Denna magisteruppsats syftar till att effektivisera projekt. Uppsatsen är gjord vid flygradardivisionen vid Ericsson Microwave Systems (EMW). Deras projekt kostar ofta mer än planerat och tar ofta längre tid än planerat. Flygradardivisionen vill veta varför slutresultatet i de flesta fall överskrider budget och varför tidsramen inte kan hållas. Deras mål är att lära sig från erfarenheten i tidigare projekt och att samla all denna erfarenhet i en erfarenhetsbank. De gav mig uppgiften att starta processen mot en erfarenhetsbank. Teorin som jag baserar mina resultat och slutsatser på är Experience Factory (EF). EF är ett exempel på en erfarenhetsbank som först utvecklades för mjukvaruprojekt. Jag började min uppsats med att undersöka projekt vid flygradardivisionen för att försöka hitta gemensamma faktorer. Jag hittade faktorer som har en stor påverkan på projekten, projekten är beroende av dessa faktorer för att kunna nå projektmålen. Dessa faktorer är det första steget mot en erfarenhetsbank. Att genomföra denna process är ett arbete som tar många år speciellt på ett stort företag som EMW. Denna uppsats är en början mot målet, i mina resultat presenteras faktorerna och i slutsatsen ges förslag på fortsatt arbete mot en erfarenhetsbank. / In this master thesis I investigate how to make projects more efficient. I did my thesis at the airborne radar division at Ericsson Microwave Systems (EMW). Their projects often cost more than estimated and they also tend to last longer than estimated. The airborne radar division wants to know why the final result, in most cases exceed the budget and time plan. Their goal is to learn from the experience in previous projects and to gather all that experience in an experience base. They gave me the task to start the process towards an experience base. The theory I base my result and conclusions on is The Experience Factory. The Experience Factory is an example of an experience base that was developed primarily for software projects. I started investigating projects at the airborne radar division trying to find common denominators (factors). I found some factors that I believe have a major impact on the projects. The projects really have to rely on these factors to be able to reach the goal of the projects. These factors are the first step towards an experience base. Starting a process towards an experience base is a work that takes many years especially at a company of this size. My thesis is a start towards the goal and in my result I present the factors I found and in the conclusions I give suggestions for the continuing work towards an experience base.

Essa tese de doutorado discute em ato o conceito de experiência através de um processo de trabalho inventivo denominado « Deriva Parada ». Com metodologia inspirada em elementos dos movimentos artísticos Surrealismo e o Situacionismo, buscou tensionar a palavra cidade, operando nela uma crise de sentido. A deriva e a deambulação foram dois procedimentos artísticos que agiram na suspensão dos usuais sentidos atribuídos ao termo e dotaram-lhe de potência criativa-criadora de novos sentidos, ou até mesmo, da possibilidade transmitir o vazio de sentido. Seguindo a leitura de autores como W. Benjamin, G. Agamben, G. Didi-Hubeman, G. Bataille em torno da questão da produção da experiência após a modernidade histórica, buscou-se um percurso em trabalhos de artistas, pensadores, além da experência-tema dessa tese: fagulhas da destruição da experiência e outras formas de existir, contar e produzir memória na cidade contemporânea. / This thesis discusses in act the concept of experience trough a process of inventive work denominated « Deriva Parada ». It sought for tensioning the word city, operating over it a crisis of meaning with a methodology inspired in elements of the artistic movements Surrealism and Situationism. The drift and the strolling were two artistic procedures that acted on the suspension of the usual meanings related to this concept and gave it a creativecreator power of new meanings, or even, possibilities of transmitting the absence of meaning. Following the readings of authors as W. Benjamin, G. Agamben, G. Didi-Hubeman, G. Bataille around the issue of the experience production after historic modernity, we sought a trajectory in works of artists, thinkers and the theme-experience of this thesis: destruction sparks of the experience and others forms of existing, telling and producing memory in the contemporary city.

