This thesis examines the practice of the profession of journalism in Turkey and whether the fundamental ethical codes and standards of journalism are being honored in the contemporary market-driven media sector. While media owners have consistently used the press as an instrument in the furtherance of their interests, this problem has been aggravated by the recent concentration in media ownership. The perception of readers as &lsquo / consumers&rsquo / has put a premium on entertainment and sensationalism while jeopardizing basic journalistic values. Forced to practice a type of journalism different to the model which drew them to the profession, many journalists have lost pride in their work along with confidence in the ability of the media to fulfill the public right to information in a democratic society. The thesis begins with an overview of the emergence of the ethical codes and practices of the profession before focusing on the Turkish media and the implementation of the various codes of practice and regulatory procedures which have been developed in Turkey. v The basic issue in media ethics is the morality of those in the sector and the compatibility of journalism and ethics. In order to ascertain if Turkish journalists believe these standards are being maintained, extensive interviews were undertaken with a sample group of a 114 journalists, comprising new and veteran reporters, editors and members of editorial boards. The study confirms that ethical codes and standards are not being followed in the Turkish media because of commercial constraints underlined by increasing concentration in the sector. Keywords: Turkish media, ethics.

The development of the news media in western societies coincided with the formation of a fully democratic polity based on universal suffrage, and from the outset the press and later broadcasting were assigned a central role in providing the information and argumentative resources for citizenship and in checking for abuses of power. But the commercial news media were also industries, increasingly financed by the sale of advertising, and commentators saw the search for audience maximisation moving news towards sensation. While these developments gathered momentum over many decades in the West, in Taiwan they have been compressed into two, as the country has experienced a rapid triple transformation: from authoritarian, single-party rule, to democratic politics based on multi party competition; from a state managed economy to a market-driven economy; and from a restricted media system to an open one marked by fierce competition. Many observers see this highly compressed process of change, coupled with the relative weakness of civil society, generating a particularly aggressive form of tabloidisation, a withdrawal from social responsibility and ethics, and news system ill adapted to serving the needs of a still consolidating democracy. This argument empirically through three detailed case studies of key stories places them in the context of the general changes reshaping Taiwanese news media and the original arguments over tabloidisation in the West, and concludes by exploring the possibilities for reform in the future.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T14:10:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 limites_do_publico_e_privado_.pdf: 3488526 bytes, checksum: d78a06c70776fdef8723c94648f204d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-17 / The proposal of this study is to reflect on how public television is perceived by its viewers and the cultural content it is expected to provide. It endeavors to explore the cultural imagination of this mass media segment, by examining its ideal format, the pivotal role it plays and the value attributed to it. In an effort to consolidate these perceptions the study also attempts to evaluate the perceived boundaries that separate the public and private spheres of this section of the mass media landscape, by analyzing the extent to which the sale of private advertising, in an effort to provide public television with financial sustainability, can at the same time provoke ethical concerns among the citizen-viewers. More specifically it aspires to study how the citizen-viewer understands and acknowledges the different forms of financing that are available for a public television system. Then based on qualitative research, the ethical and esthetic questions surrounding Brazilian public television are analyzed by investigating whether or not this society s concept of ideal public television can include advertising / O trabalho propõe-se a refletir sobre como a TV pública é percebida por seu telespectador e seu esperado conteúdo cultural. Busca-se explorar o imaginário cultural deste espaço midiático, sua forma ideal, seu papel e o valor a ele atribuído. Consubstanciando tal entendimento, procura-se ainda avaliar as fronteiras percebidas entre as esferas públicas e privadas nesta paisagem midiática. Pretende-se analisar em que medida a venda de espaços publicitários à iniciativa privada, na estratégia de sustentabilidade financeira da TV pública, pode suscitar preocupações éticas no público-cidadão. Mais especificamente, aspirou-se estudar como o público-cidadão entende e acolhe as diferentes formas de financiamento de um sistema publico de televisão. Com base em pesquisa qualitativa, a autora faz um ensaio sobre questões éticas e estéticas acerca da televisão pública no Brasil, investigando se a concepção de TV pública ideal da sociedade comporta a publicidade

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The aim of our study was to examine Swedish crime reporters’ approach to the social medium Flashback. Our main focus was the crime reporters’ use of the medium Flashback, and attitude towards their own use of media ethics in relation to the medium Flashback. Flashback as a medium is not obliged to any media ethics and lacks a legally accountable publisher. In the search for information about committed crimes people tends to visit Flashback for the information that the traditional media cannot offer. In that sense Flashback challenges the foundation of media ethics today. That is why we found it interesting to study crime reporters in particular. The study used a qualitative approach and was conducted through interviews with eight crime reporters. We have used theories about media ethics, social media and participatory journalism to explore the development in the area and how journalists have adapted to this change. The result shows that there are journalists who use Flashback as a journalistic tool to find information, to save time and as a mean to keep up-to-date. And moreover, the study gives examples on how an online forum with anonymous sources can be used – like any other source, as long as you are source-critical.

