Pessoas que apresentam grandes deformidades dentofaciais podem ter prejuízos sociais, pessoais e emocionais. A cirurgia ortognática é utilizada para correções dessas deformidades, que consequentemente afeta as aparências das faces dos pacientes. Este estudo teve como objetivos: 1) Avaliar amostras de faces da população de Ribeirão Preto, SP e as faces prototípicas provenientes delas, consideradas sem deformidades; 2) Analisar atratividade facial de dez pacientes submetidos a cirurgias ortognáticas nas fases pré e pós-cirúrgicas; ao relacionar suas atratividades aos parâmetros físicos alterados pela cirurgia; e também avaliar as consequências na qualidade de vida, ansiedade e auto-estima destes pacientes. As análises faciais foram frontais e obedeceram aos critérios preconizados na literatura de meios, terços e quintos faciais. A coleta de dados com os pacientes foi feita no CEDEFACE (Centro de Pesquisa e Tratamento das Deformidades Buco-Faciais). Foram obtidas fotografias nas fases pré e pós-cirúrgicas; momentos em que também foram aplicadas escalas de qualidade de vida (WHOQOL bref), de ansiedade (IDATE e Escala Analógica de Humor) e autoestima (Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg). Dois experimentos foram realizados. Um com as fotos das faces pré e pós-cirúrgicas a fim de avaliar a atratividade facial dos pacientes antes e depois das cirurgias e outro para comparar a atratividade facial dos pacientes com a atratividade de faces prototípicas relativas ao sexo e etnia correspondentes. Nesses experimentos os julgamentos de atratividade foram provenientes de uma amostra de 40 participantes leigos. Os resultados apontaram que: 1) As análises do banco de faces e protótipos apresentaram parâmetros físicos faciais diferentes daqueles apontados na literatura, principalmente na análise dos terços e quintos; 2) A cirurgia ortognática contribuiu para o aumento da atratividade dos pacientes, embora estes ainda considerados menos atrativos que as faces prototípicas. Também foram notadas melhoria na condição psicológica por meio do Whoqol bref e diminuição da ansiedade por meio da Escala Analógica de Humor. Tais resultados apontam para a importância de estudos sobre parâmetros físicos faciais relacionados à melhoria de sua estética e que a cirurgia ortognática para o tratamento de deformidades dentofaciais pode trazer benefícios estéticos e emocionais àqueles que a procuram. / People with salient dentofacial deformities can have social, personal and emotional injury. The orthognathic surgery is used to correct these deformities, and consequently, it affects the facial appearances of the patients. The general aims of this study were: 1) Evaluate samples of faces from a population of Ribeirão Preto, SP and their prototypical faces considered as without deformities; 2) Analyze the facial attractiveness of ten patients before and after being submitted to orthognathic surgery; searching the relationship between the attractiveness and physical parameters modified on the faces by the surgery; and also assessing the effects of this surgery on the quality of life, the anxiety and the self-esteem of these patients. The facial analyses were frontal and from the halves, the thirds and the fifths of the faces. The pictures of faces before and after the orthognathic surgery were from voluntary patients from CEDEFACE (Centro de Pesquisa e Tratamento das Deformidades Buco-Faciais) at Araraquara, SP. Before and after the surgery, these patients also had their quality of life (by WHOQOL bref scale), the anxiety (by IDATE and Escala Analógica de Humor) and the selfesteem (by Escala de Auto-Estima de Rosenberg) evaluated. There were two experiments. From an experiment, forty volunteers judged the attractiveness of the faces pictured before and after the surgery. From the other experiment, the volunteers compared the attractiveness of the patient faces with the attractiveness of the prototypical faces, respectively to their sex and race. The results showed that: 1) The facial analyses of the faces from population sample of Ribeirão Preto, SP, and their prototypical faces indicated physical parameters that differ from the literature, mainly for the facial analyses of the thirds and the fifths 2) The orthognathic surgery contributed to increase the facial attractiveness of the patients, although they were still considered less attractive than the prototypical faces. Improvement in psychological condition, assessed by the Whoqol bref, and anxiety decrement, assessed by the Escala Analógica de Humor, were noticed. These results pointed out the importance to study facial analyses related to the aesthetic improvement, and that the orthognathic surgery to treat dentofacial deformities can bring aesthetic and emotional benefits to the patients.

