O objetivo geral desta dissertação é defender que as religiões e os argumentos religiosos tenham um espaço no debate da definição de bem e justiça para a sociedade e para o desenvolvimento humano. Por isso faz se necessário debater as relações das teorias filosóficas do Utilitarismo de Jeremy Bentham, da Justiça como Equidade de John Rawls e da Abordagem da Capacitação de Amartya Sen com as religiões. Também é necessário repelir os argumentos que estas filosofias apresentam para que as religiões não participem do debate de bem comum, de justiça e para o desenvolvimento humano. Por fim será apresentado o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano das Religiões (IDH-R), que segue a mesma metodologia utilizada pelo Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento para compor o IDH em seus relatórios de desenvolvimento humano, e se buscará explicar os motivos das variações do IDH-R entre as diferentes religiões. / The general objective of this dissertation is to argue that religions and religious arguments have a place in the discussion of the definition of good and justice to society and to human development. So it makes it necessary to discuss the relationship of philosophical theories the Utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham, the Justice as Fairness of John Rawls and the Capability Approach of Amartya Sen with religions. It is also necessary to repel the arguments that these philosophies have that religions do not participate in the discussion of the common good, justice and human development. Finally will be presented the Human Development Index of Religions (HDI-R), which follows the same methodology used by the United Nations Development to compose the HDI in its human development reports, and seek to explain the reasons for variations HDI-R among different religions.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-01-09T10:41:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dirleydeoliveiralopes.pdf: 1478396 bytes, checksum: f8d9b07f8efe8e9ef6cbe9f3d64703d7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-01-31T11:24:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dirleydeoliveiralopes.pdf: 1478396 bytes, checksum: f8d9b07f8efe8e9ef6cbe9f3d64703d7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-31T11:24:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dirleydeoliveiralopes.pdf: 1478396 bytes, checksum: f8d9b07f8efe8e9ef6cbe9f3d64703d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-16 / Este trabalho analisa o Projeto Reforço Escolar em uma escola estadual do município de Nova Iguaçu. A pesquisa tomou por base o desenvolvimento das aulas ao longo de 2014, e o foco do trabalho consistiu em verificar os desafios e as perspectivas do gestor escolar na liderança do projeto. A principal questão apresentada foi: quais os maiores problemas enfrentados pelo gestor para aumentar a frequência dos alunos participantes das aulas no contraturno. O projeto foi descrito como uma das estratégias desenvolvidas pela Secretaria Estadual de Educação (SEEDUC), para recuperação de conteúdos. Esta política pública foi apresentada em janeiro de 2011. O Colégio pesquisado recebe recursos do projeto desde 2012. Foram apresentados os resultados históricos da SEEDUC levando-se em conta os índices que medem a qualidade da educação. O trabalho apresenta o cenário educacional do Estado do Rio de Janeiro: os resultados do estado no IDEB desde a sua criação, em 2007, o panorama da Regional de Ensino onde o colégio está situado e a realidade do colégio pesquisado. São apresentados conceitos teóricos relacionados à gestão participativa, equidade e as bases pautadas na legislação sobre o tema recuperação de conteúdos. As citações dos autores Celso Vasconcellos (1994/2002), Heloisa Lück (1993) e Nestor López (1996) foram utilizadas como aportes teóricos para a sustentação cientifica do trabalho. A metodologia da investigação priorizou aspectos qualitativos da pesquisa, com a apresentação dos resultados dos questionários aplicados aos alunos, das entrevistas à direção do colégio e dos professores dinamizadores do projeto. Finalmente, apresenta-se um plano de ação educacional com ações significativas para solucionar problemas ligados ao desenvolvimento do Projeto Reforço Escolar. / This thesis analyzes the application of the School Tutoring Project in a state school in the city of Nova Iguaçu. The research was based on the development of courses over 2014. The focus of the thesis was to assess the challenges and prospects of the school manager in the project’s leadership. The main question posed was: What are the biggest problems faced by the manager to increase the frequency of students participating in extracurricular activities. The project was described as one of the strategies developed by SEEDUC to retrieve content. This public policy was presented in January 2011. The school researched receives the project’s resources since 2012. SEEDUC’s historical results were presented based on the indices that measure the quality of education. The thesis was divided into three chapters. The first chapter presents the educational scenario of the State of Rio de Janeiro; the results of the IDEB’s state since its inception in 2007; the panorama of the Education Departament where the school is situated and the reality of the researched school. The second chapter presents the theoretical concepts related to participatory management, equity and guided bases guided in the legislation about content recovery. The authors Paige Lück (1993); Celso Vasconcellos (1994/2002) and Nestor Lopez (1996) were used as theoretical contributions to scientific support for the thesis. The next part of the chapter describes the methodology of research, prioritizing the qualitative aspects of the research and shows the results of the questionnaires applied to students and interviews applied to the school’s direction, teachers and facilitators of the project. The third chapter presents an educational action plan with significant actions to solve the problems associated with the development of the School Tutoring Project.

