This study has been approached from a narrative counseling point of view, which is a product of the postmodern discourse. Counseling within this framework represents a fundamental new shift in counseling practices. Various theories and perspectives are being discussed in this study to explain the context to the reader in which narrative theory operates. Taking the above mentioned framework into consideration the researcher enters into discussions with an individual who has experienced restrictive narratives. Another point of departure of the researcher in this study is that the belief systems of individuals play a significant role in their lives. Narrative counseling with respect to counseling is therefore a very useful instrument in assisting people to understand how their lives are being shaped and influenced by means of their belief systems. Within the framework of the narrative counseling perspective a series of discussions took place with the client. The purpose of these discussions was to deconstruct the client problem saturated story or restrictive narrative into an alternative story of hope, free from the restrictions of the dysfunctional belief system. / This study has been approached from a narrative counseling point of view, which is a product of the postmodern discourse. Counseling within this framework represents a fundamental new shift in counseling practices. Various theories and perspectives are being discussed in this study to explain the context to the reader in which narrative theory operates. Taking the above mentioned framework into consideration the researcher enters into discussions with an individual who has experienced restrictive narratives. Another point of departure of the researcher in this study is that the belief systems of individuals play a significant role in their lives. Narrative counseling with respect to counseling is therefore a very useful instrument in assisting people to understand how their lives are being shaped and influenced by means of their belief systems. Within the framework of the narrative counseling perspective a series of discussions took place with the client. The purpose of these discussions was to deconstruct the client problem saturated story or restrictive narrative into an alternative story of hope, free from the restrictions of the dysfunctional belief system. / Thesis (M.A. (Sociology))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2005.

This study has been approached from a narrative counseling point of view, which is a product of the postmodern discourse. Counseling within this framework represents a fundamental new shift in counseling practices. Various theories and perspectives are being discussed in this study to explain the context to the reader in which narrative theory operates. Taking the above mentioned framework into consideration the researcher enters into discussions with an individual who has experienced restrictive narratives. Another point of departure of the researcher in this study is that the belief systems of individuals play a significant role in their lives. Narrative counseling with respect to counseling is therefore a very useful instrument in assisting people to understand how their lives are being shaped and influenced by means of their belief systems. Within the framework of the narrative counseling perspective a series of discussions took place with the client. The purpose of these discussions was to deconstruct the client problem saturated story or restrictive narrative into an alternative story of hope, free from the restrictions of the dysfunctional belief system. / This study has been approached from a narrative counseling point of view, which is a product of the postmodern discourse. Counseling within this framework represents a fundamental new shift in counseling practices. Various theories and perspectives are being discussed in this study to explain the context to the reader in which narrative theory operates. Taking the above mentioned framework into consideration the researcher enters into discussions with an individual who has experienced restrictive narratives. Another point of departure of the researcher in this study is that the belief systems of individuals play a significant role in their lives. Narrative counseling with respect to counseling is therefore a very useful instrument in assisting people to understand how their lives are being shaped and influenced by means of their belief systems. Within the framework of the narrative counseling perspective a series of discussions took place with the client. The purpose of these discussions was to deconstruct the client problem saturated story or restrictive narrative into an alternative story of hope, free from the restrictions of the dysfunctional belief system. / Thesis (M.A. (Sociology))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2005.

