In 1945/46, after the surrender of Germany in the Second World War, approximately twelve million German civilians living in Central and Eastern Europe were expelled (or fled before they received the inevitable expulsion order) mostly to Germany in what R.M. Douglas termed the "largest forced population transfer [...] in human history." Even though these events occurred over sixty years ago, the recollections of these expellees suggest the ongoing immediacy of their experiences. For this phenomenological-historical ethnography, I collected more than eighty life stories and oral histories specifically from ethnic Germans expelled from Bohemia, Moravia, and Czech Silesia (Sudeten Germans). Through the lenses of musical practice and musical repertoire, I investigate how these Sudeten Germans used and still continue to use music as a tool for both remembrance and adaptation in their new environments. I seek to understand music's significances for social and political integration in the Sudeten-Germans' "new sounding homeland" in West Germany. Taken one at a time, these recollections disclose the various ways in which music and musical practices retrieve memories of their Bohemian homelands and are able to mitigate both the loss of those homelands and the distressing overall effects of expulsion. Woven together, these recollections reveal how music offers emotional solace and facilitates the building of a new sense of belonging in the face of geographic displacement and material dispossession. I then compare these recollections to memories of Sudeten Germans expelled to the former East Germany as well as to the memories of Germans who were forced to stay in Czechoslovakia. This comparison highlights how the reframing and even silencing of musical practices in these environments affected processes of social identity reconstruction until the 1989 Velvet Revolution. I suggest that the analysis of the Sudeten Germans' individual musical experiences reveals new perspectives of how they used and still use musical practices to negotiate intercultural power relations and rebuild a sense of Heimat (notion of belonging to a place of origin). Broadly speaking, the results of this study facilitate an understanding of the phenomenon of forced migration and how music is able to reflect, reframe, and renegotiate it.

Within the last few decades, zero tolerance policies and exclusionary discipline have become the standard way in which schools manage student behavior. These policies, namely suspension and expulsion have been shown to have negative impacts on the lives of students who are punished with them. Educationally, the removal of students from the classroom hurts their chances of achieving academic success. Furthermore, these policies have been linked with an increase in the presence of law enforcement on school campuses, which results in the arrest of students, burdening them with expensive and serious legal battles. This research examines whether nonwhite students are more likely to be sanctioned by this form of discipline. A nationally representative sample of middle and high school students is used to estimate four logistic regression models, with exclusionary discipline as the dependent variable and race as the primary independent variable. The analysis shows that nonwhite students are more likely to suspended or expelled than white students – even when student behavior is the same. This research adds to the existing body of research on exclusionary discipline and provides a nationally generalizable study to support the claim the nonwhite students are at an increased risk to be sanctioned by zero tolerance policies.

No description available.

In response to an increase of school shootings, America has seen public outcry for safer schools and the implementation of get-tough discipline policies that remove students who pose threats of violence to the safe school environment. One response to the increased rate of violence was the implementation of the Gun-Free Schools Act (GFSA). Criticism of these policies grew, unintended outcomes undermined their implementation, and research data supporting their effectiveness were lacking. The legislature sought to address issues relating to discretion in implementation, due process rights, mandatory expulsion language, and alternative education placement. This study sought to trace the evolution of GFSA legislation in Virginia. Selected sponsors of GFSA and patrons were identified and interviewed to learn their perceptions of goals and outcomes of legislation prohibiting the possession of weapons on school grounds. Interview questions sought to identify key factors that were considered throughout the legislative process. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. Interview data were analyzed using QSR NVIVO 9, data analysis software. The research design incorporated the collection and analysis of extant information, as well as the use of open-ended interviews with selected policymakers in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Emerging themes were described, categorized, and analyzed within the structure of a historical timeline of the GFSA legislation. Non-legislative documents were analyzed to add support to the interview findings and legislative analysis. Twelve themes emerged, which were supported in the review of non-legislative documents and in legislative documents. The legislative intent was reinforced in the literature and in the interviews. A review of these data led this researcher to conclude that the General Assembly came full circle and virtually reversed the initial requirements for zero-tolerance discipline policies. Continued study is recommended to trace how the General Assembly ameliorates racial inequity, increased drop-out rates, increased criminalization, and other harsh and unintended consequences of GFSA legislation in the Commonwealth. / Ed. D.

Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 17 avril 2024) / Afin de protéger leur vie face aux violations graves des droits humains, les réfugiés sont forcés d'effectuer le choix difficile de quitter leur pays pour chercher la protection internationale en vertu de la Convention relative au statut des réfugiés de 1951. Arrivés au pays d'accueil, ces réfugiés qui sont au départ demandeurs d'asile font face à une autre réalité. En vertu de l'accord portant sur « les pays tiers sûrs » qui existe au Canada et dans l'Union européenne, ils sont souvent refoulés vers un autre État considéré comme sûr pour eux pour effectuer leur demande. En les renvoyant dans ces pays considérés comme sûrs, ces demandeurs d'asile peuvent souvent subir un mauvais traitement ou encore être renvoyés dans leur pays d'origine. La *Convention relative au statut des réfugiés* de 1951 protège en principe les réfugiés et les demandeurs d'asile contre le refoulement. Toutefois, lorsque ce droit au non-refoulement est violé par l'État d'accueil, la Convention n'a pas prévu un moyen de recours possible pour rappeler l'État à ses obligations. Ce projet de recherche vise donc à démontrer d'abord que le refoulement des réfugiés et des demandeurs d'asile en vertu des accords portant sur le pays tiers sûr peut être en contradiction avec les engagements internationaux des États envers les réfugiés et les demandeurs d'asile, engendre des violations des droits des réfugiés et affaiblit la protection des réfugiés et des demandeurs d'asile. Ensuite, ce projet soutient que les réfugiés et les demandeurs d'asile peuvent se prévaloir des mécanismes de protection des droits humains lorsqu'ils estiment que leur droit au non-refoulement a été violé. / To protect their lives from human rights violations, refugees are forced to make the difficult choice of leaving their country to seek international protection under the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. Arrived in the host country, these refugees who are initially asylum seekers face a different reality. Under the “safe third country” agreement that exists in Canada and the European Union, they are often sent back to another state considered safe for them to make their application. By sending them back to these countries considered safe, these asylum seekers can often suffer ill-treatment or even be sent back to their country of origin. The 1951 Status Convention in principle protects refugees and asylum-seekers from refoulement. However, when this right to the prohibition of refoulement is violated by the host State, the Convention does not provide for a possible means of redress to remind the State of its obligations. This research project therefore aims to demonstrate first that the refoulement of refugees and asylum seekers under safe third country agreements can be in contradiction with the international commitments of States towards refugees and asylum seekers. asylum, leads to violations of refugee rights and weakens the protection of refugees and asylum seekers. Second, this project argues that refugees and asylum seekers can avail themselves of human rights protection mechanisms when they believe that their right to the prohibition of refoulement has been violated.

En recherchant la maîtrise des flux migratoires, la France entretient des rapports avec l'Union européenne, les pays européens, les pays d'émigration et les organisations non gouvernementales. Deux points essentiels apparaissent dans cette analyse des rapports internationaux de la France. Le premier concerne l'élaboration d'une politique migratoire de l'Union européenne révélant un cadre de négociations difficiles. La mise en œuvre de cette politique dépend des intérêts particuliers de chaque Etat membre. Le deuxième porte sur les coopérations bilatérales d'une efficacité incertaine donnant priorité aux contrôles des flux migratoires sans prendre en compte les attentes des différentes parties contractantes. Parallèlement à la mise en place de ces rapports, les instruments juridiques internationaux dégagent un ensemble de droits protégeant les étrangers. Progressivement, la France est ainsi obligée de s'aligner sur la jurisprudence européenne qui est plus protectrice à l'égard des ressortissants étrangers. / In looking for the control of migratory flows, France maintains relationships with the European Union, the European countries, the countries of emigration and the non-governmental organizations. Two mains points appear in this analysis of the French international relationships. The first one concerns the elaboration of a migratory policy of the European Union which shows a framework of difficult negotiations. The implementation of this policy depends on the particular interests of every member state. The second point is about the bilateral cooperations of an uncertain efficiency giving priority to the controls of migratory flows without taking into account the expectations of the various contracting parties. At the same time as the setting up of these relationships, the international legal instruments highlight a set of rights that protect the foreigners. Gradually, France is then compelled to align itself with the European jurisprudence which is more protective towards the foreign nationals.

