Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Les créanciers sont la clé de voûte de l’activité de l’entreprise. En cela, ils demeurent le partenaire naturel et primordial de l’exercice de l’activité de l’entreprise. Cette situation est valable indifféremment pour les entreprises in bonis et pour celles qui sont tombées sous le coup d’une procédure collective. Aussi bien en droit français, dans le cadre du livre VI du Code de commerce, qu’en droit de l’OHADA, sous l’impulsion de l’AUPC, les créances postérieures sont celles qui permettent à l’entreprise en difficulté de tenter d’éviter le marasme financier qu’elle rencontre. En effet, les créanciers postérieurs sont ceux qui ont accepté de conclure un partenariat avec l’entreprise en difficulté aux fins de financer la poursuite ou le maintien de l’activité nécessaire à la recherche d’une solution durable. Pour parvenir à comprendre et à analyser le sort des créances postérieures dans les deux systèmes juridiques objet de l’étude, il a fallu répondre à deux questions principales dotées d’une technicité certaine à savoir, d’une part, ce qu’est une créance postérieure et d’autre part, la manière dont elle est traitée par le droit des entreprises en difficulté. La réponse à ces deux questionnements a permis de faire ressortir les ressemblances et les divergences entre le droit français et le droit de l’OHADA quant au sort des créances nées du partenariat postérieur au jugement d’ouverture de la procédure collective. / Creditors are the keystone of the firm’s activity. Indeed, they are still being the natural and primordial partner of the firm’s activity. This situation is valid similarly for in bonis Firms and for those which fell out bankrupt. According to French law, in the 6th book of the commercial law, and Organization for Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA)’s system, at the instigation of the uniform act on bankruptcy (AUPC), posterior creditors are those who enable ailing firm to eliminate financial stagnation. In the same time, posterior creditors are those who accepted to finalize a partnership with the firm in trouble, instead of its difficulties, so as to finance activity’s pursuit or to support to gain a sustainable solution. To understand and to analyze the fate of posterior creditor in both studying legal systems, it has been necessary to answer two main questions endowed with a certain technical nature. Firstly, what is a posterior debt? And secondly, how are posterior creditors treated by bankruptcy law? Answering to those questions took out likenesses and divergences between French law and OHADA’s system as for the fate of posterior debt born in the later partnership establishes subsequently to the judgment of opening of bankruptcy.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Droit : Lyon 3 : 2005. / titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr.

Thèse (LL.M.)--Université Laval, 1996. / Bibliogr.: f. i-xix. Publié aussi en version électronique.

Proefschrift--Faculteit der Godgeleerdheid--Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, 1996. / Bibliogr. p. 449-475.