Étant traditionnellement des terres d'accueil, les États-Unis, l'Australie et l'Union européenne tendent progressivement à fermer leurs frontières et à adopter des politiques similaires en matière de lutte contre l'immigration irrégulière. Ces trois pôles majeurs d'immigration essaient de trouver des solutions pour imperméabiliser leurs frontières et ainsi éviter que des flux migratoires non souhaités n'atteignent leurs territoires. Dans cette optique, l'externalisation des contrôles migratoires apparaît être une méthode complémentaire opportune de lutte contre l'immigration irrégulière. Les contrôles migratoires ne s'effectueront plus aux frontières des États d'accueil des migrants mais ils se feront en amont : sur le territoire d'un État tiers ou dans une zone de quasi-vide juridique comme en haute mer. Les États d'émigration et d'immigration devront coopérer et utiliser les instruments du droit international afin de concrétiser cet objectif. La complexité du phénomène migratoire et la faible préemption du droit international sur cette question rendra cette problématique particulièrement délicate. La compatibilité des actions menées par les États-Unis, l'Australie et l'Union européenne sera évaluée au regard des conventions, de la coutume et de la jurisprudence internationale pertinente, les vides juridiques seront dévoilés et des améliorations seront proposées. / Traditionnally regarded as lands of immigration, the United States, Australia and the European Union have gradually closed their borders and are adopting similar policies in the fight against irregular immigration. These three major centers of immigration are trying to find solutions to secure their borders in order to prevent the entry of irregular migrants. In this context, the externalization of migration controls appears to be a relevant complementary method to fight against irregular immigration. The migration controls will no longer take place at national borders but they will be relocated to the territory of a third country or to an area of legal vacuum as the high seas. The countries of emigration and immigration shall cooperate and use the instruments of international law in order to carry out this goal. The complexity of the migration phenomenon and the lack of influence of international law on this field will make this issue particularly tricky. The compatibility of the actions led by the United States, Australia and the European Union will be assessed regarding conventions, customary law and jurisprudence, legal black holes will be revealed and some improvements will be suggested.

The irregular migration over the Mediterranean Sea has become a priority on the political agenda in recent years. This paper examines whether the attempts of managing the irregular migration have constituted a process of externalisation of border control and/or migration management in the context of Italy and Libya. Specifically, a Memorandum of Understanding signed by the countries in February 2017 has been studied to determine if it can be understood as an example of externalisation. The Memorandum has been assessed using three criteria for externalisation, as identified by Paoletti (2011), as well as a model for categorising measures into ‘fencing’ or ‘gatekeeping’ strategies, presented by Triandafyllidou and Dimitriadi (2013). Additionally, a critical geopolitical perspective has been applied, aiming at identifying the Memorandum’s geopolitical implications. An examination of studies on previous agreements demonstrates that a process of externalisation has been occurring, and the analysis of the Memorandum indicates that the agreement can be understood as a part of this process. Furthermore, a number of geopolitical implications have been identified in the Memorandum, regarding power, sovereignty, borders and securitisation. Since there is no universal definition of what measures are considered to constitute externalisation, any assessments made are arguably subjective.

