The dominance of sight in built environmental design and management is well documented with smell overlooked by built environment professionals, considered of primarily negative influence upon experience and perception. However odour has special characteristics, retained in memory longer than visual images, and can transport people back through space and time through recollection and association. As a result, it has an important role to play in urban place experience. Few dedicated studies have examined the role of smell in environmental experience and perception. As a result, important questions are raised: What odours are commonplace in contemporary urban environments? How are they perceived? What is the relationship between odour and place perception and experience? What tools are available when designing olfactory environments? What are the ethical implications when doing so? Drawing on evidence from smellwalks and semi-structured interviews with fifty-two professionals, licensees, community representatives and business people in Doncaster, accompanied by data involving eighty-two residents, collected in Manchester, Sheffield and Clerkenwell, London by the Vivacity2020 Project, smell is argued highly influential in place experience and perception. This empirical study is one of the first to evidence odour perception as related to place perception with individuals playing an active role in perception according to past experiences and olfactory perceptual state. A potentially positive role for odour is identified in restorative experiences of the city, gained from natural and non-natural sources. A range of tools are introduced, assisting in designing with odour without reliance upon scenting practices, themselves identified problematic due to perceived physical and psychological reactions. Through adopting a pragmatic approach to findings, where experiences of odour are considered on a site by site basis and within the context of local stakeholder engagement, a new model is proposed by which olfactory design can be incorporated into everyday urban design decision making processes.

In this study the psychological structures of two categories of religious and schizophrenic experience were examined from a phenomenological- existential perspective. Existing theories describe schizophrenia as an unfree, rigid experience with limited possibilities for selfhood. Some theorists believe, however, that some forms of schizophrenia can be seen as potential growth experiences which could facilitate existential renewal. These forms of schizophrenia are mystical, mythical or spiritual in nature. Religious experiences are, according to the literature, essentially renewal experiences facilitating existential growth and transformation through a particular system of thought and devotional relationship shared by a group of people. The Duquesne phenomenological- psychological method was used to analyse seven case studies, four of which involved schizophrenic experiences and three which involved religious conversion experiences. The general psychological structure which emerged through this analysis showed both schizophrenia and religious experience to have specific implications for the personal, social, material and mystical dimensions of being. The description of a specific psychological structure of experience which could optimally facilitate existential growth and transformation was attained by examining psychological structures where the subject's experience culminated in existential growth and transformation (such as religious experience and certain schizophrenIc experiences). As both these categories of experience displayed a strong mystical component, a psychological structure of experience which facilitates a transformative mystical experience was described. It can be concluded that an experience involving a mystical dimension could be transformative if the general psychological structure of the person displays (a) an openness towards reality as it presents itself (b) an experience of oneself as having a measure of existential freedom (c) a certain sense of security in one's own selfhood and (d) a social world which could understand, support and reflect inner experiences.

Hot och våld mot sjuksköterskor förekommer inom sluten vården och det är ett växande problem. Detta ses både inom somatisk och psykiatrisk vård. Hot och våld är underrapporterat, vilket är problematiskt ur synpunkten att det minskar möjligheterna att motverka, förhindra och hantera fenomenet. Olika strategier kan användas för att hantera konsekvenserna hos den enskilda sjuksköterskan efter att denne utsatts för hot och våld. Att drabbas av detta leder inte sällan till psykisk ohälsa och/eller fysisk skada som kan resultera i sjukskrivning. Arbetsmiljön är betydelsefull inom vården och patient/sjuksköterskerelationen bygger på en ömsesidig respekt samt empati. Denna vårdrelation kan vara svår att upprätthålla då hot och våld förekommer. En litteraturbaserad studie valdes till examensarbetet för att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelse av hot och våld inom sluten vården. Tio artiklar ur vetenskapliga tidskrifter granskades. Ett resultat sammanställdes utefter vad dessa studier kommit fram till. Utefter resultaten bildades tre teman och tio underteman som svarade till syftet i denna litteraturstudie.  Temana som framkom var, att känna sig utsatt, att inte känna stöd och att behöva hitta en lösning för att hantera hot och våld. Sjuksköterskorna önskade mer stöd från verksamheten de arbetade i för att kunna hantera fenomenet. Stödet de önskade låg i omgivningen i form av säkerhetsaspekter i arbetsmiljön. Även känslomässigt stöd upplevde sig sjuksköterskorna vara i behov av efter att de konfronterats med hot och våld. Detta för att kunna hantera sina känslor samt utveckla strategier att hantera liknande situationer i framtiden. Arbetsplatsen kan förbättra sin arbetsmiljö genom att erbjuda sjuksköterskor stöd samt hjälp att skapa personliga strategier att hantera hot och våld. Arbetsplatsen kan lära sig om utlösande faktorer och skapa ett aktivt förebyggande arbete för att förhindra hot och våld mot sjuksköterskor i framtiden. / Background: Within inpatient care violence and threats are a growing problem, which nurses are particularly exposed to in their workplace, especially by patients. It makes an impact on the relationship between them and it also creates consequences in the care of the patient and the ability of the nurse to provide it.  Aim: The aim of this study was to describe nurse experiences of threats and violence within inpatient care. Method: A literature study based on qualitative articles. Ten qualitative articles were used and analysed. Results: The results are grounded in three themes and ten sub-themes. Nurses experiences of violence and threats resulted in feelings of fear and concern when they were exposed to it. They felt difficulties to handle the problems and they asked for more strategies, both personally and in the working environment to deal with the issue.   Conclusion: The results showed that nurse's feelings in this subject were fear and concern in their profession were they need more strategies to handle situations in violence and threat. In the articles nurse's asked for more support programs and reflections from their managers.