Magister Legum - LLM

The purpose of this research is to develop a statistical method to monitor the fairness of network resource distribution. The newly developed fairness score function allows users to have the same or different priority levels. Especially, this function possesses all the necessary properties required as a quality characteristic for the purpose of statistical process control. The main objective is to find the critical values for the statistical test. Monte Carlo simulation is used to find the critical values. When the users have the same priority level, a table of the critical values is given for different sample sizes and different significance levels. When the users have different priority levels, it is difficult to generate a similar table since the users’ priority levels vary. Therefore, the critical values are computed for given priority levels. In both cases, an example is given to demonstrate the approach developed in this study.

Public participation is a collective term for a variety of procedures aimed at involving stakeholders and ordinary people in decisions that may affect them. It is playing an increasingly important role in many democratic societies. Consequently, it has provided the impetus for a number of scientific studies. Most studies of public participation view the subject from a macro-level perspective; they focus on the criteria against which successful public involvement processes should be measured, the institutional arrangements and legal framework needed to achieve such success, etc. By contrast, relatively few studies have adopted a micro-level approach to public participation. Such an approach would entail concentrating on its psychosocial dynamics – in other words, on the behaviour and experience of individual participants, the relationships that form between individuals, the manner in which these shape deliberation and decision-making, etc. The aim of this study was therefore to address the aforementioned imbalance. It took the form of an integrative literature review encompassing publications in the fields of psychology and public participation. Its objectives were (a) to develop a theory of the psychosocial dynamics of public participation; (b) on the basis of this theory, to identify ways in which the effectiveness of public involvement processes might be enhanced; and (c) to propose avenues for future research in the field. Systems theory was chosen as a meta-theoretical framework to guide the process of theory-building. Systems theory may be defined as the study of interrelationships between the properties of whole systems and the properties and organisation of their component elements. Hence, it provided a means of demonstrating how the micro-level aspects of a public participation process (such as the actions, motives and perceptions of individual participants) interact with macro-level variables (such as the cultural and socio-political milieu in which it is embedded) to shape its course and outcomes. On the basis of the study, five complementary models of public participation were constructed. The first three models depict the macro-level characteristics of public participation. These set the stage for the remaining two models, which encompass both its macro- and micro-level dynamics. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Psychology / unrestricted

L'Homme attache de l'importance à l'équité et est prêt à aller jusqu'à subir des pertes financières pour la défense de l'équité. Cet attachement coûteux à l'équité constitue un paradoxe pour les théories de l'évolution. Récemment, certains auteurs ont proposé de voir le sens de l'équité comme une adaptation psychologique évoluée pour résoudre le problème du partage des coûts et bénéfices de la coopération. Quand il est possible de choisir avec qui coopérer, partager les coûts et bénéfices d'une manière impartiale aide à être choisi comme partenaire social et procure des bénéfices directs en terme de valeur sélective. Dans cette