South Africa has experienced a drastic shortage of social workers. This shortage has affected many social welfare organizations, particularly those who offer services in the area of substance abuse. According to a recent study conducted by Earle (2008) many reasons could be ascribed to the high social work turnover, these include: poor working conditions; poor compensation of work; lack of resources and support; and increased demands for services. Hence, social workers are experiencing work stress, burnout and compassion fatigue taxing their personal and professional coping strategies which could lead to staff turnover. The primary aim of this study was to understand the work experiences, coping strategies and organisational retention of social workers in Gauteng inpatient substance abuse treatment centres. The study had an exploratorydescriptive design, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative paradigms to explore the work environment of the organisations and participants. Purposive sampling was used to select and divide the participants into three categories: entry level social workers; experienced social workers and social workers that had left the substance abuse field. Data was collected through conducting indepth interviews and through a questionnaire completed by the representatives from in-patient substance abuse treatment centres. This questionnaire was piloted with an in-patient treatment centre in KwaZulu Natal. The results of the quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, which were illustrated via tables and figures and the qualitative data were analysed using thematic content analysis. The main findings of this study confirmed most of the reasons for work stress and burnout that may lead to staff turnover identified in previous studies by Ross (1997) and Earle (2008). These findings are incorporated into a retention model developed by the researcher. The model incorporated five stages: stage one focussed on the reasons for entering the substance abuse field (personal interests, undergraduate studies and/or accidental); stage two explored preparation of social workers by organisations after entry to the field; stage three identified four general factors that effects the sustainability of social workers (external/environmental influences, organisational factors, the type of client population, career opportunities and personal factors); stage four explained the individual differences in coping responses (negative or positive) to job stress either through fight responses, self-care strategies for retention or flight responses, staff turnover; lastly, stage five focussed on what organisations can do to reduce staff turnover. These findings can assist the occupational social worker to identify these retention challenges and develop strategies to reduce the risk of staff turnover.

Orientador: Vânia Cristina Pires Nogueira Valente / Banca: Marcos Américo / Banca: Daniela Melaré Vieira Barros / Resumo: Os e-readers, aparelhos voltados para leitura de livros digitais, a cada dia oferecem mais funcionalidades, a fim de proporcionar uma experiência de leitura similar ao dos livros impressos. Nesse contexto, a proposta desta pesquisa é discutir e questionar o uso de tecnologias voltadas para a leitura de e-books, em um cenário em que as mídias digitais estão cada vez mais intrínsecas na sociedade. Foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória e qualitativa, a fim de analisar a interface, usabilidade e funcionalidades dos principais e-readers vendidos no Brasil, comparando-os com livros impressos. Para o referencial teórico, foram utilizadas as teorias da Experiência do Usuário e do Design Emocional, propostas por Norman (2008), para que fosse possível relacionar as principais diferenças entre os e-readers e livros impressos. A metodologia utilizada para a obtenção de dados foi a aplicação de um questionário online com um grupo de usuários de e-readers. A partir das respostas do questionário, foi realizada uma interpretação dos dados obtidos com as teorias expostas no referencial teórico e, por fim, uma discussão a respeito dos hábitos de leitura de livros impressos e digitais / Abstract: The e-readers, devices aimed at reading digital books, each day offer more features to provide a reading experience similar to printed books. In this context, the proposal of this research is to discuss and question the use of technologies aimed at reading e-books, in a scenario where digital media are increasingly intrinsic in society. An exploratory and qualitative research was carried out in order to analyze the interface, usability and functionalities of the main e-readers sold in Brazil, comparing them with printed books. For the theoretical reference, the theories of User Experience and Emotional Design, proposed by Norman (2008), were used, so that it was possible to relate the main differences between e-readers and printed books. The methodology used to obtain data was the application of an online survey with a group of ereader users. From the answers of the survey, an interpretation of the data obtained with the theories exposed in the theoretical framework was carried out and, finally, a discussion about the habits of reading of printed and digital books / Mestre