O Reconhecimento de faces consiste em, a partir de uma imagem, identificar ou verificar um ou mais indivíduos através de um banco de dados de faces. O reconhecimento de faces é uma tarefa de grande interesse, principalmente pelo grande número de possíveis aplicações. Dessa forma, existem diversos métodos para lidar com o problema. No entanto, apesar da maioria dos métodos conseguirem bons resultados em ambientes controlados, quando há variações de iluminação, pose ou expressão facial, esse desempenho é reduzido. Buscando lidar com as dificuldades existentes, este trabalho propõe um método para o reconhecimento de faces utilizando os conjuntos-K. Os conjuntos-K são modelos conexionistas baseados em populações de neurônios, concebidos através de estudos e análises do sistema olfativo animal. Estes modelos apresentam estrutura e comportamento biologicamente mais plausíveis que os modelos tradicionais de redes neurais. Os conjuntos-K vêm sendo usados em diversas tarefas de aprendizado de máquina, apresentando bons resultados principalmente na resolução de problemas complexos ou com ruídos. Devido ao grande potencial dos conjuntos-K para reconhecimento de padrões em ambientes complexos e ruidosos, é levantada a hipótese de que um método baseado nos conjuntos-K alcance um melhor desempenho que os métodos existentes na literatura. O método proposto foi avaliado utilizando dois bancos de dados, AT&T e Yale B, o primeiro com pequenas variações em relação a pose e expressão facial e o segundo com grandes variações de iluminação fornecendo um cenário mais complexo. Os resultados mostraram que o método proposto consegue um desempenho equivalente ou um pouco inferior que os outros métodos avaliados para o primeiro banco de dados. Porém, para o segundo banco de dados, que fornece o cenário mais complexo, o método proposto supera os demais métodos. / Face recognition consists of, from a picture, identifying or checking one or more individuals through a face database. Face recognition is an interesting task mainly because of the large number of possible applications. This way, there are various methods to deal with the problem. However, although most methods achieve good results in controlled environments, when there are lighting, pose or facial expression variations, this performance is reduced. Seeking to deal with the existing difficulties, this work proposes a method for recognizing faces using K-sets. The K-sets are connectionist models based on neuron populations, designed from studies and analyses of the animal olfactory system. These models present more biologically plausible structure and behavior than traditional neural network models. K-sets have been used in various machine learning tasks with good results, mainly in the resolution of complex or noisy problems. Due to the great potential of K-sets for pattern recognition in complex and noisy environments, a hypothesis is raised that a method based on K-sets achieves a better performance than existing methods. The proposed method was evaluated using two databases, AT&T and Yale B, the first with small variations of pose and facial expressions and the second with large variations in illumination providing a more complex scenario. The results show that the proposed method achieve an equivalent or slightly lower performance than the other methods evaluated for the first database. However, for the second database, which provides the more complex scenario, the proposed method outperforms the other methods.

Infant faces represent highly salient visual stimuli that have been shown to elicit intuitive caregiving behaviors in healthy adults. However, the temporal dynamics of infant face processing in parents of young children remain poorly understood and the mechanism of action for the release of intuitive caregiving has not been elucidated. Although substantial advances have been made mapping the parental brain with fMRI, further work is needed to characterize the temporal dynamics of infant visual cue processing—particularly in populations at risk for disruptions in caregiving, such as families raising young children under conditions of economic adversity. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the temporal dynamics of caregivers’ neural responses to unfamiliar infant faces in a sample of mothers raising young children with limited financial resources. To achieve this goal, this study utilized an event-related potential (ERP) paradigm—in combination with self-report and observational measures—to (1) examine the temporal dynamics of mothers’ infant face processing across different phases of perceptual processing; (2) test the relationship between mothers’ neural responses to unfamiliar infant faces and to other aspects of parental function; and (3) examine whether mothers’ neural responses to unfamiliar infant faces are sensitive to change with intervention. Three ERP components examined in prior work with caregivers (i.e., the P100, N170, and P300) were utilized to index the temporal dynamics of infant cue processing and two separate sets of analyses (Study 1 and Study 2) were conducted. Broadly speaking, the data collected in this investigation suggest that, for mothers raising young children under conditions of economic adversity, the parental brain begins differentiating between infant emotional expressions very early in the temporal course of stimulus perception and that mothers’ ERPs for unfamiliar infant faces are associated with other aspects of parental function, including self-reported experience and observable caregiving behavior. Preliminary analyses suggest that ERPs for unfamiliar infant faces are sensitive to change via a strength-based parenting program designed to reinforce caregivers’ attention to infant cues. These results are discussed with an emphasis on directions for future research and study limitations.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre général de la théorie des systèmes intégrables avec bords et le développement des structures algébriques associées. D'une part, nous nous attaquons au problème de la diagonalisation de l'hamiltonien du modèle XXZ avec bords non diagonaux. Nous exhibons les deux ensembles d'états propres et valeurs propres du modèle si les paramètres de bords satisfont deux conditions. D'autre part, nous introduisons un modèle de physique statistique que nous appelons le modèle face avec un bord réfléchissant. Nous calculons exactement sa fonction de partition et nous montrons que cette dernière se représente simplement sous la forme d'un unique déterminant matriciel. Nous montrons que ces deux problèmes sont reliés par la transformation vertex-face et exhibent une structure algébrique commune, l'algèbre de réflexion dynamique. Nous nous intéressons aux aspects mathématiques de cette algèbre dans le cas elliptique général, et nous introduisons deux classes de ces représentations, la représentation de co-module d'évaluation et sa duale. Nous pensons que cette algèbre est la structure clef pour l'analyse des modèles faces avec bords. En particulier, nous montrons à l'aide de twists de Drinfel'd que leur fonction de partition se représente simplement dans le cas général.