Instants et espaces investis par la musique, les sessions sont actuellement en Irlande un marqueur d'expression culturelle.En surface, celles-ci peuvent être définies en tant que regroupement prévu ou spontané de plusieurs musiciens dans le but de faire de la musique et de passer un agréable moment ensemble. Toutefois, un travail d'enquête réparti sur sept années de recherches dans le nord-ouest irlandais a révélé qu'en profondeur, les sessions représentent un phénomène socioculturel complexe, phénomène social autant que musical, fait musical autant que social, édifice symbolique mixte tissé d'interactions dont la combinatoire à chaque fois renouvelée implique un jeu de relations entre facteur individuel et les stratégies collectives qui, radicalement, affectent l'ensemble de la structure de l'évènement.Comprendre le fonctionnement d'une session revient alors à poser un certain nombre de questions ayant pour finalité de révéler la manière dont les deux pôles du social et du musical se trouvent, en même temps que distincts, inextricablement liés, à partir d'une procédure de mise en série, il est proposé d'apprécier les liens entre structure et contexte à travers l'analyse comparée d'un corpus de 26 pièces musicales, collectées dans le cadre de 7 situations de sessions distinctes. Il s'agit d'observer si 1)les spécificités sonores immanentes d'une performance musicale en session dépendent des rapports entretenus par les musiciens et leur environnement ; et si 2) des indices musicologique tangibles de cela existent, en même temps que suffisent à rendre compte des différents processus interactionnels auxquels on les suppose liés - l'idée en question étant bien ici celle d'une possible incarnation des faits interactionnels lesquels, figés en quelque sorte dans la musique, s'inscrivent dans le produit symbolique à l'instar pourrait-on dire du fossile prisonnier de la roche. Le sonore, comme objet formerait alors le témoin matériel d'une réalité symbolique mixte, la musique, aux contours restant toutefois à définir sur bien d'autres plans. / As period of time and spatial entities invested by music, sessions in Irleandnowadays are a marker of cultural expression, superficially, those can be defined as a gatering, planned or spontaneous, of several musicians with the prospect to produce music and to share a nice moment together. Yet, a survey pursued over a seven-year research work in north-western Ireland revealed that, in depth sessions represent complex socio-cultural events, social as much as musical, musical as well as social happening, symbolic entity enriched by interactions whose permanently renewed combination reflects the interplay between individual factors and group strategies, that, radically, affect the whole structure of the event.To understand how a session functions then requiredraising a number of questions whose end is to elucidate how the two poles, social and musical, happen to be inextricably linked, though distinct at the same time musical sessionsthus become a source of problems wich, a priori connected to the amount of knowledge specific of our topic, lead to overcome the exclusive domain od ireland up o facing the broader isuues of contemporary ethnomusicology. The present theses includes five chapters. The first ome is a general description of sessions. Attention is paid to the dynamic links operating between what belongs to music and what proceeds from a line more specifically social. Questions then raised trigger a second chapter, whose content is bipartite. First are exposed the major problems on which the thesis rests, and secondly the methodological answers related to the given problematic. A third chapter consists of setting the spectrum of methods required to conduct analyses, through a reflexion bearing on the system properties of the whole range of social and musical parameters comparative analysis of 26 musical pieces that were collected in the context of seven different situations in distinct sessions. In the fifth chapter, the thesis ends with a synthesis of all analytical results as a gathered in the previous chapters.

Cette recherche porte sur la construction du sens religieux et des frontières matérielles et symboliques de la laïcité à travers les interactions et les pratiques quotidiennes des acteurs scolaires, personnels et élèves. A partir d’observations participantes menées dans différents collèges et lycées, en tant que surveillant et enseignant, ce travail étudie les processus de catégorisation ethnique dans la détermination l’ordre scolaire et pédagogique, dans les coulisses de l’enseignement et dans les situations d’apprentissage. Les analyses proposées permettent de remettre en question l’analyse sociologique traditionnelle de l’interethnique qui réduit l’ethnicité à des phénomènes de violence et de désorganisation, et de mettre en lumière le caractère démiurgique de l’identification ethnique et religieuse, leur capacité à créer du lien et à participer de la fixation de l’ordre scolaire laïque. / This research focuses on the construction of the religious senses and the secular boundaries through everyday practices and interactions between school staff, the institution’s staff and pupils. From participanting observations conducted in various state schools of secondary education, as a supervisor and teatcher, I could analyse the intervention of ethnic categorization process in determing academic and educationnal order, gehind the scenes of teaching and in onsite learning situations. This research has enabled to question the traditionnal sociological analysis of ethnicity witch reduces ethnicity to phenomenon of violence and disorganization, and to highlight the demiurgic nature of ethnic identification, its capacity to create link and participate in the fixing of the school secular order.