Magister Legum - LLM

Magister Artium (Child and Family Studies) - MA(CFS) / Childhood sexual abuse transcends boundaries of social class, race, age and gender. Research suggests that its effects are so profoundly debilitating that even in adulthood, victims struggle with a range of emotional, psychological and behavioural challenges. Nationally, South Africa has experienced a high prevalence of childhood sexual abuse, with a noticeable reporting of sexual abuse amongst children whose mothers survived childhood sexual abuse. The current study was aimed at exploring and describing the experiences of maternal survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) whose children also disclosed childhood sexual abuse. It furthermore explored the maternal intergenerational transference of sexual abuse and its influence on parenting, as well as exploring how the experience of childhood sexual abuse influences maternal parental practice and confirms or negates whether sexual abuse is generational. A qualitative research design was used to explore the experiences and perceptions of seven mothers who experienced sexual abuse as children, whose children also disclosed sexual abuse. The sample was purposefully drawn and the interviews were conducted at the premises of two counselling organisations, where they (mothers/children) were receiving counselling. The researcher made use of in-depth interviewing with maternal survivors of childhood sexual abuse whose children also disclosed childhood sexual abuse. The data was collected using an interview schedule with open-ended questions, which facilitated the interview process. Interviews that were conducted with the maternal survivors of childhood sexual abuse were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data from the study was analysed using thematic analysis, with all data managed manually. Ethical considerations were deliberated to participants who provided signed, informed consent for participation in the study. The findings were revealed in four themes. Theme one describes the experience of loss as a result of the CSA, which included loss of childhood, loss of relationships with family and friends, and loss of parental attachment. Theme two describes the interpersonal and psychological challenges resulting from CSA. A range of psychological and interpersonal sequelae resulting from the CSA experience poses many challenges for the maternal survivor of CSA. These include post-traumatic stress, cognitive distortions, emotional distress, avoidance, and interpersonal difficulties. Theme three describes the barriers affecting the maternal survivor's sense of Self, which includes negative body image and negative self-image. Maternal survivors of CSA struggle with issues pertaining to negative body image, which is as a result of the CSA experience. Issues pertaining to negative self-image were also captured. Theme four describes the parental practice of the maternal survivor and coping capacity, which includes challenges affecting the parental role, the maternal survivor's reaction to her children’s disclosure, as well as the coping strategies adopted to cope and move on. The results of the study show that maternal survivors of CSA experienced a shared feeling of loss, both on a personal level and a relational level. The findings furthermore indicate that the interpersonal and psychological challenges experienced by the maternal survivor are a direct consequence of the CSA and adversely affect the parental role of the maternal survivor. The findings indicate that in cases of intra-familial CSA, the chances are increased for CSA to re-occur in subsequent generations when contact with the mother's perpetrator is maintained. The findings indicate that when CSA occurs in a subsequent generation, regardless of whether intra-familial or extra-familial, maternal survivors are supportive towards their children’s disclosures, as they are confronted with their own CSA experience.

