability distributions. In modeling, the input coefficients are set from experimental data, which often involve uncertainties from measurement errors. Moreover, the behavior of the physical phenomenon under study does not follow strict deterministic laws. It is thus more realistic to consider mathematical models with randomness in their formulation. The solution, considered in the sample-path or the mean square sense, is a smooth stochastic process, whose uncertainty has to be quantified. Uncertainty quantification is usually performed by computing the main statistics (expectation and variance) and, if possible, the probability density function. In this dissertation, we study random linear models, based on ordinary differential equations with and without delay and on partial differential equations. The linear structure of the models makes it possible to seek for certain probabilistic solutions and even approximate their probability density functions, which is a difficult goal in general. A very important part of the dissertation is devoted to random second-order linear differential equations, where the coefficients of the equation are stochastic processes and the initial conditions are random variables. The study of this class of differential equations in the random setting is mainly motivated because of their important role in Mathematical Physics. We start by solving the randomized Legendre differential equation in the mean square sense, which allows the approximation of the expectation and the variance of the stochastic solution. The methodology is extended to general random second-order linear differential equations with analytic (expressible as random power series) coefficients, by means of the so-called Fröbenius method. A comparative case study is performed with spectral methods based on polynomial chaos expansions. On the other hand, the Fröbenius method together with Monte Carlo simulation are used to approximate the probability density function of the solution. Several variance reduction methods based on quadrature rules and multilevel strategies are proposed to speed up the Monte Carlo procedure. The last part on random second-order linear differential equations is devoted to a random diffusion-reaction Poisson-type problem, where the probability density function is approximated using a finite difference numerical scheme. The thesis also studies random ordinary differential equations with discrete constant delay. We study the linear autonomous case, when the coefficient of the non-delay component and the parameter of the delay term are both random variables while the initial condition is a stochastic process. It is proved that the deterministic solution constructed with the method of steps that involves the delayed exponential function is a probabilistic solution in the Lebesgue sense. Finally, the last chapter is devoted to the linear advection partial differential equation, subject to stochastic velocity field and initial condition. We solve the equation in the mean square sense and provide new expressions for the probability density function of the solution, even in the non-Gaussian velocity case. / [ES] Esta tesis trata el análisis de ecuaciones diferenciales con parámetros de entrada aleatorios, en la forma de variables aleatorias o procesos estocásticos con cualquier tipo de distribución de probabilidad. En modelización, los coeficientes de entrada se fijan a partir de datos experimentales, los cuales suelen acarrear incertidumbre por los errores de medición. Además, el comportamiento del fenómeno físico bajo estudio no sigue patrones estrictamente deterministas. Es por tanto más realista trabajar con modelos matemáticos con aleatoriedad en su formulación. La solución, considerada en el sentido de caminos aleatorios o en el sentido de media cuadrática, es un proceso estocástico suave, cuya incertidumbre se tiene que cuantificar. La cuantificación de la incertidumbre es a menudo llevada a cabo calculando los principales estadísticos (esperanza y varianza) y, si es posible, la función de densidad de probabilidad. En este trabajo, estudiamos modelos aleatorios lineales, basados en ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias con y sin retardo, y en ecuaciones en derivadas parciales. La estructura lineal de los modelos nos permite buscar ciertas soluciones probabilísticas e incluso aproximar su función de densidad de probabilidad, lo cual es un objetivo complicado en general. Una parte muy importante de la disertación se dedica a las ecuaciones diferenciales lineales de segundo orden aleatorias, donde los coeficientes de la ecuación son procesos estocásticos y las condiciones iniciales son variables aleatorias. El estudio de esta clase de ecuaciones diferenciales en el contexto aleatorio está motivado principalmente por su importante papel en la Física Matemática. Empezamos resolviendo la ecuación diferencial de Legendre aleatorizada en el sentido de media cuadrática, lo que permite la aproximación de la esperanza y la varianza de la solución estocástica. La metodología se extiende al caso general de ecuaciones diferenciales lineales de segundo orden aleatorias con coeficientes analíticos (expresables como series de potencias), mediante el conocido método de Fröbenius. Se lleva a cabo un estudio comparativo con métodos espectrales basados en expansiones de caos polinomial. Por otro lado, el método de