Background: Admitting psychiatric patients against their will is a criticized form of care. Decisions stating that a patient needs to be hospitalized under coercion are based on their incapability to voluntarily participate in their care. Former patients reported that coercive care led to lower satisfaction with their care. Although most former patients experienced negative care, there where patients that understood their care. Previous studies stated a need to examine how patients experienced being under coercive care and subjected to coercive measures such as seclusion, mechanical restraint and forced medication. Aim: This study aimed to illuminate adult psychiatric inpatients experiences of coercive care. Method: A literature-based study based on analysis of ten qualitative scientific studies. Results: 3 themes with 10 subthemes emerged from the analysis; interpersonal relationships, lack of influence while under coercive care and good coercion. The results showed that negative experiences of coercion were often linked to the actions of the mental health care staff. The relationship to the staff could contribute to their experiences being negative or positive. Patients also stated that they felt powerless and experienced loss of autonomy during coercive care. Good coercion was experienced when they felt seen and taken seriously. Conclusion: Patients expressed both negative and positive experiences of coercion. Patients wished for better adjusted information and opportunities to participate. They also expressed the need for trusting and supportive relationships to the mental health care staff. This could lead to greater understanding for their coercive care. / I dagens samhälle rapporteras en ökning av psykisk ohälsa. Samtidigt är den psykiatriska tvångsvården under tung belastning och hög beläggning. Tvångsvård kritiseras dessutom för låg bemanning och bristande kompetens. Detta anses påverka patienters förmåga att praktisera sina rättigheter och medverka i sin vård. Det påverkar i sin tur vårdkvaliteten. Patienter kräver idag ökad delaktighet och information vid tvångsvård. Målet med tvångsvård är att förmå patienten att frivilligt medverka till vård. Tvångsvård blir inte aktuellt om patienten inte har ett nödvändigt behov av psykiatrisk vård. Vid vård under tvång är det möjligt att genomföra specifika åtgärder. Det kan röra sig om fastspänning, avskiljning eller tvångsmedicinering. Tillämpning av sådana åtgärder kräver god motivering och ska inte utsätta patienten för onödigt övergrepp. Makt och etik är förekommande begrepp som bör reflekteras över vid tvångsvård. Patienter under tvångsvård upplever maktlöshet och bristande kontroll. Dessutom förekommer oförståelse för varför tvångsvård tillämpas. Otillräcklig information och bristande delaktighet anses bidra till oförståelsen. Därtill påverkar relationen till vårdpersonalen patienters erfarenheter av tvångsvård. Relationer baserade på tillit och stöd bidrar till ökad förståelse. Goda relationer kan dessutom leda till att åtgärder som tvångsmedicinering och fastspänning kan undvikas. De relationer där patienten inte känner sig sedd eller lyssnad på bidrar till negativa erfarenheter av tvångsvård. Patienter som inte får göra sina röster hörda upplever ofta att åtgärder under tvång vart onödiga, allt som egentligen hade behövts var stöd och samtal. God tvångsvård grundar sig i förståelse för varför vård under tvång var nödvändigt. Det beskrivs som ett nödvändigt ont. Acceptans kan återfinnas i att vården är för deras eget bästa. Tvångsvård blir då ett tillfälligt anstånd i patienters ansvar för sig själva och lättnad återfinns i att någon annan tar över. Därtill kan tvångsvård upplevas som en insats vilken räddat patienter från att skada sig själva eller andra. Resultatet i föreliggande litteraturbaserade studie kan användas av sjuksköterskor för att skapa förståelse för patienters önskemål och erfarenheter. Genom att skapa förståelse kan sjuksköterskan arbeta för en förbättring inom psykiatrisk tvångsvård.