théorie, le choix du partenaire est donc le mécanisme central permettant l'évolution du sens de l'équité. Ici, nous proposons une étude interdisciplinaire de l'équité pour mettre cette théorie à l'épreuve. Après une revue des théories en compétition pour expliquer l'équité (Article 1, en cours de revue), nous développons des modèles de théorie des jeux et des simulations individu-centrées pour savoir si le choix du partenaire permet d'expliquer deux éléments-clés de l'équité: le refus de profiter de sa force pour exploiter les plus faibles (Article 2, Evolution), et l'attrait des distributions dans lesquelles la rétribution est proportionnelle à la contribution (Article 3, en cours de revue). Nous montrons que le choix du partenaire permet d'expliquer ces deux caractéristiques. Nous produisons également des simulations plus réalistes et prenant mieux en compte les mécanismes d'évolution en essayant de faire évoluer des robots qui se comportent de manière équitable. Nous testons ensuite la théorie de façon empirique, et montrons que le choix du partenaire crée des distributions équitables dans une expérience comportementale (Article 4, Proceedings of the Royal Society B). Nous développons un jeu vidéo collaboratif pour estimer l'importance de la variabilité interculturelle de l'équité dans des situations de justice distributive, et présentons des résultats obtenus sur un échantillon de sujets occidentaux (Article 5, en préparation). Nous passons en revue les expériences cherchant de l'équité chez les animaux non-humains, et discutons pourquoi un sens de l'équité aurait eu plus de chances de se développer chez l'Homme que dans une autre espèce, alors que le choix du partenaire est loin d'être un mécanisme évolutionnaire restreint à l'Homme. Enfin, nous discutons trois malentendus classiques sur la théorie du choix du partenaire et identifions des directions de recherche intéressantes pour le futur. / Humans care about fairness and are ready to suffer financial losses for the sake of it. The existence of such costly preferences for fairness constitutes an evolutionary puzzle. Recently, some authors have argued that human fairness can be understood as a psychological adaptation evolved to solve the problem of sharing the costs and benefits of cooperation. When people can choose with whom they want to cooperate, sharing the costs and benefits in an impartial way helps to be chosen as a partner and brings direct fitness benefits. In this theory, partner choice is thus the central mechanism allowing the evolution of fairness. Here, we offer an interdisciplinary study of fairness to put this theory to the test. After a review of competing theories (Paper 1, in review), we build game-theoretical models and agent-based simulations to investigate whether partner choice can explain two key aspects of human fairness: the wrongness to take advantage of one's strength to exploit weaker people (Paper 2, Evolution), and the appeal of distributions where the reward is proportional to the contribution (Paper 3, in review). We show that partner choice succeeds at explaining these two characteristics. We also go towards more realistic and mechanism-oriented simulations by trying to evolve fair robots controlled by simple neural networks. We then test the theory empirically, and show that partner choice creates fairness in a behavioral experiment (Paper 4, Proceedings of the Royal Society B). We develop a collaborative video game to assess the cross-cultural variation of fairness in distributive situations, and present results coming from a Western sample (Paper 5, in preparation). We review the experiments looking for fairness in non-human animals, and discuss why fairness would have been more prone to evolve in humans than in any other species, despite partner choice being an evolutionary mechanism far from restricted to the human species. Finally, we discuss three common misunderstandings about the partner choice theory and identify interesting directions for future research.

