This thesis addresses the problem of reactive power scheduling in a power system with several areas controlled by independent transmission system operators (TSOs). To design a fair method for optimizing the control settings in the interconnected multi-TSO system, two types of schemes are developed. First, a centralized multi-TSO optimization scheme is introduced, and it is shown that this scheme has some properties of fairness in the economic sense. Second, the problem is addressed through a decentralized optimization scheme with no information exchange between the TSOs. In this framework, each TSO assumes an external network equivalent in place of its neighboring TSOs and optimizes the objective function corresponding to its own control area regardless of the impact that its choice may have on the other TSOs. The thesis presents simulation results obtained with the IEEE 39 bus system and IEEE 118 bus systems partitioned between three TSOs. It also presents some results for a UCTE-like 4141 bus system with seven TSOs. The decentralized control scheme is applied to both time-invariant and time-varying power systems. Nearly optimal performance is obtained in those contexts.

This doctoral thesis analyzes the systematic role of Kant's conception of happiness in his moral, legal and political theory. Although many of his conclusions and arguments are directly or indirectly influenced by his conception of human happiness, Kant's underlying assumptions are rarely overtly discussed or given much detail in his works. Kant also provides different and apparently incompatible definitions of happiness. This research explores the domains of Kant's practical philosophy in which his conception of happiness plays a systematic role: the relation between the natural need of human beings to pursue happiness and the ends-oriented structure of the human will; Kant's anti-eudaimonism in ethical theory; Kant's claim that we have an indirect duty to promote our own happiness and the problem that under certain circumstances, the indeterminacy of happiness makes it not irrational to choose short term satisfaction at the costs of one's overall, long term happiness, given Kant's conception of non-moral choice as expectation of pleasure; Kant's justification of the duty to adopt the happiness of others as our ends (the duty of beneficence) and the latitude and eventual demandingness of this duty; finally, since Kant also subsumes subsistence needs and welfare under the concept of happiness of individuals, I also engage with the question of state provision for the poor in the Kantian Rechtsstaat and explore Kant's conception of equity or fairness (Billigkeit) as an alternative to the traditional minimalist and the welfare interpretations of the Kantian state.

Purpose The thesis purpose is to contribute with understanding about managers’ opinions about how to handle deviations caused by unit interdependence. Methodology Qualitative data has been gathered to this exploratory study by semi-structured interviews with 14 managers within the R&D, purchasing and production units at Scania, Södertälje. The result has been interpreted and analyzed by dividing the managers in five smaller groups.  Result from analyzing empirical findings It is found in the analysis that the largest part of the managers in this study seem not to believe it is worth striving for excellence through procedural justice. Reoccurring similarities in opinion between managers is that visualization, dialogue, clear responsibility and less tolerance towards deviations are needed for handling and preventing deviations. Differences in opinion are primarily related to how costs occurred from deviations should be allocated and the purpose with such reallocation. Most managers express a strong concern about undesired behavior developed by a control system where a causing unit always should take the effect from a deviation. However, all managers state that costs occurred from deviations due to interdependence with a external supplier should be invoiced to the supplier.  Conclusion The concern about undesired behavior that may be developed by the way of handling and preventing deviation is strongly mediated by the managers. Instead of handling deviations by justly reallocating effects according to the controllability principle it is perceived as more important to extend the areas of responsibility and increase consciousness between interdependent units through improved dialogue and cross-functional transparency. One should therefore not seek equitable allocation of impacts and cost of devices in dealing with anomalies of this type.

This thesis is an exploration of a modified club goods approach to wetland conservation in southern Ontario as an alternative to the current policy approach. As the regulatory framework for wetland conservation continues to develop, however, so does an emerging resistance to participate in government conservation programs by private rural landowners protesting regulatory erosion of citizen rights in private land ownership. The modified club goods approach was evaluated as a fair and effective conservation method through a multiple-case study that explored six non-governmental organizations applying a modified club goods conservation model. As non-governmental organizations broaden their economic base to increase their scope of operations, they are susceptible to influence from changing sources of revenue. They must remain accountable and transparent to members and donors in order to receive their continued financial support, rather than depending on government funds which leads to an organization’s evolution away from the modified model. / The intention of this thesis is not to suggest that the Ontario government should not take part in wetland conservation. On the contrary, it is there duty to be active stakeholders that ensure the province's wetlands are managed fairly and effectively. This thesis explores a modified club goods approach as an alternative approach which the government should support as mediator, not as leader nor as spectator. That said, provincial wetland policy should be developed as a tool for guiding best management and conservation practices of wetlands, and to enhance the provision of environmental goods and services from wetlands. / Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs and the University of Guelph Food, Agriculture and Resource Economics Department.