v anglickém jazyce The diploma thesis called "The expulsion and the withdrawal of the shareholder and the court-ordered termination of his participation in a limited liability company" deals with the analysis of the selected legal aspects of a limited liability company. Considering the extent to which the limited liability company is represented in the Czech business practice (it is at present the most prevalent form of business corporation in the Czech Republic), it is possible to assume that it is most desirable to thoroughly analyze the legal regulation of the limited liability company. However, the contribution of such analysis lies particularly in the field of legal theory, namely with regard to the new recodified legal regulation of the private law, which has had, legally effective as of January 1, 2014, a distinct impact also on the law of business corporations, and which has introduced a number of changes and new institutes and also a number of interpretation problems and potential ambiguities connected therewith. In this connection, the diploma thesis pays attention to the partial topic of the cessation of the shareholder's participation in the limited liability company. Within the frame of this topic, the diploma thesis focuses on the selected forms of the cessation of the shareholder's...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:26:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Luciana Toledo.pdf: 814076 bytes, checksum: 73595d705b86cae849da88b16da7a361 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-05-03 / The objective of this thesis is to question de decisions of the Supreme Court of Brazil which deny the foreigners in irregular situation in the country, especially those facing an executive order of expulsion, the possibility of progression in the prison regime. To do this, we have carried out a survey of the decisions concerning the theme and looked for arguments used to carry on this discrimination. The second step was to study all the elements witch have something to do with the question. We elected the following themes: foreigners juridical situation; executive order of expulsion; the penalty as a limitation of freedom; the equality principle; the principle of the human being dignity; constitutional interpretation; constitutionality control. After the conclusion of this study, we went on to analyze the argumentations of the Supreme Court to perpetrate this discriminatory treatment. We demonstrated the mistake of the decisions witch are based on a literal interpretation of the legal provision involved, thus despising constitutional principles such as freedom, equality and dignity of the human being. A systematic interpretation, enhanced by constitutional values and principles, would conclude that the discrimination between Brazilians and foreigners concerning freedom is inconconstitutional as freedom is a right connected to men as a human being and not as a citizen. Therefore, the denial of progression prison regime for the arrested foreigner in irregular situation is inconstitutional, because it affects the right to freedom, equality and dignity of the human being. The solution is an interpretation in accord with the Constitution, with allows the arrested foreigners the right to paid labor, indispensable condition for the concession of the benefit of the progression prison regime. / A presente tese tem como objetivo questionar as decisões do Supremo Tribunal Federal, as quais negam a possibilidade de progressão de regime prisional ao estrangeiro em situação irregular no país, em especial àquele que tem, contra si, decreto de expulsão. Para tanto, fez-se um levantamento das decisões a respeito do tema e buscou-se as justificativas para perpetração de tal discriminação. O segundo passo foi estudar todos os elementos de alguma forma relacionados com a questão. Foram eleitos os seguintes temas: situação jurídica do estrangeiro; decreto de expulsão; a pena como coação à liberdade; o princípio da igualdade; o princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana; interpretação constitucional; controle da constitucionalidade. Realizado este estudo, passou-se a análise das argumentações elaboradas pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal para justificar o tratamento discriminatório. Demonstrou-se que as decisões estão equivocadas por partirem de uma interpretação literal dos dispositivos legais envolvidos, desprezando, com isso, princípios constitucionais como a liberdade, igualdade e dignidade da pessoa humana. Uma interpretação sistemática, iluminada pelos valores e princípios constitucionais, concluiria que não se pode distinguir brasileiros e estrangeiros em relação à liberdade, um direito que não é do cidadão, mas do ser humano em geral. Assim, a vedação à progressão de regime para o preso estrangeiro em situação irregular é inconstitucional, por ferir o direito à liberdade, igualdade e dignidade da pessoa humana. A solução é uma interpretação conforme a Constituição, que permita, ao preso estrangeiro, o exercício de trabalho remunerado, condição indispensável para a concessão do benefício.