This study examined the relationship between family functioning, as conceptualized by the FACES III instrument, and adolescents’ comfort and frequency communicating about sex, communicating and asserting personal boundaries, and sexual decision making. Quantitative data was collected from 154 Grade 9 students in the North Eastern Nova Scotia region. Gender, family structure, and sexual activity variables were explored. Findings showed that adolescents from balanced families scored higher on sexual decision making, were more comfortable communicating about sex, and communicated more frequently about sex to friends and parents. Females from more adaptive families scored higher on sexual decision making and sexually active adolescents were more comfortable talking about sex and their personal sexual boundaries but spent significantly less time thinking about the consequences of their choices, gathering information, and discussing it with others. Findings help understand adolescent sexual behaviour which is vital for promotion of positive sexual health across the life span. / Family Ecology and Practice

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur hög precision äldre personer har när de ålderskattar maskerade och omaskerade ansikten. 21 kvinnor och 19 män, totalt 40 deltagare med genomsnittlig ålder på 57,7 år fick skatta åldern på 30 maskerade och 30 omaskerade ansiktsbilder. Samma stimuluspersoner användes med och utan mask. Stimulusbilderna delades upp i grupperna yngre (18-32 år) samt äldre (39-72 år). Resultatet visar att omaskerade ansikten skattas med högre precision än maskerade ansikten och att kvinnor hade en högre precision än män. Inga signifikanta skillnader fanns i deltagarnas förmåga att skatta yngre eller äldre ansikten. Tre interaktionseffekter hittades. (1) Mellan ålder och kön, (2) mellan ålder och maskering och (3) mellan mask, ålder och kön. De systematiska avvikelserna visar att de yngre och omaskerade stimuluspersonernas ålder överskattades samt att de äldre personernas ålder underskattades. Resultatet diskuteras i relation till åldersskattnig och självförankringseffekt. / The purpose of this study was to examine how precise older people can estimate the age of masked and unmasked faces. 21 women and 19 men, 40 participants in total, were shown pictures of 30 masked and 30 unmasked faces, and asked to estimate their age. The same stimulus persons were both masked and unmasked. The pictures were divided into age groups, younger (18-32) and older (39-72). The results showed that unmasked faces were better estimated than masked faces, and that women were more precise than men. There were no significant difference between participants ability to estimate the age of young and old faces. Three interaction effects was found. (1) Between age and sex, (2) between age and mask and (3) between mask, age and sex. The systematic divergences show that the age of the younger and unmasked stimulus persons were overestimated, and that the age of the older persons were underestimated. The results are discussed in relation to age estimation and self-anchoring effects.