From its inception, intermodal transport of goods has served trade, shippers and carriers, radically increasing transactions of goods worldwide. Multimodal carrier liability rules, however, have not evolved with the same rhythm and remain fragmented cross-modally and cross-country. This is also the case of the U.S. and Canada. The need to seek uniformity of applicable rules in these two countries led us to the comparative analysis of unimodal (landocean) rules in these two countries. Guided by past failed initiatives (1980 United Nations Convention on International Multimodal Transport), the European intermodal reality, transport deregulation, pragmatism, fairness in the relation between the carrier and the shipper and Law & Economics principles, we used harmonization, codification and contractualism in advancing our suggestions on uniform multimodal carrier liability rules. / Dès sa naissance, Ie transport intermodal a servi le commerce, les chargeurs et les transporteurs, augmentant de façon importante le transport des marchandises au niveau mondial. Pourtant, les règles de responsabilité du transporteur multimodal n'ont pas evolué au meme rythme et restent fragmentées à travers les modes et les pays. C'est aussi Ie cas des États-Unis et du Canada. Le besoin de chercher l'uniformité des règles applicables nous a conduit à l'étude comparée des règles unimodales (terrestres-maritimes) dans ces deux pays. Guidés par l'échec des initiatives passées (Convention de Nations Unies sur Ie Transport Multimodal International des Marchandises, 1980), la réalité intermodale europeenne, la déréglementation du transport, Ie pragmatisme, la justice dans Ie rapport entre le transporteur et le chargeur et l'analyse économique de droit, nous avons utilisé l'harmonisation, la codification et le contractualisme en vue d'avancer nos suggestions sur des règles de responsabilité uniformes du transporteur multimodal. / "Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur en Droit (LL.D.) et à la Faculté de Droit et de Sciences Politiques de l'Université de Nantes en vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur"

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This thesis analyzes specific challenges concerning 'truth-telling' war reporters face when reporting on international conflict. For this purpose truth is examined in accordance with journalistic principles outlined in codes of ethics, with a focus on objectivity and fairness. The aim is to discover ways to improve the application of principles, in order to battle epistemic errors and the effects they entail: polarization, reductionism, and superficiality. The study concludes that providing context and nuance is crucial, but that codes - although essential - are insufficient in helping journalists decide what is relevant and what is not. An approach in virtue ethics is recommended where phronesis (or practical wisdom) can inspire responsible journalists to comply with the spirit, rather than the letter of the principles.

Disertaciniame darbe nagrinėjamas suvoktas nusikaltimo aukų teisėjo elgesio teisingumas bei bylinėjimosi proceso teisingumo vertinimų sąsajos su vidiniais (asmenybės bruožais) bei išoriniais veiksniais (teisėjo elgesio atitikimu procedūrinio teisingumo reikalavimams). Tyrimas vyko dviem etapais: pirmajame etape buvo ištirta 70 nusikalimo aukų, o antrajame ištyrėme 392 aukštųjų mokyklų studentus. Pirmajame etape, siekiant įvertinti nusikaltimo aukų suvoktą teisingumą ir kitus susidūrimo su teisėsaugos sistema aspektus, buvo sukurta speciali apklausos programa kuri leido įvertinti nusikaltimo aukų dalyvavimo teisme patirtį (buvo vertinami subjektyvūs teisėjo elgesio ir jo priimto sprendimo teisingumo vertinimai bei teisėjo elgesio atitikimas procedūrinio teisingumo reikalavimams). Apklausa buvo vykdoma taikant kognityvinio interviu metodą. Antrajame tyrimo etape buvo atliktas kvazieksperimentas (taikytas scenarijų metodas). Visi tiriamieji buvo suskirstyti į tris grupes. Kiekviena tiriamųjų grupė stebėjo vieną iš trijų specialiai parengtų 20 min. trukmės teismo posėdžių inscenizacijų, kurios skyrėsi tik teisėjo elgesio atitikimu procedūrinio teisingumo reikalavimams. Po to buvo vertinamas tiriamųjų suvoktas teisėjo elgesio ir jo priimto sprendimo teisingumas, taip pat jų asmenybės bruožai (taikėme Neo Pi-R klausimyną). Atliktas tyrimas atskleidė, kad nusikaltimo aukos dažniau vertina teisėjo elgesį ir priimtą sprendimą kaip teisingą (nei neteisingą). Kartu buvo nustatyta... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Dissertational research was aimed at investigation of crime victims’ perceived fairness of judge’s behavior, the relationship between litigation process fairness and internal (personality traits) and external (congruence of judge’s behavior with procedural justice requirements) factors. The study was conducted in two stages: the participants of the first stage were 70 crime victims, the participants of the second stage were 392 university students. During the first stage in order to assess perceived fairness of crime victims, special interview program (based on cognitive interview method) was developed (perceived fairness of judge’s behavior, decision and judge’s behavior congruence with procedural justice judgments were assessed). During the second stage of the study quasi-experiment based on scenario method was conducted. The participants were divided to three groups. Each group was shown one of three 20-minute movies depicting trial process. The scenarios of the movies differed only in judge‘s behavior compliance with procedural justice requirements (totally complied, formally complied and did not comply). Afterwards the participants’ perceived fairness of judge‘s behavior, decision and personality traits were measured (Neo-Pi-R was used). The findings of the study suggest that crime victims perceive judge’s behavior and decision more frequently as fair (than unfair). It was also found that judge‘s behavior congruence with procedural justice requirements has a different... [to full text]