Esta pesquisa trata das relações entre cinema, educação e alteridade, a partir da análise de um curso de cinema brasileiro para estrangeiros. O corpus empírico é constituído pelas produções textuais dos alunos sobre os filmes a que assistiram em aula, além de notas de campo escritas pelo professor-pesquisador. Tal material levanta questões sobre as relações de alunos estrangeiros com o cinema brasileiro, com os enfrentamentos diante do outro e as experiências ético-estéticas ali possíveis, provocadas pelo contato com filmes. Problematizam-se neste trabalho os conceitos de estrangeiro e alteridade. Com base especialmente em Carlos Skliar e Didi-Huberman, defende-se que a posição de ser outro está no olhar e na interação, especificamente aqui, entre os alunos, o professor e o cinema. Além disso, com Alain Badiou, traz-se também a ideia de que o próprio cinema exige a alteridade e coloca-nos em contato com o outro, o diferente, na condição também de uma experimentação filosófica. São relevantes na dissertação as elaborações de Gilles Deleuze sobre “cinema falsificante”, e de Ismail Xavier, sobre o “olhar sem corpo”, para problematizarmos a potência do cinema como desestabilizador do espectador. Tais situações de arrebatamento com o cinema são tratadas como experiências ético-estéticas; com Marilena Chauí, discutimos a possibilidade de relacionar tais situações com uma experiência do olhar, de saída e volta a si. Tais conceitos teóricos contribuíram para decidir sobre o recorte da pesquisa e sobre a criação de três categorias de análise, de modo a pensar que a relação dos alunos estrangeiros com o cinema brasileiro e que seus relatos e análises fílmicas contribuem para uma problematização emergente sobre o contato com o outro e a relevância de tal tema para o campo da educação. / This research deals with the relationship between cinema, education and alterity, from the analysis of a Brazilian cinema course for foreign students. The empirical corpus consists of the students’ writing production about the films watched in class, and field annotations written by the teacher-researcher. This material brings up questions about the relationship between the students and the Brazilian cinema, with the self in confront with the other and the ethical-aesthetic experiences possible therein, brought to light through the contact with films. It is observed and problematized in this research the notions of being a foreign and alterity. Based mainly on Carlos Skliar and Didi-Huberman, it is suggested that the role of being the other is in the eye and in the human interaction, specifically among the students, the teacher and the cinema. Moreover, through Alain Badiou, it is stated that the cinema itself demands alterity and puts us in contact with the other, the different one, also in the context of a philosophical experimentation. The studies of Gilles Deleuze about “falsifying cinema”, as well as those of Ismail Xavier about the “bodiless eye” are relevant to problematize the potential of cinema to make the spectator unstable. These destabilizing situations provoked by the cinema are treated as ethical-aesthetic experiences; through Marilena Chauí, we discuss the possibility of relating such situations with the experience of seeing, of leaving and coming back to itself. These theories have contributed to decide on the research cutouts and on the creation of three categories of analysis, in order to think that the relationship between the students and the Brazilian cinema, and their writing productions about films contribute to an emergent problematizing about the contact with the other and the importance of this topic to the field of education.

O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender como o significado de interdisciplinaridade foi percebido pelos sujeitos envolvidos nos cursos aglutinados na Área da Saúde da Universidade de Uberaba- UNIUBE. A expressão Área diz respeito à integração de cursos e suas disciplinas. A Área, matriz virtual, operacionalizou a experiência interdisciplinar através do Programa de Promoção de Saúde – Pró-Saúde. Este programa foi elaborado com a participação dos diferentes cursos de graduação a partir do reconhecimento das prioridades de saúde da população-alvo. O estudo foi desenvolvido em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde-UBS sob gerência plena da UNIUBE, no bairro Alfredo Freire. Para compreender a experiência colocada em prática, foi construído um instrumento específico relativo à percepção do significado de interdisciplinaridade e da percepção da experiência com o Pró-Saúde. O instrumento reunia dados de identificação pessoal, formação escolar e profissional dos entrevistados (diretores, professores, alunos dos cursos, coordenadores dos subprogramas, além de funcionários da UBS e usuários), bem como suas percepções sobre sua experiência interdisciplinar. Pela análise dos depoimentos, concluiu-se que a Área foi a indutora e o Pró-Saúde foi o facilitador do processo interdisciplinar entre os cursos de graduação da Área da Saúde. Concluiu-se, também que a interdisciplinaridade, além do conhecimento cognitivo que lhe é constitutivo, tem componente de ordem subjetiva representado pela vontade de cooperação, colaboração, diálogo, abertura do conhecimento para o outro e realização de trabalho comum. Em suma, a interdisciplinaridade envolve questões de atitudes frente à construção do conhecimento, sua compreensão e sua práxis. / This study aimed at getting to know how the interdisciplinary concept was understood by the subjects involved in the courses within the Health Area of the University of Uberaba – UNIUBE. The term Area has to do with courses integration and its disciplines. The Area, virtual matrix, performed the interdisciplinary experience through the Health Promotion Program – Pro-Health. This program was elaborated with the participation of different undergraduate courses, aiming at the health priorities of the target population. The study was developed in a Basic Health Unit-BHU under the full management of UNIUBE, in the Alfredo Freire borough. A specific instrument focused on the perception of the interdisciplinary concept and the Pro-Health experience was built to evaluate the practical experience. The instrument included data on personal identification, interviewees’ schooling and professional background (head, professor, undergraduate student, subprogram supervisor, besides HBU officials and users), as well as their opinion on their interdisciplinary experience. Through report analysis, it may be concluded that the Area was the inducing agent and Pro-Health was the facilitator of the interdisciplinary process among the undergraduate courses in the Health Area. Also, that the interdisciplinary factor, besides its inherent cognitive element, carries a subjective component represented by the willingness to cooperate, collaborate and exchange ideas, besides sharing knowledge and working experience. In short, the interdisciplinary factor is a matter of attitude in face of knowledge, its diffusion and praxis.