Apparu il y a près d’une vingtaine d’années dans le discours doctrinal en droit administratif, le terme d’externalisation est encore aujourd’hui paradoxalement très peu présent dans le langage théorique des juristes, et quasiment absent du droit positif et des prétoires. Le plus souvent employé en tant que vocable « cosmétique » et idéologique, il est en effet principalement destiné à rendre compte, de manière générale, du tournant managérial emprunté par l’organisation et la gestion de l’action administrative dans le cadre de la réforme de l’État, et sous l’influence des préceptes du New Public Management. Il n’est toutefois pas voué à demeurer simplement un idiome caractéristique de l’émergence d’une nouvelle posture de l’État et des personnes publiques. Il peut en l’occurrence être envisagé comme un concept à part entière intégré à la théorie générale du droit adminsitratif : l’externalisation administrative. En tant que tel, il offre l’opportunité d’une approche originale des transformations contemporaines traversant ce champ disciplinaire, et permet de proposer une définition et un contenu proprement administratif à ce terme maintes fois évoqué et si peu souvent précisé. Inspirée des acquis des sciences économiques, et de gestion et des travaux menés par la doctrine civiliste, la conceptualisation de l’externalisation administrative aboutit à la découverte d’un mode de gestion inédit de l’action administrative fondé sur une logique de coopération, et recouvrant l’emploi par les personnes publiques d’instruments juridiques traditionnels dotés d’une fonction singulière afin d’habiliter un tiers à participer à la réalisation d’une compétence qui leur est attribuée par l’ordre juridique. Ainsi élaboré, le concept d’externalisation administrative se déploie dans le cadre de l’accomplissement de la compétence matérielle des autorités administratives, sous de multiples formes juridiques et dans des domaines d’activités divers, par le moyen d’une instrumentalisation de l’obligation révélant une conception renouvelée de celle-ci. Il apporte par conséquent des éléments de compréhension inédits de l’évolution des modes d’intervention des personnes publiques. Du titre au sous-titre, l’utilité théorique de ce concept se mesure alors à l’aune du contenu qui lui est assigné, lequel pose les jalons d’une théorie de l’externalisation administrative et, au-delà, d’une théorie de la gestion coopérative de l’action administrative. / Appeared almost twenty years ago in the doctrinal discourse of administrativ law, still today the term of externalisation is paradoxically not very present in the theoretical language of lawyers, and nearly absent in the positiv law and in the courtrooms. Indeed it is employed most of the time as a « cosmetic » and ideological term mainly destined to realize, generally, of the managerial turn borrowed by organization and management of administrative action in the framework of state reform, and under the influence of the New Public Management precepts. However, it is not dedicated to remain simply as an idiom representative of emergence of a new posture of state and public authorities. As it happens, it can be considered as a concept in full integrated to the general theory of administrativ law. As such, it offers opportunity of an original approach of contemporary transformations crossing this disciplinary purview, and allows to provide a definition and a contents properly administrative to this term many times mentioned and so litte specified. Inspired by the achievements of economics and management, and the works conducts by civil law doctrine, the conceptualization of administrative externalisation leads to the discovery of an novel management mode of administrative action based on a logic of cooperation, and covering the recourse by public authorities at traditional juridical instruments endued of a singular function to empower a third party to share in the realisation of an ability assigned to them by the legal order. Thus elaborated, the administrative externalisation concept unflods in the framework of fulfillement of the concret public authorities ability, under multiple juridical forms and in various fields of activity, by the means of an instrumentalization of the obligation revealing a renewed conception of this one. Therefore, it brings unprecedented elements of understanding of evolution of methods of intervention by the administrative authorities. From title to subtitle, theoretical utility of this concept is measured so in terms of the content assigned to it, wich sets the milestones of an administrative externalisation theory and, beyond, of a cooperative management of administrative action theory.

Sous la pression de l'environnement, les entreprises ont été peu à peu amenées à changer leurs modes d'organisation en confiant de plus en plus d'activités à des prestataires externes. L'externalisation de la logistique est une des tendances fortes de ce mouvement. Cependant, malgré leurs bénéfices prétendus, de nombreux projets d'externalisation de la logistique ne remplissent pas leurs promesses. La cause en revient à une mauvaise anticipation des risques. Bien que la littérature soit riche en modèles théoriques et en études empiriques traitant de la décision d'externalisation, de ses déterminants, de ses facteurs de succès et d'échec, les travaux qui portent sur l'étude et l'anticipation des risques restent relativement rares. Ce travail de recherche s'intéresse au rôle que pourrait jouer la gestion des risques pour favoriser la conduite d'un processus d'externalisation de la logistique. Il repose sur une recherche-intervention mise en oeuvre chez un équipementier aéronautique. Il aboutit à la Proposition d'un processus de gestion intégrée des risques de l'externalisation. Ce modèle met en évidence la nécessité de repenser la manière d'appréhender l'externalisation de la logistique. Il propose une démarche intégratrice permettant de modéliser les différentes phases d'un processus d'externalisation de la logistique en adoptant de nouveaux modes de conception et de reconfiguration qui y intègrent la maîtrise des risques. Ce modèle offre une vision suffisamment globale aux praticiens qui doivent faire face au quotidien à des projets d'externalisation de plus en plus complexes. / Under pressure from the environment, firms were gradually brought to change their modes of organization by entrusting more and more activities to external service providers. The outsourcing of logistics is one of the strong trends of this movement. However, despite their supposed benefits, many logistics outsourcing projects fail to fulfil their promises. The cause goes back to weak risk anticipation. Although the literature is rich in theoretical models and empirical studies dealing with the decision of outsourcing, its determinants, its factors of success and failure, works which focus on the study and anticipating risks remain relatively rare. This research focuses on the potential role of risk management to support the conduct of a process of outsourcing of logistics. It is based on a research-intervention implemented in an aeronautical equipment manufacturer. It leads to the proposal of a model of integrated risk management outsourcing. This model highlights the need to rethink how to approach outsourcing logistics. It offers an inclusive approach to model the different phases of a process of logistics outsourcing by adopting new modes of design and reconfiguration which include the control of risks. This model offers a global vision to managers who face outsourcing projects becoming increasingly complex.

