This is a systematic study of tropes of the Holy Qur`an, divided into four chapters… The first chapter is entitled: “An historical review of rhetoric and stylistics” and it consists of two sections; the first section is entitled: “Western rhetoric and stylistics” where as the second section deals with “Arabic rhetoric and stylistics”. The second chapter is entitled: “Tropes and their components” and it consists of two sections; the first section is entitled: “the definition of tropes”. This section deals with the definition of “literal expressions” and “figurative expressions”, and the required condition for figurative expressions; that is the syntactical and semantic coherence and relationships. The second section is entitled: “Components of tropes” which deals with different components of tropes. The third chapter is entitled: “Linguistic tropes of the Holy Qur`an” and it consists of two sections; the first section is entitled: “The spread of linguistic tropes in the Holy Qur`an”. The second section is entitled: “Relationship of linguistic tropes in the Holy Qur`an”. This section quotes each and every relationship of linguistic tropes in the Holy Qur`an. The fourth chapter is entitled: “mental tropes in the Holy Qur`an”, and it consists of three sections; the first section is entitled: “Mental tropes in the Holy Qur`an, from part 1 to part 10”. The second section is entitled: “Mental tropes in the Holy Qur`an, from part 11 to part 20”, and the third section is entitled: “Mental tropes in the Holy Qur`an, from part 21 to part 30”. These sections quote verses of the Holy Qur`an which contain mental tropes. / Religious Studies and Arabic / Psychology

<p>The purpose of this thesis is to deepen the understanding of grown-up blind people’s non-verbal communication, including body expressions and paralinguistic (voice) expressions. More specifically, the thesis includes the following three studies: Blind people’s different forms of body expressions, blind people’s non-verbal conversation regulation and blind people’s experience of their own non-verbal expressions. The focus has been on the blind participants’ competence and on their subjective perspectives. I have also compared congenitally and adventitiously blind in all of the studies. The approach is mainly phenomenological and the qualitative empirical phenomenological psychological method is the primary methodological source of inspiration. Fourteen blind persons (and also some sigthed persons) participated. They have no other obvious disability than the blindness and their ages vary between 18 and 54. Data in the first two studies consisted of video recordings and data in the last study consisted of interviews. The overall results can be summarized in the following three points: 1. There are (almost) only similarities between the congenitally blind and adventitiously blind persons concerning their paralinguistic expressions. 2. There are mainly similarities between the two groups with respect to the occurrences of different body expressive forms. 3. There are also some differences between the groups. For example, the congenitally blind persons seem to have a limited ability to use the body in an abstract and symbolic way and they often mentioned that they have been told that their body expressions deviate from sighted people’s norms. But the persons in both groups also struggle to see themselves as unique persons who express themselves on the basis of their conditions and their previous experiences.</p>

L'environnement semble jouer un rôle important dans le développement de la discrimination des stimuli sociaux. Le développement précoce de la discrimination des stimuli sociaux tels que les visages et les expressions faciales a suscité de nombreuses recherches. Par ailleurs, les individus avec autisme ne semblent pas répondre aux stimuli sociaux de la même façon que des individus au fonctionnement normal et ces différences apparaissent de manière précoce.Cependant, les recherches actuelles ne nous fournissent pas assez d'éléments dur la façon dont cette discrimination se met en place, en particulier sur les régions du visage qui sont importantes pour la discrimination. C'est ce point que nous avons choisi d'étudier au cours de cette thèse, auprès d'enfants avec autisme. Les travaux effectués dans le cadre de cette thèse ont eu pour objectifs tout d'abord de développer une tâche permettant de mesurer les éléments du visage impliqués dans la discrimination d'expressions faciales chez des enfants au développement typique et des enfants avec autisme (Etudes 1 & 2). Puis, nous avons mis en place une tâche ayant pour objectif d'évaluer l'importance des régions des yeux et de la bouche auprès d'enfants avec autisme et de montrer l'effet de la modification des patterns d'observation des visages sur la façon dont les éléments du visage exercent un contrôle discriminatif sur les réponses des enfants avec autisme (Etudes 3 & 4). Ces résultats sont discutés au regard de l'importance de l'environnement dans la mise en place de la discrimination des stimuli sociaux. Les implications concernant les recherches chez l'enfant au développement typique seront discutées, ainsi que la place de la direction du regard, en plus de l'expression des yeux, comme élément discriminatif / The role of the environment has been demonstrated in the development of the discrimination of social stimuli. The discrimination of social stimuli such as faces and facial expressions have been extensively studied during the past decades. In addition, people with autism show atypical responses to social stimuli compared to typically functioning individuals. Those discrepancies can be seen very early in life. However, there is still much to know about how this learning takes place, particularly on the face parts that are relevant for the discrimination. The focus of this work is to study more precisely how face parts come to control the responses of children with autism. The goal of our studies was first, to build a task to measure precisely which parts of the face are involved in facial expressions discrimination in children with autism and in typically developing children (Experiments 1 & 2). Subsequently, we devised a task which evaluated the role of the eyes' and mouth regions in children with autism and typically developing children in order to see the effect of the modification of observing patterns of faces on the way eyes and mouth come to control the responses of children with autism (Experiments 3 & 4). Results are discussed in line with the role of the environment in participating in the development of facial expressions discrimination. Implications for the study in early facial expression discrimination learning in typically developing children are discussed. Direction of gaze, in adition to the eyes region expression, is discussed as a relevant element for the discrimination of facial stimuli.