Background: Studies have shown that patients suffering from mental illness often feel that they are less well treated in health care than patients who do not suffer from a mental illness. What causes this is that patients with mental illness often become subject to stigmatization in healthcare in general. Aim: The aim of this study was to illuminate the experience of stigmatization in the healthcare encounter between nursing staff and patients with a mental illness. Method: Six qualitative and one quantitative article were analyzed to create a literature review. Results: Through the analysis two main-themes and seven sub-themes were identified. The two main-themes were: The feeling of powerlessness and The feeling of deviating. The seven sub-themes were: Not to be taken seriously, Not to be considered to have a real illness, Being malpracticed, Getting a worse response, To live with the fear of being labeled, To be identified with the diagnosis and To repress symptoms. Conclusions: Patients find that they are not taken seriously regarding their mental or physical problems and that they do not receive care on the same terms as patients without a psychiatric diagnosis. Healthcare professionals need better knowledge about experiences of stigmatization, in order to establish a better relationship between patient and nursing staff and to strengthen the patients' self-esteem. / Alla patienter ska få ett lika gott bemötande i mötet med vården oavsett vilken sjukdom de lider av. Idag finns det fortfarande många fördomar och en utbredd brist på kunskap gällande psykisk sjukdom, vilket leder till att patienter många gånger blir föremål för stigmatisering från hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal och genom detta får ett sämre bemötande än patienter som inte lider av psykisk sjukdom. Sjuksköterskan har en viktig roll när det gäller att få patienten att känna sig trygg och utifrån detta kunna skapa en förtroendefull relation med patienten där hen kan känna tillit. Detta för att kunna ge bästa möjliga omvårdnad. När patienten på grund av stigmatisering mister detta förtroende för vården minskar möjligheten för tillfrisknande och till att leva ett, för patienten, optimalt liv med en god upplevelse av hälsa. Syftet med det här examensarbetet var därför att belysa upplevelsen av stigmatisering i mötet med hälso- och sjukvården hos patienter med en psykisk sjukdom. I resultatet har sju vetenskapliga artiklar, sex kvalitativa och en kvantitativ, analyserats. Artiklarna som valdes till resultatet skulle utgå från ett patientperspektiv och därför exkluderades artiklar som belyste närståendes eller vårdpersonals upplevelser. Artiklarna granskades och analyserades med hjälp av Fribergs (2017) analysmetod för litteraturöversikt som syftar till att belysa likheter och skillnader i inkluderade artiklar. Resultatet visar att patienterna ofta känner att de inte blir tagna på allvar och att de inte bemöts på samma villkor som patienter utan en psykiatrisk diagnos. De känner sig även många gånger avvisade när de söker vård genom att de inte blir trodda eller att de upplevs som besvärliga. I tillägg till detta kämpar många patienter med sina egna fördomar kring psykisk sjukdom som får konsekvenser i deras dagliga liv och i mötet med vården. Sjuksköterskor behöver få kunskap om hur de ska bemöta dessa patienter på ett professionellt vis. Stigmatisering, det vill säga olika typer av fördomar kring psykisk sjukdom som får en negativ effekt för dessa patienter, bör lyftas fram och synliggöras inom såväl sjuksköterskeutbildningen som i det kliniska arbetat ute på sjukhus, primärvård och kommunal vård. Det är även viktigt att öka omvårdnadspersonalens kunskaper gällande patienternas upplevelser av stigmatisering, för att kunna arbeta för en bättre relation mellan patient och omvårdnadspersonal samt arbeta för att stärka patientens självkänsla vilket i sin tur kan leda till en bättre återhämtning och livskvalitet.

This study examines the role of the university in the domain of nanotechnology research and training using the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits) as a case study. It focused on the Faculties of Science and Engineering, given their involvement in the field. It is essentially a qualitative study based on documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews with academic staff members. It shows how the University of Witwatersrand has responded to the South African National Nanotechnology Strategy set by the South African government to enhance the country’s global competitiveness and sustainable economic growth in strategic areas. The study reveals that Wits has selectively by firmly engaged in the domain of nanotechnology and has laid the foundations for a comprehensive programme in both research and training. However, its success in this direction will largely depend upon the ways it maximises the use of the increasing opportunities offered by globalization and it manages the constraints associated with it. By opportunities here I refer to the multiplicity of research sites outside the narrow academic domain and the increasing interest displayed by government, the private sector and relevant international agencies in the field. The constraints are connected to the fact that the field of nanotechnology remains incipient and suffers from the uncertainties surrounding a relatively young field of enquiry in universities in South Africa (financial shortages, lack of skills etc).