Disertaciniame darbe nagrinėjamas suvoktas nusikaltimo aukų teisėjo elgesio teisingumas bei bylinėjimosi proceso teisingumo vertinimų sąsajos su vidiniais (asmenybės bruožais) bei išoriniais veiksniais (teisėjo elgesio atitikimu procedūrinio teisingumo reikalavimams). Tyrimas vyko dviem etapais: pirmajame etape buvo ištirta 70 nusikalimo aukų, o antrajame ištyrėme 392 aukštųjų mokyklų studentus. Pirmajame etape, siekiant įvertinti nusikaltimo aukų suvoktą teisingumą ir kitus susidūrimo su teisėsaugos sistema aspektus, buvo sukurta speciali apklausos programa kuri leido įvertinti nusikaltimo aukų dalyvavimo teisme patirtį (buvo vertinami subjektyvūs teisėjo elgesio ir jo priimto sprendimo teisingumo vertinimai bei teisėjo elgesio atitikimas procedūrinio teisingumo reikalavimams). Apklausa buvo vykdoma taikant kognityvinio interviu metodą. Antrajame tyrimo etape buvo atliktas kvazieksperimentas (taikytas scenarijų metodas). Visi tiriamieji buvo suskirstyti į tris grupes. Kiekviena tiriamųjų grupė stebėjo vieną iš trijų specialiai parengtų 20 min. trukmės teismo posėdžių inscenizacijų, kurios skyrėsi tik teisėjo elgesio atitikimu procedūrinio teisingumo reikalavimams. Po to buvo vertinamas tiriamųjų suvoktas teisėjo elgesio ir jo priimto sprendimo teisingumas, taip pat jų asmenybės bruožai (taikėme Neo Pi-R klausimyną). Atliktas tyrimas atskleidė, kad nusikaltimo aukos dažniau vertina teisėjo elgesį ir priimtą sprendimą kaip teisingą (nei neteisingą). Kartu buvo nustatyta... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Dissertational research was aimed at investigation of crime victims’ perceived fairness of judge’s behavior, the relationship between litigation process fairness and internal (personality traits) and external (congruence of judge’s behavior with procedural justice requirements) factors. The study was conducted in two stages: the participants of the first stage were 70 crime victims, the participants of the second stage were 392 university students. During the first stage in order to assess perceived fairness of crime victims, special interview program (based on cognitive interview method) was developed (perceived fairness of judge’s behavior, decision and judge’s behavior congruence with procedural justice judgments were assessed). During the second stage of the study quasi-experiment based on scenario method was conducted. The participants were divided to three groups. Each group was shown one of three 20-minute movies depicting trial process. The scenarios of the movies differed only in judge‘s behavior compliance with procedural justice requirements (totally complied, formally complied and did not comply). Afterwards the participants’ perceived fairness of judge‘s behavior, decision and personality traits were measured (Neo-Pi-R was used). The findings of the study suggest that crime victims perceive judge’s behavior and decision more frequently as fair (than unfair). It was also found that judge‘s behavior congruence with procedural justice requirements has a different... [to full text]

During the past number of years the press in Namibia has been regularly publishing reports linking educators to some unacceptable conduct. The apparent increase in the frequency of educator misconduct coupled with relevant research in education law prompted this research to be carried out. Recent research shows that good labour relations promote mutual respect between employer and employee. In education, the good labour relations help to promote the achievement of the national goals on education. The aim of this research was to determine the nature and frequency of educator misconduct in public or government schools in Namibia. The research was also conducted to establish the extent to which educator misconduct affected learning and teaching in the schools as well as the effects on the well-being of the learners and other stakeholders in education. It was also aimed in this research to analyse the respective roles of those individuals, organisations or bodies, such as teacher unions, who are responsible for the management of educator misconduct. The findings from the review of policy documents, text books, journal articles and newspaper articles and the empirical research pointed out a high frequency of educator misconduct. Participants recommended that the supervisors and the employers have to do much more to curb the upsurge of educator misconduct. Educator misconduct was blamed for harmful effects to the learning and teaching of learners, as well as the wellbeing of other stakeholders. The research revealed that legislation plays an important role in the management of educator misconduct. Being consistent with the guidelines from legislation, jurisprudence and the common law regarding management of educator misconduct was established to be essential to ensure fairness to both learners and educators. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007