The purpose of this thesis is to deepen the understanding of grown-up blind people’s non-verbal communication, including body expressions and paralinguistic (voice) expressions. More specifically, the thesis includes the following three studies: Blind people’s different forms of body expressions, blind people’s non-verbal conversation regulation and blind people’s experience of their own non-verbal expressions. The focus has been on the blind participants’ competence and on their subjective perspectives. I have also compared congenitally and adventitiously blind in all of the studies. The approach is mainly phenomenological and the qualitative empirical phenomenological psychological method is the primary methodological source of inspiration. Fourteen blind persons (and also some sigthed persons) participated. They have no other obvious disability than the blindness and their ages vary between 18 and 54. Data in the first two studies consisted of video recordings and data in the last study consisted of interviews. The overall results can be summarized in the following three points: 1. There are (almost) only similarities between the congenitally blind and adventitiously blind persons concerning their paralinguistic expressions. 2. There are mainly similarities between the two groups with respect to the occurrences of different body expressive forms. 3. There are also some differences between the groups. For example, the congenitally blind persons seem to have a limited ability to use the body in an abstract and symbolic way and they often mentioned that they have been told that their body expressions deviate from sighted people’s norms. But the persons in both groups also struggle to see themselves as unique persons who express themselves on the basis of their conditions and their previous experiences.

This is a systematic study of tropes of the Holy Qur`an, divided into four chapters… The first chapter is entitled: “An historical review of rhetoric and stylistics” and it consists of two sections; the first section is entitled: “Western rhetoric and stylistics” where as the second section deals with “Arabic rhetoric and stylistics”. The second chapter is entitled: “Tropes and their components” and it consists of two sections; the first section is entitled: “the definition of tropes”. This section deals with the definition of “literal expressions” and “figurative expressions”, and the required condition for figurative expressions; that is the syntactical and semantic coherence and relationships. The second section is entitled: “Components of tropes” which deals with different components of tropes. The third chapter is entitled: “Linguistic tropes of the Holy Qur`an” and it consists of two sections; the first section is entitled: “The spread of linguistic tropes in the Holy Qur`an”. The second section is entitled: “Relationship of linguistic tropes in the Holy Qur`an”. This section quotes each and every relationship of linguistic tropes in the Holy Qur`an. The fourth chapter is entitled: “mental tropes in the Holy Qur`an”, and it consists of three sections; the first section is entitled: “Mental tropes in the Holy Qur`an, from part 1 to part 10”. The second section is entitled: “Mental tropes in the Holy Qur`an, from part 11 to part 20”, and the third section is entitled: “Mental tropes in the Holy Qur`an, from part 21 to part 30”. These sections quote verses of the Holy Qur`an which contain mental tropes. / Religious Studies and Arabic / Psychology

