Experimental and numerical studies simulating the gas-cooled divertor plate design concept have been carried out. While thermo-fluid and thermo-mechanical analyses have been previously performed to show the feasibility of the divertor plate design and its ability to accommodate a maximum heat flux of up to 10 MW/m2, no experimental data have heretofore been published to support or validate such analyses. To that end, this investigation has been undertaken. A test module with prototypical cross-sectional geometry has been designed, constructed, and instrumented. Experiments spanning the prototypical Reynolds numbers of the helium-cooled divertor have been conducted using pressurized air as the coolant. A second test module where the planar jet exiting the inlet manifold is replaced by a two-dimensional hexagonal array of circular jets over the entire top surface of the inlet manifold has also been tested. The thermal performance of both test modules with and without a porous metallic foam layer in the gap between the outer surface of the inlet manifold and the cooled surfaces of the pressure boundary were directly compared. For a given mass flow rate, the slot design with the metallic foam insert showed the highest heat transfer coefficient, with a pressure drop lower than that of the array of circular jets without foam. Additionally, numerical simulations matching the experimental operating conditions for the two cases without foam were performed using the computational fluid dynamics software package, FLUENT® v6.2. Comparisons of the experimental and numerical pressure drop, temperature, and heat transfer coefficient were made.

This study explores the conceptualisation of glass ceiling by Bahraini female managers in their bid to attain senior management position as a career advancement. It assesses their perception of the concept of the glass ceiling, and what coping mechanisms adopted in eliminating barriers and empowering women to attain senior executive positions in the finance sector. The study identifies gender discrimination as a cause that impedes female career progression to senior management levels in the banking industry which originate in multiple environmental levels: organisation barriers (i.e. meso level), societal barriers (i.e. macro level) and individual barriers (i.e. micro level). The study adopts a qualitative approach to uncover the research questions and conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews with 37 Bahraini female managers in the banks to extract their lived experiences on barriers that hamper their advancement to senior levels. The study captures barriers common to women within an Arabic-Islamic cultural context and seeks to explore its differences from the barriers experienced by western women in their career. The study found out that women’s career progression is affected by social, religious and cultural dogmas, gender stereotype, individual limitations, and organizational structures. This study finds that patriarchal societal pressures, cultural norms, and religious studies influence glass ceiling experienced by Bahraini women. The findings also revealed the limited ability of women to take decisions that affect their advancement. Furthermore, this study highlights the differences in experiences between the majority of women in Western countries where they have autonomy and freedom as their male counterparts in the society. The societal norms and culture appear to undermine women’s empowerment and result in stress, tension and losing valuable talent within the work milieu. The research also revealed the strive by women under the pressure of organisational, societal and individual barriers and the influence of the religious aspects impeding their career progression. The study has added a new insight by emphasising on the value of empowerment for women as a key to breaking the glass ceiling. The analysis shows barriers are varied by the level of empowerment of women, where empowered women can overcome the barriers they encounter while disenfranchised women believed that the barriers operate to their disadvantage and justification for not attaining senior executive positions by making it stiffer. The study concludes there is a need for the re-evaluation of the foundational rubric of the education system on gender equality at an early stage and empowering women in several aspects. These include building up women's capacity by training, mentorship, and networking, presenting inspiring female role models, temporary measures such as mandatory quota, and raising awareness regarding gender equality and emphasis on revising the educational curriculum at schools.

Control of pollutants and emissions has become a major factor in the design of modern combustion systems. The “Liquid Hydrogen Fueled Aircraft - System Analysis” project funded in 2000 by the European Commission can be seen as such an initiative. Within the framework of this project, the Aachen University of Applied Sciences developed experimentally the “Micromix” hydrogen combustion principle and implemented it successfully in the Honeywell APU GTCP 36-300 gas turbine engine. Lowering the reaction temperature, eliminating hot spots from the reaction zone and keeping the time available for the formation of NOx to a minimum are the prime drivers towards NOx reduction. The “Micromix” hydrogen combustion principle meets those requirements by minimizing the flame temperature working at small equivalence ratios, improving the mixing by means of Jets In Cross-Flow and reducing the residence time in adopting a combustor geometry that provides a very large number of very small diffusion flames. In terms of pollutant emissions, compared to the unconverted APU, an essential reduction in emitted NOx was observed, stressing the potential of this innovative burning principle.<p>The objective of this thesis is to investigate the “Micromix” hydrogen combustion principle with the ultimate goal of an improved prediction during the design process. Due to the complex interrelation of chemical kinetics and flow dynamics, the “Micromixing” was analyzed first. Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry was used to provide insight into the mixing process. A “simplified” set-up, that allowed to investigate the flow characteristics in great detail while retaining the same local characteristics of its “real” counterparts, was considered. The driving vortical structures were identified. To further investigate the physics involved and to extend the experimental results, numerical computations were carried out on the same “simplified” set-up as on a literature test case. In general, a number of physical issues were clarified. In particular, the interaction between the different vortical structures was looked into, and a kinematically consistent vortex model is proposed. After demonstrating the development of the mixing, the “cold flow” study was extended to a single injector. The double backward-facing step injector geometry was addressed experimentally and numerically. At design geometry, the flow appeared to behave single backward-facing like, with respect to the first gradation. In terms of varying step configurations, the flow was seen to be dependent on the periodic perturbation arising from the graded series of backward-facing steps. During the second part of the investigation, the “hot flow” was analyzed. Considering combustor similar operating conditions, a test burner was experimented on an atmospheric test rig. NOx emissions were traced by exhaust gas analysis for different working conditions. Particular flame patterns, such as a regular attached flame as well as lifted flames were observed. In parallel with the experimental work, numerical computations on a pair of opposite injectors, permitted to classify the combustion regime and the main factors involved in the NOx formation. Accordingly, NOx emission enhancing design changes are proposed. Finally, the demanding computational effort, worthy of acceptance for academic purposes, is found not agreeable as future design tool and improvements to speed up the design process are projected.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Master´s thesis of Multifunctional house is compile in project documentation by legislation in force. Design object is situated on plats 877/1, 877/2 in Jičín. Building is divided on two parts – administrative section, determined for project-atelier and apartment section with five apartments. It is four-storey cellarless building with flat roof. The both sections have barrier-free access to object including parking and elevators. In apartment section is barrier-free apartment in downstairs. Project is compile including static analysis of connection girder, fire safety solution and thermal technical assessment.