The intention of this thesis is to gain a greater understanding, to how communicators who has been convicted for gender discrimination by The Swedish Advertising Ombudsman, view their own creative process and their ethical responsibility in society. With their answers we hope to be able to approach a greater understanding of why sexism in the advertising industry still occurs. To approach the question we have conducted qualitative semi-structured research interviews with communicators involved in the creative process of advertisements that have been convicted by the Swedish self-regulatory organization, The Swedish Advertising Ombudsman for gender discrimination. Our question is focusing on their creative process for the current ad, personal values and responsibility and how the conviction has affected them and their future processes. In the result we found out that external factors such as time, money and the client had a major role in the process but also in their general work. Most of the respondents answer to only themselves when they make moral judgements and they generally have a misplaced view of the definition of gender discrimination, or sexism. All respondents agree that communicators, including themselves, have an impact on our society but they do not consider their own work to be a part of reproducing values and stereotypes. Almost all respondents express a strong distrust for The Swedish Advertising Ombudsman where most of them do not agree with their decision. The convictions haven’t lead to any major consequences, although, most of the respondents claimed that they will spend more time reflecting about their ads before publishing it. Some of the respondents also said that they are going to ask the client twice if they really want to publish this work, even though it’s a risk that it might be convicted for gender discrimination. Many of these factors shows that the conviction has not led to any major consequences.

Photojournalism captures moments within an event or space in time that are used to tell a larger story. Photographs are powerful tools for communication because these moments not only represent facts; they also have an ability to speak to viewers on a relatable and emotional level. With this power comes ethical responsibility and natural tension points between photograph, and journalistic practices. Journalism’s ethics codes group points of discussion specific to photographs into categories of manipulation, privacy, or graphic content. This thesis argues that these issues fall into broader overlapping themes of authenticity and sensitivity. Using visual analysis of four photographs from the Boston Marathon bombing and Newtown school shooting, it considers how journalists deal with the relationship between photography and journalistic theory using this ethical framework of authenticity and sensitivity. It concludes with a discussion of best practices for coverage of tragic events from the real-world perspective of the photojournalist.

In this essay, I argue that the institution of journalism plays a vital role in informing citizens of a deliberative democratic society, and that to effectively fulfill this role, journalists must report the news objectively. I first examine the historical evolution of objectivity as it pertains to journalism. Then, I elaborate on some of the philosophical concepts that provide the foundation for objectivity. Next, I introduce John Rawls’ idea of public reason, which provides an improved understanding of the role of journalism within a democratic society. I claim from this that journalism must re-envision its role as guardian of the public political forum. Finally, I bring these various discussions together by drawing in the requirements that Stephen Ward lays out in his theory of pragmatic objectivity, and argue that these are necessary to help journalism legitimize its authority to safeguard this forum. In doing so, journalism can ensure both that citizens are objectively informed and that the public forum offers them a sphere in which they can effectively participate in the governance of their democracy.

This thesis is both a normative and empirical study of media accountability in a liberal democracy. While its focus is predominantly on Australia, it contains some international comparisons. Media ethics and media performance in relation to quality of media content are identified as the two main dimensions of media accountability. They may be conceived of as the means and the ends of media work. The thesis represents the first combined survey of both external mechanisms of accountability in Australia – those existing outside the various media organisations – and the internal mechanisms existing within three of Australia’s largest media organisations. These organisations span print and broadcasting, public and private ownership. The thesis is based on substantial qualitative research involving interviews with a wide range of experts in media ethics, law, management, and accountability. It is also based on two quantitative surveys, one among practitioners of journalism and the other among the public they serve. This combination of research is certainly new in Australia, and no comparable study has been found in other Western countries. In addition to the main qualitative and quantitative surveys, three case studies are presented. One deals with media performance in relation to quality of media content (the case of alleged bias brought against the Australian Broadcasting Corporation by the then Senator Richard Alston); one deals with media ethics (the “cash-for-comment” cases involving various commercial radio broadcasters), and one deals with accountability processes (the “Who Is Right?” experiment at The Sydney Morning Herald).