Les systèmes de traitement automatique des langues reposent souvent sur l'idée que le langage est compositionnel, c'est-à-dire que le sens d'une entité linguistique peut être déduite à partir du sens de ses parties. Cette supposition ne s’avère pas vraie dans le cas des expressions polylexicales (EPLs). Par exemple, une "poule mouillée" n'est ni une poule, ni nécessairement mouillée. Les techniques pour déduire le sens des mots en fonction de leur distribution dans le texte ont obtenu de bons résultats sur plusieurs tâches, en particulier depuis l'apparition des word embeddings. Cependant, la représentation des EPLs reste toujours un problème non résolu. En particulier, on ne sait pas comment prédire avec précision, à partir des corpus, si une EPL donnée doit être traitée comme une unité indivisible (p.ex. "carton plein") ou comme une combinaison du sens de ses parties (p.ex. "eau potable"). Cette thèse propose un cadre méthodologique pour la prédiction de compositionnalité d'EPLs fondé sur des représentations de la sémantique distributionnelle, que nous instancions à partir d’une variété de paramètres. Nous présenterons une évaluation complète de l'impact de ces paramètres sur trois nouveaux ensembles de données modélisant la compositionnalité d'EPLs, en anglais, français et portugais. Finalement, nous présenterons une évaluation extrinsèque des niveaux de compositionnalité prédits par le modèle dans le contexte d’un système d'identification d'EPLs. Les résultats suggèrent que le choix spécifique de modèle distributionnel et de paramètres de corpus peut produire des prédictions de compositionnalité qui sont comparables à celles présentées dans l'état de l'art. / Natural language processing systems often rely on the idea that language is compositional, that is, the meaning of a linguistic entity can be inferred from the meaning of its parts. This expectation fails in the case of multiword expressions (MWEs). For example, a person who is a "sitting duck" is neither a duck nor necessarily sitting. Modern computational techniques for inferring word meaning based on the distribution of words in the text have been quite successful at multiple tasks, especially since the rise of word embedding approaches. However, the representation of MWEs still remains an open problem in the field. In particular, it is unclear how one could predict from corpora whether a given MWE should be treated as an indivisible unit (e.g. "nut case") or as some combination of the meaning of its parts (e.g. "engine room"). This thesis proposes a framework of MWE compositionality prediction based on representations of distributional semantics, which we instantiate under a variety of parameters. We present a thorough evaluation of the impact of these parameters on three new datasets of MWE compositionality, encompassing English, French and Portuguese MWEs. Finally, we present an extrinsic evaluation of the predicted levels of MWE compositionality on the task of MWE identification. Our results suggest that the proper choice of distributional model and corpus parameters can produce compositionality predictions that are comparable to the state of the art.

Cette thèse traite de la détection multimodale des anomalies dans le discours en utilisant les expressions faciales et l'expressivité dans la voix. Ces deux modalités sont des vecteurs d’émotions, des intentions, et peuvent refléter l'état d'esprit d'un être humain. Dans ce travail, un corpus de discours contenant des anomalies induites ou actées a été construit. Il a permis de mettre à l'épreuve une chaîne de détection à base de classification semi-supervisée. GMM, One Class SVM et Isolation Forest sont quelques exemples de modèles utilisés. Cela a également permis d'étudier la contribution de chacune des modalités et leur apport conjoint sur l'efficacité de la détection. / This thesis is about multimodal anomaly detection in discourse using facial expressions ans speech expressivity. These two modalities are vectors of emotions, intentions, and can reflect the state of mind of a human being. In this work, a corpus on discourse containing some induced and acted anomalies has been built. This corpus has enabled testing a detection chain based on semi-supervised classification. GMM, One class SVM and Isolation forest are examples of models that have been used. It also has enabled to study the contribution of each modality and their joint contribution to the detection efficiency.

