This thesis shows that exploitation can arise from a just background, via just steps, when we exercise our moral rights. The theory rests on the idea that exploitation can arise via a special category of luck, which I call socially constructed luck. By taking into account what John Rawls calls background justice and what G.A. Cohen refers to as an accumulation problem, I argue that socially constructed luck is brought about through a cumulative process of people freely exercising their moral rights in the pursuit of their own conception of the good life. Unless the negative effects of this type of luck are offset, exploitative interactions can arise where people have no reasonable alternative but to enter a particular transaction. Socially constructed luck can play a direct role in privileging some individuals at the expense of others and allows for the extraction of surplus benefits. Importantly, by showing that luck egalitarianism should be understood within a conception of exploitation, the thesis not only provides a deeper understanding of how the luck egalitarian and relational egalitarian views align, but also justifies the introduction of a basic right to a reasonable alternative.

abstract: This study examines the representation of Asian online brides by studying the images and profiles that are advertised on Asianonlinebrides.com. To do so, I combined the history and growth of the Human Trafficking industry, the idea of the Asian “exotic OTHER,” the power and structured/constrained agency, and social construction of gender theories. In particular, I utilized a mixed methods approach for data collection. The content and visual analysis in this study provided the two sides of the analytic coin: the written and the visual. I am particularly interested in the narrative comments offered by the prospective brides, e.g., what they state to be their preferences in their dream man/husband, and the personality traits, and characteristics that they write about themselves. The following were examined: the gender displays, picture frames, feminine touch, and the ritualization of subordination. For example, body language, clothing, skin, hair color, and texture, bone structure, posture, etc. I argue that this data alerts us to the whole host of ideas, assumptions, social, cultural, and gender constructions. The power relations that exceeds the text and inform us of these online brides. The findings have indicated that these women are vulnerable and caught within oppressive social structures. They have nevertheless utilized those structures to their advantage. By doing so, the brides have acted as assertive agents in that they have looked out for the interests of both themselves and their families. Moreover, a significant body of data was provided first hand through the written and visual narratives of the online brides. These brides have offered valuable insight into the field of Asian online brides. Their stories have presented a unique perspective to the online brides’ process that can only be captured through the narratives provided in this research. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Justice Studies 2019

Long dismissed as a third world issue, the commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) has been a significant problem across the United States over the past two decades, causing major concerns for child welfare stakeholders. The literature has shown a broad range of adverse consequences associated with CSEC. These include—but are not limited to—malnutrition, severe trauma, physical and sexual assault, sexually transmitted diseases, unwanted pregnancy, and medical neglect. The purpose of the study is to assess the readiness level of a large county in Southern California with regards to the well-being of children with a past or current record of victimization from commercial sexual exploitation. Embracing the Community Readiness Model, this case study aimed to evaluate (a) the county’s level of knowledge about programs and services to address CSEC, (b) the county leadership’s attitude toward addressing CSEC, (c) the county’s attitude toward addressing CSEC, (d) the county’s knowledge about CSEC, and (e) explore the county’s range of resources available to address CSEC. Results indicated that the county’s overall readiness score was 4.1 out of a possible 9. That is, the county had a low readiness level with respect to addressing the challenges associated with CSEC within its boundaries. Implications of the findings for theory, research, policy, and macro social work practice were discussed. Keywords: commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC), community readiness model

Organisational ambidexterity is considered a key to company survival and performance. Despite this, organisational ambidexterity is still a poorly understood phenomenon, especially in an SME context. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate how the compliance with ambidextrous elements is perceived at different levels in manufacturing SMEs, to increase the understanding of organisational ambidexterity in this context. The empirical data was collected through a combination of questionnaire and interview. The case companies in this report perceive that they comply stronger with contextual elements than with structural elements. The strong compliance with contextual elements is motivated by the lack of hierarchies, flexibility in the company, different management structure and low number of employees. This allows employees to perform the contextual elements such as initiative-taking, cooperating, brokering and multitasking. The structural elements including e.g. vision, values, strategies, senior team responsibility and alignment are perceived differently at different  hierarchal levels, indicating that there are subcultures within the hierarchal levels within a company. The biggest difference can be found between the middle managers and the top managers,. Workers perceive that they are not included in explorationb within the company, and that the exploration occur more sporadically than those for exploitation. The definitions of exploration and exploitation vary between the companies which results in a lack of consensus. This makes it difficult for the companies to perform the changes necessary in order to develop and achieve long-term sustainable growth i.e. economical sustainability. The managerial implication of this report concerns four actions: (1) create a common definition for exploration, (2) develop goals for exploration, (3) communicate for buy-in and (4) involve all employees.