Cette thèse aborde différents aspects de la cryptologie, subsumant des champs aussi variés que la conception de protocoles, l’amélioration d’outils algorithmiques et les attaques. Les deux principales focales de cette étude sont : un protocole de co-signature prouvé irréfragable et un système de chiffrement authentifié à sécurité prouvée. Notre protocole de co-signature permet l’équité légale. L’équité légale est une nouvelle variante de la notion d’équité, ne reposant pas sur des tiers. Notre instanciation d’équité légale est construite à l’aide des signatures de Schnorr. Nous présenterons également un protocole d’authentification distribué de type Fiat-Shamir. La deuxième partie de cette thèse est consacrée aux améliorations algorithmiques. Nous introduisons une méthode permettant de doubler la vitesse de l’algorithme de Barrett en utilisant des modules composites spécifiques et un nouvel algorithme de multiplication à retour sur trace, particulièrement adapté aux microprocesseurs bon marché. Nous nous intéresserons ensuite à la sécurité des composants en étudiant la régulation du débit des correcteurs de von Neumann et les attaques en fautes sur des implémentations de cryptographie à courbes elliptiques. Enfin, un des actes novatoires incidents notre travail sera d’adapter aux codes correcteurs d’erreurs deux techniques empruntées à la cryptographie : un premier résultat améliore l’efficacité calculatoire des codes BCH grâce à une version de l’algorithme de Barrett étendue aux polynômes. Le second est un nouveau code correcteur d’erreurs basé sur la théorie des nombres. / This thesis addresses various topics in cryptology, namely protocol design, algorithmic improvements and attacks. In addition, we venture out of cryptography and propose two new applications of cryptographic techniques to error correcting codes. Our main results comprise a provably secure co-signature protocol and a provably secure authenticated encryption scheme. Our co-signature protocol achieves legal fairness, a novel fairness variant that does not rely on third parties. Legal fairness is implemented using Schnorr signatures. We also present a distributed Fiat-Shamir authentication protocol. The second part of the thesis is devoted to computational improvements, we discuss a method for doubling the speed of Barrett’s algorithm by using specific composite moduli, devise new BCH speed-up strategies using polynomial extensions of Barrett’s algorithm, describe a new backtracking-based multiplication algorithm suited for lightweight microprocessors and present a new number theoretic error-correcting code. Fault injection attacks are further overviewed and a new fault attack on ECC implementations is proposed.

The dissertation builds a bridge from the social-philosophical works of Hobbes, Rousseau, and Smith to current game theoretical models explaining social order to two empirical applications in a rural region of Guinea. The work focuses on the central role of natural resources for human societies and uses two empirical studies to test general hypotheses on the drivers of the sustainable exploitation and the equitable distribution of natural resources. The work strictly follows a quantitative empirical approach. After discussing the methodological foundations of statistical causal analysis in a first step, the various approaches are evaluated in a simulation study. Finally, the most successful of these approaches finds its application in the analysis of the empirical data, which was collected during field research in Guinea. In the observational study, socioeconomic data are combined with environmental data to model the influence of humans on the occurrence of wild species that are exploited for economic purposes in the study area. In the experimental study, socioeconomic data is linked to experimental data from a resource distribution game to identify factors affecting the people’s behavior when sharing a common natural resource. Both the exploitation of wild species and the sharing of a natural resource show that the social context is crucial for the understanding of human behavior, as postulated by Hobbes, Rousseau, and Smith: reputation, market integration, inequality and homogeneity of the population, as well as the salience of moral norms and property rights are essential dimensions. / Die Dissertation widmet sich der zentralen Rolle von natürlichen Ressourcen für menschliche Gesellschaften. Anhand zweier empirischer Studien werden allgemeine Hypothesen zu den Determinanten der nachhaltigen Ausbeutung und gerechten Verteilung von natürlichen Ressourcen getestet. Dabei wird in der Arbeit eine Brücke von den Werken der Sozialphilosophen Hobbes, Rousseau und Smith, über aktuelle spieltheoretische Modelle zur Erklärung sozialer Ordnung, hin zu zwei empirischen Anwendungen in einer ländlichen Region Guineas geschlagen. Die Arbeit folgt strikt einem empirischen quantitativen Ansatz. Nach der Erörterung der methodischen Grundlagen der statistischen Kausalanalyse werden die verschiedenen Ansätze im Rahmen einer Simulationsstudie evaluiert. Schließlich findet der erfolgreichste dieser Ansätze in der Auswertung der Daten, die bei der Feldforschung in Guinea erhoben wurden, Anwendung. In der Beobachtungsstudie werden sozioökonomische Daten mit ökologischen Daten verknüpft, um den Einfluss der Menschen auf das Vorkommen von wilden Arten, die zu ökonomischen Zwecken ausgebeutet werden, im Untersuchungsgebiet zu modellieren. In der Experimentalstudie werden sozioökonomische Daten mit Experimentaldaten aus einem Ressourcenverteilungsspiel verknüpft, um Faktoren zu identifizieren, welche sich auf das Verhalten von Menschen beim Teilen einer gemeinsamen natürlichen Ressource auswirken. Sowohl für die Ausbeutung der wilden Arten, wie auch für das gemeinsame Teilen einer natürlichen Ressource gilt, dass der soziale Kontext für das Verhalten der Menschen von großer Relevanz ist, wie von Hobbes, Rousseau und Smith postuliert: Reputation, Marktintegration, Ungleichheit und Homogenität der Bevölkerung sowie die Salienz moralischer Normen und Eigentumsrechte sind entscheidende Dimensionen.