Cette thèse analyse les mutations du travail et de l’emploi et par conséquent, les mutations de la protection des travailleurs licenciés dans les Entreprises Publiques (EP) rendues privées au Gabon. Ce faisant, elle tente de lire les mutations (licenciements, pertes d’emplois) intervenues après la privatisation. Mais face à ces mutations, quelle est la politique d’emploi au Gabon? Quels accompagnements (plans sociaux) pour un retour à l’emploi ? Aussi, par quels processus et mécanismes la privatisation entraîne-t-elle les mutations d’emploi dans les EP rendues privées? L’hypothèse est que la faiblesse des politiques d’accompagnements et de protection des travailleurs initiées par le gouvernement en vue de lutter officiellement contre la précarité du travail et du chômage, lors des mouvements de privatisations au-delà des considérations du droit du travail, explique ces mutations. C’est ce que nous tentons de cerner au niveau de la SEEG, de la SETRAG et de la SUCAF-Gabon à partir d’une démarche qui prend en compte les approches quantitatives et qualitatives d'une manière empirique / This thesis analyzes the changes in work and employment and therefore the changes in the protection of workers dismissed in the Public Enterprises (EP) made private in Gabon. Thus this thesis tries to understand the mutations (layoffs, job losses, outsourcing, subcontracting) that occurred after privatization. But in front of these changes at work, what is the employment policy in Gabon? What social supports are used for returning into employment? By what processes and mechanisms, the privatization causes the transformations of employment in public enterprises made private? The assumption is that the weakness of social policies and protection of workers introduced by the government to fight officially against precarity and the unemployment during the movements of privatizations beyond the consideration of labor law policy explains these mutations. This is what we try to understand from the companies SEEG, SETRAG and SUCAF GABON by an approach that takes into account both quantitative and qualitative approaches in an empirical way.

Cette thèse a cherché à évaluer et à comprendre les répercussions des maltraitances physiques et psychiques sur le développement des enfants qui en sont victimes. Il s’agit ici de repérer l’influence des représentations de la mère concernant l’enfant qui ont conduit aux actes maltraitants. Le but de l’étude était de repérer la place de l’enfant dans les enjeux psychiques maternels avec l’hypothèse de la mise en acte d’un fantasme d’infanticide à l’œuvre. Dans une approche culturelle, il a été question d’élargir la notion de maltraitance au-delà des syndromes communs notamment les enfants singuliers. L’étude a visé à comprendre les modalités d’expression de l’enfant de moins de 3 ans à travers les comportements d’externalisation et d’internalisation. 15 enfants de 6 mois à 3 ans et leur mère ont été recrutés. Différentes méthodes ont été utilisées, l’échelle de Brunet-Lézine-Révisé et la Malette Projective Petite Enfance, l’observation et l’entretien clinique à visée de recherche. Les résultats ont fait ressortir la mise en acte de fantasme chez les 12 mères sous différentes formes à travers le vécu de la grossesse, de l’accouchement, du maternage etc. et les effets des maltraitances qui entravent le développement de ces enfants. / The goal of this research is to evaluate and understand the repercussions of physical and psychological abuse on the development of children who are victims. The focal point is to identify the mental appraisal the mother has of the child and how it inherently drives her to mistreat the child. The aim of the study was to ascertain the child’s place in the mother’s mental thoughts with the assumption of the portrayal of an infanticide fantasy at work. Culturally, it was pertinent to broaden the notion of abuse way beyond the common syndromes especially associated with children that act bizarre. The study aimed to understand the modalities of expression of the child below the age of three through behaviors externally and internally expressed. Fifteen children from 6 months to 3 years of age and their mothers were selected for this study. Different methods were used such as, the revised version of the Brunet-Lézine scale, the "Malette projective Petite enfance " test, observation and clinical research interviews. The results highlighted the act of fantasy in the 12 mothers in different forms. Right from the experience of pregnancy, to childbirth, to nursing the child, etc. and the effects of abuse that hinder the development of these children.