L'obfuscation de logiciels est une technique de protection deprogrammes qui transforme du code pour rendre son analyse plusdifficile. Les expressions mixtes arithmético-booléennes (MBA) sontprésentées comme une bonne obfuscation du flot de données. Le domainede l'obfuscation MBA étant assez jeune, il bénéficie de peu delittérature sur la conception et l'analyse de telles expressionsobfusquées. Ainsi, beaucoup de sujets intéressants apparaissent lors deson étude, autant sur l'obfuscation que sur la désobfuscation (ousimplification) d'expressions MBA.Durant nos recherches, nous avons structuré le sujet de l'obfuscationMBA, le reliant à d'autres domaines comme la cryptographie ou laréécriture. Nous avons également reconstruit une techniqued'obfuscation MBA à partir d'échantillons publics. Nous avons étudié ce quesignifie simplifier une expression obfusquée, et défininos propres métriques de simplicité pour les expressions MBA. L'étudede la simplification MBA a entraîné l'implémentation de deux outils dedésobfuscation, qui ont simplifié avec succès plusieurs examplespublics d'expressions obfusquées. Finalement, nous avons évalué larésilience de l'obfuscation MBA par rapport à nos algorithmes desimplification (ainsi que d'autres techniques de désobfuscation), etnous avons conclu que la technique d'obfuscation MBA offrait peu derésilience en l'état. Nous avons donc proposé quelques pistes pouraméliorer ce type d'obfuscation. / Software obfuscation is a software protection technique thattransforms code in order to make its analysis more difficult. MixedBoolean-Arithmetic (MBA) expressions are presented as a strongobfuscation in the context of data flow obfuscation. As the domainaround MBA obfuscation is quite young, there is little literatureon the conception and analysis of such obfuscated expressions.Therefore many interesting subjects arise during its study, both around theobfuscation and deobfuscation (or simplification) of MBA expressions.During our work, we structured the subject of MBA obfuscation, linkingit to other topics like cryptography or rewriting. We also reconstructedan MBA obfuscation technique from public samples. We studied themeaning of simplifying an obfuscated expression, and definedour own simplicity metrics for MBA expressions. The study of MBAsimplification yielded the implementation of two deobfuscation toolsthat successfully simplified several public examples of obfuscatedexpressions. Finally, we assessed the resilience of the MBAobfuscation with regard to our simplification algorithms (as well asother deobfuscation techniques), concluding that this obfuscationtechnique offers little resilience as it is, and we proposed a few ideasto help improve this type of obfuscation.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第17991号 / 情博第513号 / 新制||情||91(附属図書館) / 80835 / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科知能情報学専攻 / (主査)教授 黒橋 禎夫, 教授 石田 亨, 教授 河原 達也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

La rumination est un style de pensées persistantes, répétitives et négatives, caractérisé par de la passivité et un sentiment d’impuissance, centré sur les émotions ressenties en réponse à un événement négatif passé. Des études suggèrent qu’elle est associée à des altérations du fonctionnement cognitif, mais certains de ses mécanismes cognitifs sont encore peu compris. Effectivement, des preuves d’une association entre la rumination et une altération de la capacité à inhiber la distraction (IID) en provenance d’informations négatives existent, mais les études sur le sujet sont contradictoires. L’objectif de ce mémoire était de clarifier la nature de cette relation. Dans deux expériences, la performance à des tâches d’IID de participants chez qui la rumination était induite (groupe expérimental) était comparée à celle de participants ne ruminant pas (groupe contrôle). Dans la première, la tâche consistait à identifier la direction d’une flèche cible en ignorant d’autres flèches présentées aux flancs de la cible. Les résultats n’ont pu montrer aucune différence de performance attribuable à la rumination. Dans la deuxième, plutôt que des flèches, les participants devaient identifier si l’expression faciale émotionnelle d’un visage cible était neutre, positive ou négative. Les résultats ont montré que les participants du groupe expérimental étaient plus facilement distraits lors de l’identification d’une cible positive et l’étaient moins pour une cible négative. La persistance de la rumination sur des informations négatives pourrait s’expliquer, entre autres, par un renforcement de l’IID spécifiquement pour des pensées négatives et par un affaiblissement de cette capacité pour des pensées positives. / Rumination is a style of persistent, repetitive, and negative thinking, characterized by passivity and by a feeling of helplessness, that is centered around the emotions experienced following a past negative event. There exists evidence of a link between rumination and impairments of cognitive functioning, but some of its cognitive mechanisms are not well understood. Indeed, there is evidence of a link between rumination and impairments of the ability to inhibit interferences from distracting negative stimulus (IIS), but the studies investigating these links have contradictory results. The goal of this thesis was to clarify the nature of this relation. In two experiments, the performance to IIS tasks was compared between an experimental group of participants in which rumination was induced and a control group of participants in which it was not. In the first experiment, the task consisted of identifying the pointing direction of a target arrow while ignoring flanking distracting arrows. There were no differences in results explainable by rumination. In the second, instead of arrows, the participants had to identify whether the facial expression of a target face was neutral, positive, or negative. The participants in the experimental group were more easily distracted when they had to identify a positive target while the were less easily distracted when it was negative. The persistence of rumination on negative information may in part be explained by a reinforcement of the ability to IIS for negative thoughts and by a weakening of this ability for positive thoughts.