Depuis l'avènement de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés, le contrôle de constitutionnalité, qu'il soit effectué en vertu de la Charte ou d'autres règles constitutionnelles, repose, comme jamais auparavant, sur les faits. Pour prouver ces faits, un courant doctrinal et jurisprudentiel a promu un régime de preuve de plus en plus souple, sui generis et presque libéré des règles du droit commun. Cette thèse poursuit l'objectif d'expliquer les problèmes affectant le droit de la preuve causés par la libéralisation des faits pertinents en matière constitutionnelle. Notre hypothèse est que, bien qu'elles aient existé à une époque antérieure, la « souplesse » et l'instabilité du droit de la preuve en matière constitutionnelle tendent à se résorber. Bien que le degré de souplesse dans la réception des faits ait pu varier dans le temps, il n'existe plus un régime de preuve libre ou sui generis en matière constitutionnelle au Canada. Les faits doivent être prouvés suivant les moyens habituels, en première instance. Pour démontrer cette hypothèse, il y a lieu d'analyser l'application, en matière constitutionnelle, des règles régissant la pertinence, le degré de l'obligation de convaincre, la connaissance d'office et le témoignage. Pour ce faire, de nombreuses comparaisons sont faites avec le droit de la preuve qui s'applique dans les matières civiles, pénales et criminelles. / Since the advent of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, constitutional review, whether based on the Charter or other constitutional rules, has become grounded in the facts as never before. To prove these facts, a major doctrinal and case law trend has promoted a sui generis model regime close to the free evidence model. This thesis pursues the objective of explaining the problems affecting the law of evidence caused by the liberalization of the relevant facts in constitutional matters. Our hypothesis is that, although it existed at an earlier time, the "flexibility" and the instability of the law of evidence in constitutional cases tend to diminish. The point is to show that the degree of flexibility in the reception of the facts may have varied over time, but that there is no longer a free or sui generis regime of evidence in constitutional cases in Canada. The facts must be proven, at trial, by the traditional means of proof. To demonstrate this hypothesis, it is necessary to analyze the application, in constitutional law, of the rules governing relevance, the standard of proof, judicial notice and testimony. To do this analysis, many comparisons are made with the law of evidence that applies in civil and criminal law.

Notre représentation collective du fait divers a considérablement évolué au tournant des années 80 ; ainsi que le signale Marine M’sili, « si unanimement décrié, fustigé, condamné, [il] voit son statut se modifier jusqu’à prendre une valeur positive », y compris chez l’élite intellectuelle. Dans ce même tournant des années 80, la littérature évolue, selon Dominique Viart, vers la « transitivité », c’est-à-dire qu’elle ne se suffit plus à elle-même et nécessite un complément d’objet direct, le monde. Ce double « tournant » favorise la fréquence et le renouvellement des modalités de rencontres entre littérature et fait divers.Cette thèse se situe dans le prolongement de ces travaux mais vise plus spécifiquement à manifester l’importance des métamorphoses du fait divers criminel tel que recyclé dans la littérature contemporaine. Le corpus sélectionné comprend vingt-cinq œuvres à valeur d’échantillonnage, publié dans la période 1990-2012. Par une analyse des influences et des modalités de l’enquête et une exploration relevant à la fois de la criminologie littéraire et du mémorial aux victimes, la thèse démontre la richesse et la diversité des écritures du fait divers aujourd’hui.En effet, le renouveau du traitement de cette matière, ouvert aux avancées des sciences humaines, a majoritairement rompu avec les esthétiques réalistes du XIXe siècle aussi bien qu’avec les usages plus ludiques et expérimentaux du XXe siècle. De même, bon nombre d’écrivains se refusent à perpétuer la tradition paralittéraire et médiatique du monstrueux archaïque au profit de mises en questions socio-historiques et d’interrogations plus posées quant à la monstruosité, logée au vif de notre humanité. / Our collective representation of the « fait divers » underwent considerable revision in the early 1980s, as Marine M’Sili points out : « from being universally decried, denounced and censured, [it] sees its status change to the point of taking on a positive value », even among the intellectual elite. At the same time, according to Dominique Viart, literature takes on a new « transitivity »; it is no longer self-sufficient but requires a direct object, the world. These two developments provide a meeting ground where new and more frequent interactions between literature and the « fait divers » can take place. This thesis builds on these insights but aims more specifically to demonstrate the significance of the changes that the criminal « fait divers » undergoes as it is recycled in contemporary French literature. The sample corpus includes twenty-five representative works, all published in the period from 1990 to 2012. Through an analysis of investigation procedures and their influence, and an exploration that is part literary criminology and part commemoration of the victims, the thesis demonstrates the richness and diversity of the literary « fait divers » today. Indeed, the revival of interest in the topic, in tune with advances in the humanities, has for the most part broken both with the realist aesthetics of the nineteenth century and with the twentieth century’s more playful and experimental approaches. Many writers have also abandoned the traditional paraliterary and media representations of an archaic monstrosity in favour of a broader socio-historical reflection and more pointed questioning of the monstrousness that lies at the very heart of our humanity.