Cette thèse propose d'étudier une catégorie d'intervention des politiques migratoires : les mineurs non accompagnés. À rebours d'une vaste littérature qui traite les mineurs non accompagnés en tant que groupe – posant des questions concernant leurs trajectoires migratoires, leur résilience plutôt que leur vulnérabilité, ou l'efficacité des politiques censées les protéger –, cette thèse s'inscrit dans une approche constructiviste et interroge les processus par lesquels la catégorie « mineurs non accompagnés » est donnée à voir. Nous analysons la conception de la catégorie juridico-administrative dans les politiques européennes ; les processus de transnationalisation dont elle fait l'objet, et les pratiques d'identification et de surveillance par lesquelles elles est mise en œuvre. La thèse couvre une période de vingt ans et investit trois terrains d'enquête. Tout d'abord, les forums et les arènes européens à Bruxelles, où se dégagent les représentations compassionnelles, et les logiques sur lesquels reposent les concurrences entre acteurs de la protection de l'enfance, des migrations et de la sécurité pour la définition légitime de la catégorie mineurs non accompagnés. Au delà des frontières européennes, l'Égypte est signalée par les acteurs transnationaux comme un « pays d'origine » de mineurs non accompagnés. Le troisième terrain a été mené à une frontière de l'Union européenne. Il prend en compte le cas de Catane (dans l'est de la Sicile) où sont données à voir les opérations d'individuation des mineurs non accompagnés arrivant par mer par les agents sécuritaires et humanitaires des migrations / In this dissertation, we study the career of a target category within migration policies, i.e. unaccompanied minors. Scholars have mostly dealt with unaccompanied minors as an existing group, asking, among others, what their migration trajectories are, whether they are resilient or vulnerable, and the efficiency of protection policies targeting them. Adopting a constructivist approach, this dissertation asks instead: what are the processes through which the category “unaccompanied minors” is actually incorporated into public policy and made visible? Here, its conception as a legal category within European policies is analyzed, along with its transnationalisation, and implementation. This study covers a period of twenty years. It rests on a three-fold fieldwork. Firstly, European forums and political arenas in Brussels are considered, where competition among child protection, migration and security actors can be observed. Secondly, beyond European borders, we consider Egypt as a country that is pointed at by transnational actors as a sending country for unaccompanied underaged migrants. Thirdly, the European Union border is taken into account by studying the operations of individualisation – by securitarian and humanitarian agents – of unaccompanied minors arriving by boat, along with disciplining practices implemented by migrant social care officers in Catania (Eastern Sicily). Finally, resistance practices to/through the category unaccompanied minors are studied here

This thesis scrutinises the European Commission’s discourse surrounding the externalisation of migration and asylum policies and discusses what potential implications this may have on the right to asylum. The aim of this work is to increase the understanding of how migration and security are discursively connected and identify what this discourse looks like. The study is placed in the context of a scientific debate on the Securitisation of migration and the externalisation of migration management. By means of a Critical Discourse Analysis, based on the work of Norman Fairclough, speeches and press releases produced by the European Commission are analysed. The analysis departs from the theoretical framework of the Copenhagen School of Security Studies and the concept of Securitisation, which suggests that political narratives have direct effects on policies. The theory also argues that when a phenomenon is securitised, policy measures that would otherwise not be acceptable, become legitimised in dealing with a constructed threat. The thesis presents three findings. The first main finding is that the Commission legitimises the externalisation of EU borders through a humanitarian discourse, arguing that the increased restrictions and shifting of responsibilities to third countries are necessary to protect migrants from human smugglers. Second, the current EU agenda risks limiting mobility in countries outside of the EU, thus creating large camps with substandard living conditions. And finally, from a human rights perspective, there is a great risk with the continued collective expulsions and pushbacks from EU territory, given that the mandate of Frontex is only seen to increase.