A presente dissertação aborda a temática do condomínio edilício, examinando questões importantes e elementares deste especial instituto jurídico, e do condômino com reiterado comportamento antissocial. Para tanto, exige-se uma robusta análise do direito de propriedade e da função social, como seu elemento transformador, na medida em que esta, ao lado da peculiar estrutura jurídica do condomínio edilício, que conjuga áreas de propriedade exclusiva com áreas de propriedade comum, somada ao próprio ordenamento jurídico pátrio, impõe ao titular de unidade autônoma o cumprimento de deveres de observância obrigatória, não só para com os demais condôminos, mas principalmente em favor de toda coletividade. Tais deveres, uma vez descumpridos, ensejam a aplicação de medidas jurídicas sancionatórias gradativas em face do infrator, a iniciar por penas pecuniárias, até final expulsão da seara condominial, que poderá ocorrer na medida em que sejam reiteradas as atividades nocivas por ele desempenhadas, gerando incompatibilidade de convivência com os demais condôminos, e na hipótese de as multas aplicadas mostrarem-se inócuas como meio de interrompê-las. A expulsão do condômino antissocial do condomínio edilício pode afigurar-se, a princípio, uma radical sanção, contudo extremamente necessária como último recurso não só para a manutenção do equilíbrio psíquico, econômico e social na copropriedade, mas para assegurar a função social que o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro impõe ao direito proprietário, no qual também está inserida a propriedade em unidade autônoma condominial. / This dissertation addresses the theme of condominium building, examining important issues and this legal institute special elementary, and condominium member with repeated antisocial behavior. Therefore, it requires a robust analysis of property rights and social function, as its transforming element, insofar as the social function, along with the peculiar legal structure of the condominium building, which combines exclusive proprietary areas with common property areas, in addition to its own legal system, imposes on the holder of the autonomous unit compliance with mandatory observance duties, not only with the other joint owners, but mostly in favor of the whole collectivity. Once breached such duties, it inspires the application of piecemeal legal sanctions measures in face of the offender, that starts from monetary penalties until the final expulsion of the harvest condominium, which may occur as the harmful activities are repeated by him performed, generating coexistence incompatibility with the other condominium members, and assuming that the fines shows up innocuous as a way to stop them. The expulsion of antisocial condominium member from the condominium building can seem, at first, a radical penalty, but extremely necessary as a last resort not only to maintain psychic equilibrium, social and economical in co-ownership, but to ensure the social function that the Brazilian legal system imposes on the proprietary right, which is also inserted into the stand-alone unit condominium property

A presente dissertação tem por objeto de estudo o instituto da cassação de mandato por quebra de decoro, conforme previsto no art. 55, II, da Constituição da República de 1988, que determina que perca o mandato o deputado ou senador cujo procedimento for declarado incompatível com o decoro parlamentar. Trata-se de um estudo no qual analisamos diversos aspectos jurídicos relevantes do instituto, entre esses podemos destacar a definição mínima do que podemos entender por comportamento ofensivo ao decoro parlamentar, a natureza jurídica dos processos de cassação, os limites do exercício dessa competência pelas Casas do Congresso Nacional, as regras específicas previstas nos regimentos internos, bem como os limites do controle exercido pelo Poder Judiciário. Muitas das análises elaboradas são polêmicas e de difícil solução e envolvem temas candentes, não só do ponto de vista jurídico, mas também político, já que a cassação de mandato por quebra de decoro diz respeito a uma forma de perda antecipada do mandato representativo, implicando num fenômeno que resvala em todo o sistema democrático. / This dissertation is a study about the expel proceding a parliament member in case of offense to decorum according to art. 55 II of Republic Constitution of 1988, which states that lose the mandate the deputy or the senator who proceed in disorderly behavior with parliamentary decorum. We analyze various legal issues relevant to the institute, among these we can highlight the minimal definition of what we can call as an incompatible behavior with parliamentary decorum, the juridical nature of the legislative process of expulsion, limits for that jurisdiction by the Congress, the special rules of the Congress internal regulations and the limits of control exercised by the Judiciary. Many elaborated analysis are controversial and difficult to solve, involving political and legal questions, since the expel by an incompatible behavior with parliamentary decorum is a way to lose beforehand the representative mandate, implying a phenomenon that echoes in all the democratic system.