South Africa is increasingly becoming a destination for leisure tourists. Many are interested in cultural tourism. There is a need for empirical research into this field of hospitality and tourism, which this study aims to address. Lesedi Cultural Village (Lesedi) is an establishment where tourists can experience five of the ethnic cultures of South Africa. As part of the experience, a meal is served which is advertised as “The greatest African feast”. The actual food served is not necessarily culturally authentic in nature. Consequently expectations of the meal experience might be created which cannot be satisfied. This investigation commences with a literature study to establish the components of a meal experience, namely food, service and atmosphere. Thereafter factors are established through the literature survey that are required for satisfaction of a meal experience. These concepts are set out in an adaptation of an existing model of Kivela, Inbakaran and Reece (1999). The adapted model is used as the basis for a field survey of the opinions of leisure tourists visiting Lesedi. The survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire. The results were analysed statistically. Prior to the survey, objectives for the study were set to compare the findings of the literature study with the respondents’ views about the meal experience at Lesedi. The objectives were to determine whether: Objective 1: leisure tourists’ expectations regarding the meal experience and its components were met, and whether they were satisfied with the current meal experience Objective 2: leisure tourists would be willing to return or refer others to Lesedi Objective 3: it is necessary to have a cultural-specific menu to satisfy the leisure tourists’ expectations Objective 4: certain components of the meal experience impressed the leisure tourists the most Objective 5: there is a significant relationship between food, service and atmosphere regarding the meal experience Objective 6: other aspects have significant relationships with the components of the meal experience (food, service and atmosphere) The tourists’ expectations and satisfaction with the meal experience were met to a high degree. The majority of respondents indicated they would return or refer others to Lesedi. While it is not necessary to have a cultural-specific menu to satisfy tourists’ expectations, the current menu could be enhanced by the inclusion of some cultural-specific items. Aspects of the components of the meal experience, which were considered by the respondents to have impressed them the most were also determined. A significant relationship exists between food and service but only a tendency to a relationship exists between food and atmosphere as well as between service and atmosphere. Service appears to play a slightly more important role in satisfying the meal experience than does food. Atmosphere supports the other two components (food and service). Suggestions were made, for consideration by the management of Lesedi, regarding possible improvements to the components of the meal experience. Copyright / Dissertation (M (Consumer Science))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Consumer Science / unrestricted

Ces 20 dernières années, la mortalité attribuable à l’anesthésie a été divisée par 10. Cette baisse de mortalité offre la possibilité de porter une attention plus importante à certains critères d’évaluation, reportés par les patients, tels que le vécu ou la satisfaction. Appliqué au contexte periopératoire, le vécu du patient peut constituer un indicateur de résultats de l’anesthésie, à classer aux côtés de la morbidité et de la mortalité. Une prémédication anxiolytique est largement pratiquée avant une intervention chirurgicale à travers le monde. Une autre stratégie répandue pour améliorer le vécu du patient consiste à réaliser une sédation prolongée au décours des interventions réalisées sous anesthésie locorégionale. Ces pratiques ne reposent que sur un faible niveau de preuve et leur efficacité n’est pas évaluée.Ce travail de thèse à permis de développer deux outils d’analyse de la période periopératoire, soit un questionnaire d’évaluation de l’anxiété préopératoire et une échelle d’évaluation du vécu periopératoire en anesthésie locorégionale. Ces outils ont été déployés au sein d’une démarche de recherche clinique afin d’évaluer formellement l’efficacité de la prémédication sédative et celle de la sédation peropératoire dans deux études prospectives randomisées distinctes. Les résultats mettent en évidence que si l’anxiété préopératoire est liée à un moins bon vécu global de la période periopératoire, la réalisation systématique d’une prémédication ou d’une sédation ne résulte pas en une meilleure expérience pour le patient et est à l’origine d’effets adverses significatifs. / The last 20 years, mortality due to anesthesia was divided by 10. This decline in mortality allows to bring more attention to certain evaluation criteria, reported by patients, such as experience or satisfaction. Applied to the perioperative context, the patient experience can be a major outcome of anesthesia, alongside morbidity and mortality. Different empirical approaches, are implemented for several years to improve the patient experience. Sedative premedication is widely practiced before surgery worldwide. Another common strategy to improve the patient experience is to perform continuous sedation in interventions performed under regional anesthesia. These practices rely on a low level of evidence and their effectiveness is not evaluated. Such an assessment would require the use of validated tools together with a clinical experimental approach placing the patient experience as the primary endpoint.This thesis allowed to develop two tools for analyzing the perioperative period, i.e. an evaluation of preoperative anxiety and the assessment of perioperative patient experience in regional anesthesia. These tools have been deployed in a clinical research process to formally evaluate the effectiveness of sedative premedication and intraoperative sedation in two separate randomized studies. The results show that if preoperative anxiety is related to poorer overall experience of the perioperative period, the systematic implementation of premedication or sedation does not result in a better experience for the patient and could lead to significant adverse effects.