Fröbenius junto con la simulación de Monte Carlo se utilizan para aproximar la función de densidad de probabilidad de la solución. Para acelerar el procedimiento de Monte Carlo, se proponen varios métodos de reducción de la varianza basados en reglas de cuadratura y estrategias multinivel. La última parte sobre ecuaciones diferenciales lineales de segundo orden aleatorias estudia un problema aleatorio de tipo Poisson de difusión-reacción, en el que la función de densidad de probabilidad es aproximada mediante un esquema numérico de diferencias finitas. En la tesis también se tratan ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias aleatorias con retardo discreto y constante. Estudiamos el caso lineal y autónomo, cuando el coeficiente de la componente no retardada i el parámetro del término retardado son ambos variables aleatorias mientras que la condición inicial es un proceso estocástico. Se demuestra que la solución determinista construida con el método de los pasos y que involucra la función exponencial retardada es una solución probabilística en el sentido de Lebesgue. Finalmente, el último capítulo lo dedicamos a la ecuación en derivadas parciales lineal de advección, sujeta a velocidad y condición inicial estocásticas. Resolvemos la ecuación en el sentido de media cuadrática y damos nuevas expresiones para la función de densidad de probabilidad de la solución, incluso en el caso de velocidad no Gaussiana. / [CA] Aquesta tesi tracta l'anàlisi d'equacions diferencials amb paràmetres d'entrada aleatoris, en la forma de variables aleatòries o processos estocàstics amb qualsevol mena de distribució de probabilitat. En modelització, els coeficients d'entrada són fixats a partir de dades experimentals, les quals solen comportar incertesa pels errors de mesurament. A més a més, el comportament del fenomen físic sota estudi no segueix patrons estrictament deterministes. És per tant més realista treballar amb models matemàtics amb aleatorietat en la seua formulació. La solució, considerada en el sentit de camins aleatoris o en el sentit de mitjana quadràtica, és un procés estocàstic suau, la incertesa del qual s'ha de quantificar. La quantificació de la incertesa és sovint duta a terme calculant els principals estadístics (esperança i variància) i, si es pot, la funció de densitat de probabilitat. En aquest treball, estudiem models aleatoris lineals, basats en equacions diferencials ordinàries amb retard i sense, i en equacions en derivades parcials. L'estructura lineal dels models ens fa possible cercar certes solucions probabilístiques i inclús aproximar la seua funció de densitat de probabilitat, el qual és un objectiu complicat en general. Una part molt important de la dissertació es dedica a les equacions diferencials lineals de segon ordre aleatòries, on els coeficients de l'equació són processos estocàstics i les condicions inicials són variables aleatòries. L'estudi d'aquesta classe d'equacions diferencials en el context aleatori està motivat principalment pel seu important paper en Física Matemàtica. Comencem resolent l'equació diferencial de Legendre aleatoritzada en el sentit de mitjana quadràtica, el que permet l'aproximació de l'esperança i la variància de la solució estocàstica. La metodologia s'estén al cas general d'equacions diferencials lineals de segon ordre aleatòries amb coeficients analítics (expressables com a sèries de potències), per mitjà del conegut mètode de Fröbenius. Es duu a terme un estudi comparatiu amb mètodes espectrals basats en expansions de caos polinomial. Per altra banda, el mètode de Fröbenius juntament amb la simulació de Monte Carlo són emprats per a aproximar la funció de densitat de probabilitat de la solució. Per a accelerar el procediment de Monte Carlo, es proposen diversos mètodes de reducció de la variància basats en regles de quadratura i estratègies multinivell. L'última part sobre equacions diferencials lineals de segon ordre aleatòries estudia un problema aleatori de tipus Poisson de difusió-reacció, en què la funció de densitat de probabilitat és aproximada mitjançant un esquema numèric de diferències finites. En la tesi també es tracten equacions diferencials ordinàries aleatòries amb retard discret i constant. Estudiem el cas lineal i autònom, quan el coeficient del component no retardat i el paràmetre del terme retardat són ambdós variables aleatòries mentre que la condició inicial és un procés estocàstic. Es prova que la solució determinista construïda amb el mètode dels passos i que involucra la funció exponencial retardada és una solució probabilística en el sentit de Lebesgue. Finalment, el darrer capítol el dediquem a l'equació en derivades parcials lineal d'advecció, subjecta a velocitat i condició inicial estocàstiques. Resolem l'equació en el sentit de mitjana quadràtica i donem noves expressions per a la funció de densitat de probabilitat de la solució, inclús en el cas de velocitat no Gaussiana. / This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad grant MTM2017–89664–P. I acknowledge the doctorate scholarship granted by Programa de Ayudas de Investigación y Desarrollo (PAID), Universitat Politècnica de València. / Jornet Sanz, M. (2020). Mean square solutions of random linear models and computation of their probability density function [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/138394

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