As a result of the development and recognition of human rights and of the principle of normalisation, in recent decades sweeping changes have occurred in the living conditions of many people with intellectual disability. The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons (1971)contains statements to the effect that, as far as possible, the lives of disabled persons should resemble those of their non-disabled peers, and this presumably extends to sexual expression. However, the words “as far as possible” imply that in some circumstances, limitations on a right may be justifiable. One such circumstance is where a competing right exists, for example, the right to sexual expression has to be balanced against a right to protection. Under some conditions, the provision of protective measures may fall to the criminal justice system, which may be used to afford protection to persons with intellectual disability. Australian jurisdictions have used three different approaches in current legislation: to set a minimum standard of sexual knowledge that must be present before the person is deemed capable of consent to sexual activities; to prohibit sexual relations with persons holding power or authority over the person; and to proscribe all sexual exploitation. This thesis contains proposals for reforms to each category of legislative provisions. First, it is suggested that the standard of knowledge required to support consent should more closely resemble the knowledge required for informed consent to medical procedures. Second, restrictions on sexual activity with persons with intellectual disability based on employment status should be relaxed where the role of the staff member does not confer power to coerce people with intellectual disability. Third, with regard to the prosecution of offences against incapable persons with mental impairment, it is proposed that the charge should be sex without consent. On the other hand, it is argued that prosecution under criminal law is inappropriate where a vulnerable but capable person is deemed to have been exploited. The thesis contains a number of further recommendations for the reform of anomalies which exist between the general law of sexual offences and those committed specifically against persons with mental impairment. It is suggested that marriage be abolished as a defence to sexual acts with an incapable person and that offences against persons with mental impairment carry equivalent penalties to general sexual offences. On the basis of literature reviewed in this thesis, two additional proposals have been made. First, that education in the sexual rights of persons with intellectual impairment should be given to carers so that they do not unduly inhibit the development of sexual relationships by that person. The second proposal is that reform should be accompanied by the provision of repeated, appropriate, detailed and specific sex education of all persons with intellectual impairment and that this education should be based on needs identified in the aforementioned research. The tentative outcome of proposals contained in this thesis is that persons capable of consent would enjoy enhanced freedom to exercise their right to sexual expression, and those incapable of consent would be afforded more certain protection.

<p>ECPAT is an organization that existed worldwide in more than 85 countries and focused at the work against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children. The concept with this paper was to see how well ECPAT worked to try to achieve their goals and how organizational structure, distribution and PR work appeared. Literature review was used as a method to create a deep insight of how ECPAT looked at the global commercial sexual exploitation of children that existed. We found that ECPAT had continuous goals which was constantly present and that they never could be fulfilled. ECPATs goals and results could never be seen as something that was definitive, but it was under continuous development that continued throughout different eras.       </p>

<p>The exploitation of natural resources in general and biodiversity in particular by human beings, is remarked to be associated with unsustainable practices that place the survival of these resources at stake. An assessment of the exploitation of <em>prunus africana</em> around the mount Cameroon region can be linked with the trend of unsustainable exploitation prevailing in other parts of the world. <em>Prunus africana</em>, is a tree cherished by the local population for its varied values, with its medicinal values propelling it to international popularity. This has been characterized by the massive demand for its bark by western pharmaceutical companies. The huge demand of the tree in the international market is remarked to be a major factor that contributed to the tree’s mass unsustainable exploitation by the local population in the studied region. This paper has looked at the factors responsible for the mass unsustainable exploitation of <em>prunus</em> and the measures that local based organizations, MOCAP-CIG and MCP had adopted to promote participatory management of the tree. Three major factors; poverty, the issuing of 50 exploitation permits and international demand were identified to have contributed to the involvement of the local population in unsustainable exploitation of the tree. The concept of sustainable development was used as the theoretical framework to examine if the three dimensions can be attained without one affecting the other. The results showed that it is quite difficult to achieve this especially in the case of  the exploitation and conservation of <em>prunus africana</em>.</p>