This study investigated the role of business knowledge and work experience, as antecedents towards explaining entrepreneurial success. The encouragement of entrepreneurial activities has been recommended as a way to stimulate economic growth. On of the most critical issues facing developing countries is to understand where entrepreneurs originate from and what characteristics are relevant to their success. Although entrepreneurs act as catalysts of economic activity for the entire economy many of them fail. Most entrepreneurs often start a new venture ignorant of many key dimensions of running their businesses and must obtain the necessary information if they are to survive. Entrepreneurial competency, largely acquired on an individual basis, consists of a combination of skills, knowledge and resources that distinguish an entrepreneur from his or her competitors. This research study reviewed the two constructs namely entrepreneurial business knowledge and work experience, from the available literature and through scientific empirical research reported their effects on entrepreneurial success. Entrepreneurial business knowledge refers to the ascribe roles for managerial expertise in entrepreneurial success and entails, to varying degrees marketing, financial management/book-keeping, self-supervision, and, if applicable, the supervision of paid employees or unpaid family workers, among other activities. Experience refers to the knowledge or ability of an individual gained due to circumstances in a particular job, organisation, or industry. Some researchers have indicated that a lack of business knowledge and/or business experience hinders firm growth and entrepreneurial success. Despite some of the significant findings, a large amount of the variance in business knowledge and work experience remained unexplained. This unexplained variance, however, was consistent with other investigations. There was tentative evidence to support the role of business knowledge and work experience, as entrepreneurial success antecedents. However the evidence was not conclusive and further in depth research would have to done in order to reach a conclusive finding. Copyright 2004, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Barreira, JCD 2004, The influence of business knowledge and work experience, as antecedents to entrepreneurial success, PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08232004-100614 / > / Thesis (PhD (Entrepreneurship))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Business Management / unrestricted

The writing of this thesis is to investigate the role that the church plays for the children living with conflicting parents. This investigation takes us both into the role of Gcuwa Circuit and the Presbyterian Church of Africa in the fight against traumatized children because of parent’s conflict. The researcher’s question through this thesis is to find out the role of the church as it seeks to take care for those affected children. This thesis is to enhance the response of the churches and societies to fight against abuse of children. It has attempted to explore new theological perspectives and utilise the available ones, which have already been dealing with issues that address children’s trauma as a result of conflicting parents. The study also seeks to encourage church ministers, pastors and lay leaders to provide the much needed leadership in the fight against children’s trauma and its accompanying social problems of injustices, culture and gender inequality. The church has the pastoral responsibilities for ensuring that all children enjoy their full rights. Nevertheless effective therapy and pastoral care normally transcends all these barriers. / Dissertation (MA(Theol))--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

Improvements in diagnostic measures over the years have resulted in more accurate diagnosis of ADHD. Whilst many studies have focused on ADHD as a disorder, few studies have looked at the experience of raising a child with ADHD. The aim of this study was to explore the experience of Black parents raising children with ADHD. The sample consisted of five Black parents who live the experience of raising children, between the ages of six and twelve years, with ADHD. An interview schedule with semi-structured open-ended questions was used. The study followed a qualitative research design with descriptive phenomenology as the worldview. The themes that emerged from the data were around the experience of their child, the experience of ADHD and the experience of self. Black parents experienced their children’s behaviour as hyperactive and uncontrollable. They also believed their children were socially withdrawn and isolated. Problems with inattention, not listening and being unable to concentrate were highlighted as experienced at school and at home. Black parents also stated that their children were clever and popular at school and at home, but had problems with speech. However, most were hopeful for their children’s future. Black parents raising children with ADHD had a reasonable understanding of ADHD as a disorder, even though the results of the study suggest that ADHD is still misunderstood in the Black population. Black parents experienced others as insensitive and blaming. The support from professionals was experienced as not satisfactory and there were concerns about the medication. Black parents experienced their style of parenting as harsh but accommodating. They experienced guilt and shame, blaming themselves for their children’s condition. They also felt trapped, frustrated, alone, lonely, helpless, in despair and even depressed at times. However they viewed themselves as generally coping well. Core values such as respect for others, discipline and boundaries have remained in how they parent. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Psychology / unrestricted