No description available.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-10-11T22:03:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MoniqueBezerraPazLeitao_TESE.pdf: 11056144 bytes, checksum: 978892fd0142f3723b3084ebbd726901 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-10-17T21:24:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MoniqueBezerraPazLeitao_TESE.pdf: 11056144 bytes, checksum: 978892fd0142f3723b3084ebbd726901 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-17T21:24:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MoniqueBezerraPazLeitao_TESE.pdf: 11056144 bytes, checksum: 978892fd0142f3723b3084ebbd726901 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-18 / Beb?s e crian?as pequenas costumam ser considerados graciosos e despertar muito afeto. A tend?ncia de perceb?-los de modo positivo e a disposi??o em cuidar s?o atribu?das a tra?os f?sicos e comportamentais t?picos de um infante. Em humanos, caracter?sticas faciais como olhos grandes em rela??o ao rosto e cabe?a arredondada s?o importantes est?mulos. Alguns te?ricos defendem que a tend?ncia humana ? coopera??o tem ra?zes em mecanismos que evolu?ram para o cuidado ? prole, entretanto poucos estudos investigam as rela??es entre tra?os infantis, percep??o de fofura e coopera??o. Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidas quatro publica??es. A primeira investigou a influ?ncia da faixa et?ria e sexo na express?o de comportamentos cooperativos e competitivos e na percep??o de infantilidade por parte de indiv?duos mais velhos ao interagir com crian?as pequenas. Participaram 244 sujeitos (120 do sexo feminino) que interagiram em d?ades durante partidas do jogo da velha. Foram testadas as d?ades: Crian?a 4-5 x Crian?a 8-9 anos; Crian?a 4-5 x Adolescente 14-16 anos; Crian?a 4-5 x Adulto 25-35 anos. Crian?as entre 8-9 anos expressaram mais comportamentos competitivos, especialmente d?ades de sexo opostos, e adultos expressaram mais ajuda. Adolescentes e adultos tenderam a avaliar a crian?a pequena como mais fofinha, bonita e ing?nua. Quanto maior a avalia??o de fofura, menos competi??o por parte de crian?as de 8-9 anos e adultos. A segunda publica??o tratou da constru??o e valida??o do Child Neutral Expression Picture Set - CNEPS, um banco de faces composto por imagens de 131 crian?as entre 4-5 anos, com express?o facial neutra. Ap?s a captura, edi??o e normaliza??o, as imagens foram avaliadas por especialistas, sendo em geral consideradas com express?o neutra. A terceira publica??o teve como objetivo medir e relacionar diversos tra?os faciais infantis das imagens de crian?as entre 4-5 anos com a percep??es de fofura, os comportamentos competitivos e cooperativos no jogo dirigidos a estas crian?as por parte de sujeitos de diferentes idades. Os sujeitos e o m?todo foram os mesmos descritos na primeira publica??o, acrescidos da medi??o dos tra?os. O estudo ? inovador por mostrar que a percep??o e frequ?ncia de competi??o e ajuda variam de acordo com a intensidade de certos tra?os em todas as faixas et?rias. Nas crian?as de 8-9 anos, os tra?os relacionaram-se ? percep??o de fofura, nos adolescentes tanto ?s percep??es e como ? inibi??o de competi??o. Nos adultos os tra?os correlacionaram com mais ajuda. A quarta publica??o ? uma nota t?cnica que descreve v?rios bancos de imagens faciais de crian?as e adultos dispon?veis para pesquisas cient?ficas. Em s?ntese, a presente tese mostrou que ao longo do desenvolvimento, os indiv?duos tendem a agir mais cooperativamente com crian?as pequenas e de avali?-las de modo mais positivo e que os tra?os infantis espec?ficos influenciam a diminui??o da competitividade e aumento da coopera??o. Entende-se que diversas adapta??es cognitivas e comportamentais foram favorecidas durante a evolu??o humana para promover cuidado e prote??o de indiv?duos imaturos, especialmente considerando o alto n?vel de depend?ncia e o longo per?odo de cuidado exigido pelos nossos infantes. / Babies and young children are often considered graceful and evoke much affection. The tendency to perceive them in a positive manner and the propensity to care for them are assigned to physical and behavioral traits typical of an infant. In humans, facial features such as large eyes relative to the face and rounded head are important stimuli. Some theorists argue that the human cooperation tendency is rooted in mechanisms that have evolved to care for offspring, however few studies investigated the relationship between children's traits, perceptions of cuteness and cooperation. In this work it was developed four publications. The first investigated the influence of age range and sex in the expression of cooperative and competitive behaviors and perception of childishness on the part of older individuals by interacting with young children. Took part of the study 244 subjects (120 females) who interacted in dyads during tic-tac-toe matches. Dyads tested were: Child 4-5 x Child 8-9 years old; Child 4-5 x Adolescent 14-16 years old; Child 4-5 x Adult 25-35 years old. Children aged 8-9 years expressed more competitive behavior, especially dyads of opposite sex, and adults expressed more help. Adolescents and adults tended to evaluate the young child as cuter, more beautiful and more na?ve. The higher the cuteness evaluation, the lower competition by children aged 8-9 years and adults. The second publication describes the construction and validation of the Child Neutral Expression Picture Set - CNEPS, a database face made up of images of 131 children between 4-5 years old with neutral facial expression. After capturing, editing and standardizing, the images were evaluated by experts, generally being considered with neutral expression. The third publication aimed to measure and correlate the facial infant traits of children's image with positive perceptions, competitive and cooperative behaviors in the game toward these children by subjects of different ages. The subjects and method were the same used in the first publication, adding the traits' measurement. The study is innovative by showing that the perception and frequency of competition and helping vary according to the intensity of certain baby schema traits in all age groups. Among children 8-9 years old the traits correlated to the perception of cuteness, among the adolescents they were related to both the positive perception and competition inhibition. In adults, the traits correlated with more help. The fourth publication is a technical note describing datasets of facial images of children and adults available for scientific research. In summary, this thesis showed that across the lifespan, individuals tend to act more cooperatively with small children, evaluate them more positively and that specific infant traits influence the decreased competitiveness and increased cooperation. It is understood that several cognitive and behavioral adaptations were favored during human evolution to promote care and protection of immature individuals, especially considering the high level of dependency and long-term care required by our infants.