ECPAT is an organization that existed worldwide in more than 85 countries and focused at the work against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children. The concept with this paper was to see how well ECPAT worked to try to achieve their goals and how organizational structure, distribution and PR work appeared. Literature review was used as a method to create a deep insight of how ECPAT looked at the global commercial sexual exploitation of children that existed. We found that ECPAT had continuous goals which was constantly present and that they never could be fulfilled. ECPATs goals and results could never be seen as something that was definitive, but it was under continuous development that continued throughout different eras.

The exploitation of natural resources in general and biodiversity in particular by human beings, is remarked to be associated with unsustainable practices that place the survival of these resources at stake. An assessment of the exploitation of prunus africana around the mount Cameroon region can be linked with the trend of unsustainable exploitation prevailing in other parts of the world. Prunus africana, is a tree cherished by the local population for its varied values, with its medicinal values propelling it to international popularity. This has been characterized by the massive demand for its bark by western pharmaceutical companies. The huge demand of the tree in the international market is remarked to be a major factor that contributed to the tree’s mass unsustainable exploitation by the local population in the studied region. This paper has looked at the factors responsible for the mass unsustainable exploitation of prunus and the measures that local based organizations, MOCAP-CIG and MCP had adopted to promote participatory management of the tree. Three major factors; poverty, the issuing of 50 exploitation permits and international demand were identified to have contributed to the involvement of the local population in unsustainable exploitation of the tree. The concept of sustainable development was used as the theoretical framework to examine if the three dimensions can be attained without one affecting the other. The results showed that it is quite difficult to achieve this especially in the case of  the exploitation and conservation of prunus africana.

Les perturbations créées par l'exploitation forestière affectent la biodiversité. Certaines espèces s'y adaptent, tandis que d'autres se voient menacées. Les exigences distinctes d'orchidées des vieilles forêts, spécialement les Goodyera, les rendent particulièrement vulnérables. Pour assurer leur conservation ainsi que celle des milieux spécifiques qui les abritent, leur microhabitat et la distribution de leur abondance dans des peuplements régénérés après des perturbations naturelles et sylvicoles ont été étudiés. L'étude a été effectuée en Abitibi dans la sapinière à bouleau blanc de l'ouest du Québec. Une chronologie de dix peuplements naturels régénérés 41 à 245 ans après feu a été échantillonnée ainsi que des sites de coupes pré-industrielles (neuf coupes partielles non mécanisées de 40 et 60 ans) et industrielles (cinq coupes totales de un à vingt ans, six coupes partielles et vingt îlots (~250 m²)). Goodyera colonise préférentiellement les microhabitats aux caractéristiques qui se bonifient avec le temps dans la succession forestière de peuplements mixtes, telles que la présence de bois mort décomposé au sol (peuplier?) avec de la mousse, un recouvrement d'espèces herbacées peu élevé, un rapport C/N élevé, la présence de litière d'aiguilles et un pH acide. L'abondance maximale des Goodyera a été observée dans les vieilles forêts naturelles. Aucune présence n'a été décelée suivant les diverses interventions sylvicoles industrielles. Goodyera ne semble pas tolérer les perturbations reliées à l'aménagement forestier, même les moins sévères. Elle pourrait conséquemment être utilisée comme indicateur pour établir une règle de « filtre fin » afin d'identifier une partie du territoire à protéger pour assurer sa conservation et celle des écosystèmes des vieilles forêts où elle est fortement représentée. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Vieille forêt, Conservation, Espèce indicatrice, Filtre fin, Bois mort.