This is a selection of linked lyric essays, covering explorations of memory, experience, nature, transcendence, insignificance, orientation, boredom, privilege, vocation, and more.

This thesis examines the changing nature of women's pregnancy experiences as progression through the various stages of pregnancy occurs. Ten women are followed through their pregnancies, in order to capture their diverse and dynamic psycho-social experiences. The aim of the research is to highlight the significance of certain psycho-social issues related to the pregnancy experience (both positive and negative) which have been raised by the women themselves during the course of their pregnancies. The analysis has been carried out using the women's own descriptions. The main psycho-social issues that have been analysed are considered under the rubric of the dynamic self, in the form of: identification with the pregnancy; the assessment of risk during pregnancy; and finally, images of the self and baby during pregnancy. The thesis focuses in-depth on the dynamism and complexity of women's feelings during pregnancy. In particular, it looks at the concept of being obstetrically 'at risk' by analysing women's contradictory and changing accounts of their feelings and concerns. The research also contributes to the understandings of the identities and preoccupations of pregnant women. The design of the study is longitudinal and biographic. The women kept personal documents in the form of diaries during their pregnancies, and also participated in four unstructured in-depth interviews (three taking place during pregnancy, the fourth taking place after birth). The methodological approach taken is based on a feminist research perspective, which emphasises the value of qualitative methods of investigation. The thesis explores the role of the researcher by examining the location of the researcher in relation to both the participants and the research area. The individual experiential accounts of pregnancy provided by the women are explored in detail using a feminist interpretative style of analysis (Stanley and Wise, 1993).

Defecation has remained overlooked within anthropology and sociology, despite recent focus on the body. The thesis suggests that this is related to its construction as something hidden in the last few hundred years of modern Western society. It is physically and mentally dismissed as personal and biological rather than social or cultural. The few references that exist enable one to argue that it always has significance as a repetitive daily activity needing careful social management and which is crucial to the definition of personhood. Its praxis reveals much about social values concerning differentiation by age, sex, gender and generation. Freud, Elias, Bakhtin and Douglas have influenced its image but do not adequately explain it. Phenomenological theories of embodiment and ideas of cultural performance are shown to be more useful in demonstrating that defecation is a lived cultural experience. The focus is on contemporary Britain, studied through participant observation and day-to-day participation, using material from conversations, anecdotes, observations, experiences, media reports, novels, and films encountered during the period of research. The main themes that emerge are privacy, hiddenness, embarrassment and concern but also that it is welcomed as physical release, and as offering valued periods of time-out and solitude. It is also a symbol of both all that is low and all that is deep. These contradictions are analysed through the two axes of control/loss of control and release/containment. It is argued against recent medical anthropological and sociological studies of incontinence that it cannot be assumed that the opposite of incontinence is continence and containment. The issue of control is paramount, rather than the issue of containment in itself.