abstract: It has been suggested that directed forgetting (DF) in the item-method paradigm results from selective rehearsal of R items and passive decay of F items. However, recent evidence suggested that the passive decay explanation is insufficient. The current experiments examined two theories of DF that assume an active forgetting process: (1) attentional inhibition and (2) tagging and selective search (TSS). Across three experiments, the central tenets of these theories were evaluated. Experiment 1 included encoding manipulations in an attempt to distinguish between these competing theories, but the results were inconclusive. Experiments 2 and 3 examined the theories separately. The results from Experiment 2 supported a representation suppression account of attentional inhibition, while the evidence from Experiment 3 suggested that TSS was not a viable mechanism for DF. Overall, the results provide additional evidence that forgetting is due to an active process, and suggest this process may act to suppress the representations of F items. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Psychology 2011

La necesidad de tomar decisiones es algo fundamental para cualquier empresa, estas decisiones deben permitir que la empresa logre un desarrollo que la lleve a crecer. Esto lleva a una inevitable serie de reuniones, donde los miembros de la empresa puedan participar y exponer sus distintos puntos de vista para encontrar respuestas a las necesidades que se presenten. El problema con esta necesidad es el uso del tiempo, que puede ser un recurso escaso en el funcionamiento de la empresa, lo que lleva a requerir reuniones que maximicen la calidad de los resultados obtenidos. Uno se los puntos clave para lograr esto es una preparación cuidadosa de estas reuniones, tanto al definir los temas a discutir en forma precisa como al generar el material necesario para la reunión. Debido a esto se necesita un modo de representar esta preparación de un modo que todos los participantes puedan comprender y utilizar para comunicar sus aportes a la preparación de la reunión. Existen distintos modelos para representar esta información, que definen en forma clara esta estructura, lo que obliga a los usuarios a comprender esta estructura y a la inevitable necesidad de aprender a expresar sus ideas con los elementos que presenta el modelo para este proceso. Esto provoca un problema, ya que obliga a los usuarios a salir de la forma usual de comunicación que se utiliza entre personas, que es rico al momento de comprender y expresar ideas, pero complejo al momento de ordenarlo. Un sistema de reuniones distribuido presenta el beneficio de guardar información y tener acceso a ésta sin las barreras de la disponibilidad de tiempo, pero para ello se debe ahondar en los aspectos de la construcción de decisiones. Esto implica la necesidad de contar con un modelo de discusión, en el cual se pueda estructurar el proceso de construcción de decisiones. Dentro de los modelos disponibles, IBIS es simple pero con una gran capacidad para expresar de manera sencilla distintas ideas utilizando solo tres tipos de elementos (PreguntasRespuestas-Argumentos), pero el problema sigue siendo la rigidez que se presenta a los usuarios. El mecanismo que se presenta en este trabajo evita este problema y guía a las personas en el proceso de convertir sus ideas a una estructura que siga el modelo IBIS y así lograr un material útil para la realizar la reunión. A través de etapas, y la guía de personas entendidas en este modelo de discusión, se logra transformar la información del leguaje que utilizan las personas para expresar sus posiciones, a una presentación de ideas en una forma organizada que puede ser útil para otras personas, utilizando los elementos del modelo IBIS.