This study aimed to describe the educational experiences of deaf adolescent learners attending a school for the deaf in South Africa. The specific objectives of the current study included: (a) obtaining a detailed description of the educational experiences of deaf adolescent learners; (b) establishing with which rhetoric (medical vs. cultural) the deaf adolescents could best identify; (c) establishing the potential influence on individual identity development of the established affiliations with the opposing models of deafness. Ten deaf adolescents ranging between 14 and 16 years, attending a single school for the deaf were selected as participants for the current study. A basic research design and a qualitative approach, embedded within the theory of social constructivism were employed. Two pilot studies were conducted in order to establish the feasibility of the current study. Thereafter, interviews as per the ‘interview guide approach’ were administered. Field observations within the school context and file reviews were also conducted. Thematic content analysis was employed and the identified themes were described qualitatively. Results revealed the emergence of three themes. Within these themes, the adolescents’ experiences included: limited SASL role models both at home and at school, negative educational encounters as well as positivity and hope for the future. Experiences characteristic of the medical model and socio-cultural model of deafness were reported and factors affecting these affiliations were described. The researcher concluded that a level of affiliation with both the medical and the sociocultural models of deafness existed for the participants. The impact of these affiliations on identity construction was explored and a model of identity development, the multiculturalexperience model, was proposed. The education of deaf individuals in South Africa shows room for significant growth. By adjusting government education policies for deaf education as well as supporting the goals of early intervention, deaf learners can reach their full potential regardless of the mode of communication favoured.

Parkinsons sjukdom är den näst vanligaste neurodegenerativa sjukdomen hos den äldre befolkningen. Sjukdomen påverkar den kroppsliga funktionen negativt på olika sätt och sjukdomens medicinering är betydelsefull för att kunna hantera de olika symtom som uppkommer. Personer med Parkinsons sjukdom lider risk för nedsatt livskvalitet på grund av den begränsning i livet som sjukdomen leder till. Syftet med denna studie var att belysa patientens upplevelse av att leva med Parkinsons sjukdom. Studien utfördes som en allmän litteraturstudie med en deduktiv ansats, där tio resultatartiklar användes. Resultatet kategoriserades och presenterades utifrån Preserving Self teorins fem steg och fyra övergångar. Teorin bidrog till ett brett och detaljerat resultat från resultatartiklarna och tillförde en fördjupad bild av livet med Parkinsons sjukdom. Sjuksköterskans ansvar innefattar att göra patienten delaktig i sin vård och ta tillvara de resurser som finns hos varje individ. Användningen av teorin Preserving Self kan bidra till fördjupad kunskap i vården för personer med Parkinsons sjukdom. / Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly population. The disease adversely affects the bodily function in various ways and the medication of the disease is important in order to handle the various symptoms that arise. People with Parkinson's disease are at risk of impaired quality of life due to the limitations in life that the disease causes. The purpose with this study was to highlight the patient's experience of living with Parkinson's disease. The study was conducted as a general literature study with a deductive approach, in which ten result articles were used. The result was categorized and presented based on the five stages and four transitions in the theory of Preserving Self. The theory contributed to a broad and detailed result from the resultarticles and added an in-depth picture of life with Parkinson's disease. The nurses’ responsibility includes getting the patient to participate in their care and taking advantage of the resources that exist in each individual. Using the theory of Preserving Self can contribute to in-depth knowledge in the care for people with Parkinson's disease.