La peine d’emprisonnement ne se limite pas aux seules personnes incarcérées ; au contraire, elle implique directement les proches de détenus qui expérimentent la prison hors de ses murs. En étudiant ce que nous proposons de nommer « l’expérience carcérale élargie » à partir d’une enquête par entretiens, il s’agira d’interroger successivement la prison comme institution et son effet sur les dynamiques relationnelles. La politique pénitentiaire peine à traiter les proches de détenus. En complétant l’analyse sociologique par un éclairage historique et juridique, nous montrerons que si les mesures favorisant le maintien des liens familiaux et l’accueil des visiteurs se sont développées ces dernières décennies, la politique pénitentiaire à l’égard des proches de détenus est profondément paradoxale et reste fortement limitée. Ensuite, nous interrogerons la multiplicité des échanges et la diversité des formes de soutien qui attestent de l’élasticité des liens et éclairent leurs logiques de régulation. Au-delà d’une vision altruiste qui renverrait la présence des proches à un engagement sacrificiel, nous analyserons la complexité des rapports de pouvoir et des formes de contrôle mutuel qui caractérisent les relations à l’épreuve de l’incarcération. Ainsi, il s’agira de penser non seulement ce que les proches font de la prison, mais également ce que la prison fait aux proches. / The prison sentence does not limit itself to imprisoned people alone; on the contrary the imprisonment directly involves the prisoners’ relatives who experience the prison from the outside. The “extended penitentiary experience”, as we propose to call it, will be studied by a qualitative research lead by interviews. The prison as an institution and its effects on human relations will be also questioned. Prison policies barely deal with prisoners’ relatives. From a sociological analysis completed with a historic and a legal perspective, we will show that even if the measures designed to maintain family links, and the reception of visitors, have evolved during this last decade, the prison’s policies toward the prisoners’ relatives is deeply paradoxical and very restricted. We will then analyse the multiplicity of exchanges and the diverse forms of support which prove the elasticity of the links and highlight their regulational logic. Beyond an altruist point of view that reflects the close relatives’ presence as a sacrifice, we will analyse the power struggles and the different forms of mutual control which characterise the relations of prisoners and their relatives. In this way not only will the relatives’ influences on the prison be considered, but also those of the prison on the relatives.

Background: Simulation has been a method used in pilots training for many years. It has been an effective method of training pilots for situations that may occur. Preparation with a low risk and a high fidelity should therefore be possible to use in other occupations. In healthcare, simulation is a relatively new method and has so far limited research. Aim: The aim of this study was to illuminate nurses' experience of simulated training. Method: To illustrate the experience of simulated training, a literature review was chosen as a method and both qualitative and quantitative articles were chosen. An analysis of twelve scientific articles were carried out. Result: Qualitative data showed that nurses' experience of simulated training was generally positive and that the nurses could use simulation as a tool for development. Quantitative data enhanced results of knowledge and confidence after simulation training but also that feedback and reflection were important for learning. Conclusion: By using simulation training, nurses can develop their skills, learn new skills and practice skills that they do not use frequently. Using simulation, high risk situations with deteriorating patient, can be practiced with low risk for the actual patient. Nurses´ experience, knowledge and skills can during simulation, as a safe environment, develop and gain patient safety and good patient outcome in real-life situations.

This thesis sets out to examine the scope for integrated knowledge based planning systems. Five planning departments in the South East Midlands of the UK have been investigated through environmental appraisal, conceptual modelling and empirical evidence gathering. The results of analyses suggest a number of configurations, which could provide reformation instruments in the context of technological innovation, social coordination and knowledge management for sustainable development. This research study provided the insights and learning into how to successfully develop and implement an integrated knowledge based planning system. The primary aspiration of this research was to develop a robust pragmatic framework to support an efficient and effective delivery of the planning system in the UK local government towards sustainable development. A mixed research methodology was employed for the research fieldwork. Firstly, an extensive review of literature took place to summarise and synthesise the arguments of the key research propositions contributing to the development of an integrated knowledge based planning system. Secondly, exploratory fieldwork took place as an appropriate methodology in this study, applying the semi-structured interview and questionnaire techniques to gather data from senior level planning officials who were directly involved in the planning system transformation. This study was initiated by examining the previous planning environment in the UK local government and its transformation from its conventional state to a contemporary emergent state. The fieldwork was carried out to identify the key supportive and preventive knowledge factors for both explicit and tacit knowledge domains. As a result, the nature of successful technology based initiatives was determined and solutions to the possible emerging challenges were appraised.