Magister Legum - LLM / The so called business judgment rule (hereinafter referred to as ―the BJR or the rule‖) that serves to protect directors from liability for negative consequences of honest, reasonable business decisions that went wrong, was developed by the American judiciary in the early 19th Century.2 Percy v. Millaudon, a Louisiana Supreme Court decision quoted above, articulated what is now referred to as the BJR.3 This case provides the earliest expression of the American BJR.4 Delaware courts subsequently issued a series of cases formulating the BJR as a presumption.5 Although the earliest expression of the rule was provided by a Louisiana court, the dissertation will focus on the Delaware case law formulation of the rule.6 The essence of the BJR is that judges should not second guess directors‘ decisions if certain elements of the BJR are fulfilled.7 Courts are required to exercise caution when dealing with claims brought by either stakeholders or shareholders against directors who have made bona fide, also referred to as good faith, business decisions.8 In order to be protected by the BJR and for it to act as a safe harbour, the court will determine whether certain requirements have been met before applying the rule.9 The Delaware courts formulated the BJR as a presumption and in order for directors to be protected by the rule they must have made an informed business decision, in good faith and in the honest belief that the decision will be in the best interest of the company.10 As will be discussed later, this formulation of the rule is referred to as the traditional BJR. In addition to the aforementioned formulation, another formulation was provided by the American Law Institute (hereafter referred to as the ―ALI formulation‖).11 Initially there had been difficulties codifying the ALI version of the rule but later it was successfully codified in paragraph 4.01(c) of the ALI Corporate Governance Project.12 This formulation requires a director to ensure that he has no personal interest in the matter, he is reasonably informed of the matter prior to making the decision and he rationally believes the decision will be in the best interest of the company.13 If the director complies with the aforementioned requirements, the director will be considered to have acted in good faith.14 Directors owe fiduciary duties to the company and in instances where they breach one or more of these duties they can incur personal liability.15 The rule thus emerged because of the need to protect directors and it serves as a safe harbour for those individuals who made a decision in conformity with the aforementioned requirements.16 In commercial terms the rule bestows economic freedoms and freedom of entrepreneurship to directors guided, in any case, by ―the best interest of the company‖.17 The most commonly cited reasons for the existence of the rule are that it promotes risk taking, encourages competent persons to serve as directors, prevents judicial second-guessing and promotes judicial efficiency. It further provides directors with sufficient freedom to manage the company and it ensures that the interest of shareholders and those of directors are balanced.18

The diploma thesis deals with the concept of fairness perception by pupils of primary school. The aim of this work is to get to know the ways in which children at primary school think about fairness and what they consider fair and unfair. The theoretical part describes approaches to the topic in terms of psychology, pedagogy and ethics. The theoretical part consists of three main chapters. The first chapter deals with the concept of fairness and possible interpretations of this word. In the second chapter, the reader reads about the different concepts of moral reasoning. The thesis introduces the reader to the concept of moral development by Jean Piaget and the stage theory of Lawrence Kohlberg. The thesis also describes some theories of moral reasoning created by some of Kohlberg's followers or critics. The third chapter identifies some determinants that can influence moral reasoning when dealing with primary school pupils. The practical part consist of a research probe concerning the moral reasoning of pupils. This research probe works with a moral dilemma created by Jean Piaget. The moral dilemma concerns the perception of fairness and works with fair punishment. This dilemma is discussed with pupils in group interviews. The research probe was conducted with pupils of the second and third grade...