Fusion energy is a potential candidate for sustain-able steady-state energy supply. However, a fully functional fusion reactor is not yet available and several remaining challenges need to be addressed before fusion becomes a reliable source. One of the remaining challenges with fusion is the plasma-induced modification of the inner wall of the tokamak, i.e. the structures surrounding hot plasma. Due to the rarity of tritium, an important element in future fusion fuel, the plasma facing component (PFC) should have as low fuel retention as possible. In this thesis, methods for controlling ion accumulation in a material sample have been developed. Using the new system, a molybdenum (42Mo) target has been implanted with deuterium (2H) and the retention has been measured with ion beam analysis. The experiment was carried out using particle accelerators at the Ångström Laboratory at Uppsala University. Following tasks were completed before the experiment took place: (a) automation of the target position regulator, (b) development of control software, and (c) calibration and testing of the system. The deuterium dose was estimated at the level of1.9·1017 atoms/cm2.The deuterium concentration in molybdenum was found to be around 28·1015 atoms/cm2. This corresponds to a retention rate of around (15±3)%. / Fusion är en potentiell kandidat för hållbar kontinuerlig energi. Tyvärr är en fullt fungerande fusionsreaktor inte tillgänglig ännu och flera utmaningar kvarstår att lösa innan det blir en tillförlitlig källa. En av dessa utmaningar är plasma- inducerad modifikation av den inre väggen, dvs. strukturen närmast det heta plasmat i en tokamak. Tritium är en viktig komponent i ett framtida fusionsbränsle och väldigt sällsynt. Därför måste mängden bränsle som fastnar i väggen minimeras. I detta arbete har metoder för jonbestrålning av ett materialprov utvecklats. Med hjälp av det nya systemet har molybden (42Mo) bestrålats med deuterium (2H) och bibehållandet av deuterium har mätts med jonstråleanalys. Experimentet utfördes med hjälp av partikelacceleratorer i Ångströmlaboratoriet vid Uppsala Universitet. Följande uppgifter utfördes innan experimentet ägde rum: (a) automatisering av provmanipulatorn, (b) utveckling av programvara för styrning och (c) kalibrering och test av systemet. I ett avslutande test uppskattades den implanterade dosen till 1, 9 · 1017 atomer/cm2. Proverna var därefter analyserade och med kärnreaktionsanalys hittades ungefär 28 · 1015 atomer/cm2. Detta motsvarar ett bibehållnade på ungefär (12 ± 3)%. / Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2020, KTH, Stockholm

No description available.

No description available.

Family businesses are a critical part of the African economy, yet many fail within one generation and most within two generations. Moreover, women are generally not part of leadership succession in family businesses due largely to institutional logics that serve as impediments to women in business leadership. The intent of this dissertation is to fill a gap in the research literature and knowledge on the experiences of female successors in African family businesses by investigating the influence of institutional logics (cultural, ownership, management and family factors) on the leadership succession of women in African family business. A qualitative study consisting of semi-structured interviews was conducted with eight female leadership successors in African family business representing different industries. Participants were asked about their perceptions about being a woman in business, the nature of female succession in family-owned businesses, and impediments they perceive to the success of women in business. Ultimately, the findings uncovered various institutional, familial and individual impediments to women taking on leadership roles, such as institutional attitudes towards women, gender stereotypes, masculine attitudes of entrepreneurship, a lack of access to resources, and access to education and training amongst girls and women. Overall, this research contributes to theory and knowledge on how women’s succession in a family firm is affected by institutionalized African legal and sociocultural norms’ and the impact of management, ownership and family elements in family businesses. / Business Administration/International Business Administration