Student Number : 0302103D - MA research report - School of Social Sciences - Faculty of Humanities / Against the background of theories of culture, this research questions the motives and experiences of expatriates that return to South Africa, their country of origin. In re-telling their personal stories the research aims to shed light on the decisionmaking processes that repatriates go through and explores the experiences associated with such migration so as to better comprehend what social reintegration and re-adaptation means for the individual returnee. The research uses a range of interview-focused methodologies and concentrates on the interrelated topics of migration, home, identity and social experience as the primary thematic loci. In total, fourteen returnees were interviewed. The Life Histories of two of them are examined in greater detail and their fuller stories anchor the findings and research results. All interviewees stated that special emotional bonds with South Africa had brought them back “home”: they either wanted to ‘reconnect’ with their families or the country itself; they wanted to expose their children to it or they wanted to be part of the new South Africa and help bring about change. As a consequence of their migrant journeys the interviewees gained a much stronger awareness for the cultural (i.e., geographical and lifestyle) sources of their personal identities. By exposing themselves to different surroundings and cultures they developed hybrid identities, thereby layering international associations onto their established cultural traditions and senses of self. Existing models on repatriation do not adequately account for the importance culture plays in people’s experiences of repatriation; yet clearly social as well as cultural issues play an important role. The main factors relating to ease of re-integration and re-adaptation (identified by the literature as economic, logistical, financial and social support) seem to hold true - but again the current literature tends to overlook the role that culture plays in these processes. The majority of these repatriates have established strong residential ties to overseas, whether it be through multiple citizenship or a foreign spouse, and several would consider leaving again should circumstances deteriorate locally. The research was fundamentally qualitative and therefore narrowly focused in nature. A so-called ‘snow-ball’ system was used to identify possible interviewees. This resulted in findings that may have limited statistical validity in the strict sense. Nonetheless, the data generated valuable insights that might be considered applicable for later analytical incorporation and/or policy applications in regards to the continuing ‘brain drain’ out of South Africa and other countries of the Developing World.

Bakgrund: Fibromyalgi är en kronisk sjukdom som drabbar cirka 2 - 4 % av befolkningen, varav 80 % kvinnor. Trots att sjukdomen beskrevs redan under tidigt 1800-tal, under andra alias, är orsaken fortsatt nebulös. Fibromyalgi manifesteras av extensiva symtom som dagligen utgör fysiskt-, socialt-, mentalt- och kognitivt lidande för patienten. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa patienters erfarenheter av att leva med fibromyalgi. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie genomfördes, baserad på data från tio kvalitativa artiklar. Materialet kodades och delades in i kategorier. Resultat: Resultatet delades in i fem kategorier: begränsningar i vardagen, mentala begränsningar, begränsningar i sociala relationer, begränsningar i arbetslivet ochbegränsningar i vårdkontakten. Fibromyalgi påverkade hela patientens liv och orsakade lidande. Upplevda symtom bidrog till social isolering där bristande kunskap även ansågs vara en bidragande faktor, vilket påtvingade livsstilsförändringar som utgjorde ett hot mot patientens identitet och självkänsla. Slutsats: Studien tydliggjorde hur fibromyalgi påverkade patienten fysiskt, kognitivt, mentalt och socialt. Extensiva symtom och bristande bemötande bidrog till social isolering, vilket utgjorde ett hot mot patientens identitet och självkänsla. Samtliga patienter upplevde genomgripande brister i sjukvården. Ökad kunskap om fibromyalgi och sjukdomens påverkan på patientens liv skulle främja sjuksköterskans omvårdnad ur ett personcentrerat- och hälsofrämjande förhållningssätt. / Background: Fibromyalgia is a chronic disease which affects about 2 - 4 % of the population, of which 80% are women. Although the disease was described in the early 18th century, during other aliases, the cause remains nebulous. Fibromyalgia is manifested by extensive symptoms that daily constitute physical, social, mental and cognitive suffering for the patient. Aim: The aim was to enlighten the patients ́ experience of living with fibromyalgia. Method: A general literature study was conducted, based on the findings in ten qualitative articles. The result was encoded and divided into categories. Results: The results were divided into five categories: limitations in everyday life, mental limitations, limitations in social relationships, limitations in working life andlimitations in the care contact. Fibromyalgia turned out to affect the patients ́ world of life and caused suffering. Experienced symptoms contributed to social isolation where lack of knowledge was a contributing factor, as a forced lifestyle change proved to be a threat to the patients ́ identity and sence of self. Conclusion: The study clarified how fibromyalgia affected the patient physically, cognitively, mentally and socially. Extensive symptoms and lack of reception contributed to social isolation, which posed a threat to the patient's identity and sence of self. Some patients experienced profound shortcomings in health care. Increased knowledge of the fibromyalgia impact on the patient's life would promote the nurse's care from a person-centered and health-promoting approach.

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