De la fin des invasions magyares, dans le second tiers du Xe siècle, jusqu'en 1300, l'Alsace connut un accroissement continu de chantiers de constructions fortifiées privées. Celui-ci se traduisit par l'édification de dizaines de châteaux dont les ruines jalonnent, du Nord au Sud, le versant oriental du massif vosgien et qui ne manquèrent pas de susciter la curiosité de nombre de chercheurs depuis plus d'un siècle. L'histoire de leur construction, ou « art de bâtir », longtemps reléguée au second plan, a connu de grandes avancées grâce à l'archéologie du bâti. Ces études permettent, grâce à la documentation des phases de constructions, d'aborder les questions relatives au fonctionnement d'un chantier et à la gestion des matériaux. Le massif étant divisé entre une partie gréseuse au Nord et une zone cristallophyllienne, plus diverse, au Sud, l'apport de la géologie ou de la chimie des matériaux ouvrent de nouveaux champs de connaissances (composition des mortiers, sélection de roches pour les parements). Posé sur un sommet bien visible, le château cumulait les fonctions de résidence privée et de protection publique et ses parements furent conçus de façon à répondre au mieux aux exigences militaires et résidentielles. / From the end of the Hungarian invasions, in the second third of the 10th Century, until 1300, a growing number of private fortifications was built in Alsace. This phenomenon was represented by dozens of castles, ruins of which punctuate from North to South the eastern side of the Vosges Mountains and stirred up the curiosity of many archaeologists for more than one century. The history of their construction, or "art of building", considered as secondary for a long time, improved thanks to the archaeological studies of elevations. These researches enable to show information relating to the organisation of a building-yard and the management of materials, thanks to the documentation of the different stages of building. The Vosges massif being divided into a sandstone part in the North and a granite part in the South, geological or chemical studies open new fields of knowledge (composition of mortars, stone selection for the facing of wall...). Built upon a well visible summit, the castle gathered the functions of private residence and public defence, so its walls were designed to fit military and residential requirements at best.

Este trabalho resulta de uma pesquisa observacional participante desenvolvida no período 2002-2005, onde acompanhamos um grupo de professores, da escola pública da Grande São Paulo, comprometidos num programa de formação continuada. Neste contexto investigamos: Como os professores atuam no grupo e como desenvolvem um processo de enfrentamento de situações problemáticas presentes na sua prática? Como e que competências eles mobilizam neste processo de enfrentamento? Como ocorre o processo de reflexão crítica coletiva e individualmente? O objetivo das atividades desenvolvidas pelo grupo de professores era o estudo do eletromagnetismo para a elaboração de uma seqüência de ensino e implementação desse planejamento na sua sala de aula. Exploramos as relações entre o desenvolvimento profissional, a prática reflexiva e a inserção dos professores num contexto problemático e complexo que ocorre numa aula típica do ensino médio. Destacamos três momentos principais deste envolvimento: o estudo dos conteúdos; o planejamento didático (incluindo sua estruturação, implementação em sala de aula e a reflexão coletiva sobre essa implementação); e a complexidade na sala de aula. O primeiro momento aponta para o problema do professor que procura aprender o conteúdo com segurança. O segundo é relativo à ação do professor em configurar e guiar sua prática, contemplando a multiplicidade de elementos que se apresentam nesse contexto. O terceiro consiste no enfrentamento da complexidade educacional mais abrangente. O desenvolvimento do programa, envolvendo a produção e aplicação de um planejamento, permitiu o engajamento dos professores no grupo de discussão envolvendo os pares para o enfrentamento de problemas genuínos da sala de aula. Isto representou um processo importante para uma formação autônoma e duradoura, compartilhada também pelos pares. Os resultados obtidos nos permitem falar em resolução de problemas sem cair na armadilha da racionalidade técnica ou desconsiderar a natureza das situações envolvidas. É a necessidade imposta pelo trabalho do professor, de ter que oferecer uma solução, nestes sistemas complexos; de enfrentar a complexidade resolvendo problemas. / This work is the result of a participating observational investigation carried on during 2002-2005 where a group of public school teachers from the Great São Paulo area has been followed up in a continuing training program. In this context we investigated: How the teachers behaved in the group and how they developed a process for facing difficult situations that emerged in their practice? Does the critical reflection process occur collectively or individually? The objective of activities carried out by the teachers group was the study of electromagnetism aiming to the elaboration of a teaching sequence and the implementation of this planning in their classrooms. We explored the relations between professional development and reflective practice and the insertion of teachers into a problematic and complex context that occurs in a typical secondary teaching classroom. Three principal moments are outstanding in the process: the study of contents, didactic planning (including its structuring and implementation); and the classroom complexity. The first moment points to the problem of the teacher who makes an effort to learn the contents soundly. The second is connected to the teacher action in configuring and guiding his practice, contemplating the multiplicity of elements that are present in this context. The third deals with facing the educational complexity in a broader sense. The development of the program with the production and application of a planning enabled the engagement of teachers in the discussion group involving their peers for facing genuine classroom problems. This represented an important process for an autonomous and everlasting formation, shared also by their peers. The results we obtained enable us to talk about problem resolution, without being trapped by technical rationality or neglecting the nature of the involved situation. It is the need imposed by the teacher of having to offer a solution in these complex systems: of resolving problems facing complexity.