Com base nas proposições da semiótica de vertente tensiva, esta tese se ocupa da análise e da teorização do fait divers, categoria jornalística que se refere a eventos de caráter fortuito. O corpus da pesquisa constitui-se primordialmente da cobertura do Caso Isabella Nardoni, compreendido sob a rubrica dessa expressão, realizada pelo Jornal Nacional nos meses de março, abril e maio de 2008. Também compõem o corpus da investigação outros relatos jornalísticos dessa natureza, tanto os que se pautam por uma curta duração quanto aqueles que repercutem na mídia por um período considerável. Em relação ao caso aludido, impôs-se a questão teórica que se refere à pouca duração que um relato noticioso de tal categoria costuma ter. Ao contrário, ele arrastou-se por meses a fio no primeiro semestre de 2008, mantendo, não obstante, uma elevada carga tímica. Dessa forma, procurouse buscar nos mecanismos do discurso as estratégias usadas pelo enunciador Jornal Nacional para extensivizar a intensidade do Caso Isabella Nardoni, o qual se baseia numa estrutura acontecimental e que, por definição, deveria ser muito intenso, mas pouco extenso. Para tanto, a pesquisa se valeu dos seguintes eixos analíticos: concessão e fidúcia, duração e intensidade, a paixão coletiva da comoção e, por fim, relações intertextuais e interdiscursivas que o texto em análise permite estabelecer com outros textos/discursos. Os referidos eixos cumpriram cada qual a tarefa de responder parcialmente o porquê de, a despeito do transcurso da temporalidade, a intensidade em torno do caso enfocado ter sido duradoura. A partir deles, pôde-se depreender um enunciatário em cujo campo de presença a tonicidade se projeta sobre a temporalidade, criando um efeito de persistência. Tal enunciatário é ainda marcado por uma espera tensa, que quer atenuar o impacto do acontecimento, ao mesmo tempo em que ele reverbera ou irrompem novos microacontecimentos. Verificou-se também a presença de um enunciatário comovido, cujo estado emocional funciona à maneira de uma amálgama, fazendo dele parte de um todo coletivo, social. Esse mesmo enunciatário mostra-se modalizado por um querer-saber, cuja expectativa é também sobre determinada por outros textos e discursos com os quais o caso em questão estabelece relações intertextuais e interdiscursivas. É, em suma, um enunciatário que se configura na tensão e na complexidade dos eixos da intensidade e da extensidade, o que explica a duração extensa do Caso Isabella Nardoni. Quanto à leitura semiótica dos demais faits divers, puderam ser observadas as seguintes (in)variantes: todos se ancoram numa base concessiva, todos são perpassados por uma lógica passional, patêmica. Entretanto, nem todos se pautam por um longo período de repercussão. Pelas recorrências observadas no corpus, balizadas pelas esquizias tensivas primordiais intensidade e extensidade, foram depreendidas as categorias duração (do menos durativo ao mais durativo) e memória (do menos memorável ao mais memorável), além do elemento constitutivo paixões. A partir disso, pôde-se fundamentar uma abordagem tensiva do fait divers. Finalmente, a análise de um relato noticioso durativo, raro, que, por meio da estratégia discursiva que extensiviza o intenso, demonstrou de que maneira pode ser possível uma articulação dos regimes discursivos do acontecimento e do exercício a partir de um ponto de vista tensivo e, portanto, complexo / Based on the propositions of tensive semiotics, this thesis is concerned with analysing and theorizing the fait divers, a journalistic category that refers to fortuitous events. The corpus of the research primarily consists of the cover of the so-called Isabella Nardoni Case conducted by Brazilian television news program Jornal Nacional in March, April and May 2008. Other journalistic reports of the same nature also comprise the corpus of research, both those outlined in a short duration and those that impact on the media for a considerable period. Regarding the mentioned case, a theoretical question prevailed that refers to little if any lasting that a news report in this category usually has. Instead, it dragged on for months in the first half of 2008, whilst retaining a large thymic load. Thus, we tried to search in discourse mechanisms the strategies used by the enunciator Jornal Nacional to extensiveing the intensity of Isabella Nardoni Case, which is anchored in an event structure and, by definition, should be very intense but little extensive. Therefore, the research employed the following analytical axes: concession and confidence, duration and intensity, the collective passion of the commotion and, finally, intertextual and interdiscursive relations with other texts/discourses that the text under analysis allows to establish. These analytical axes fulfilled the task of partially answer why, despite the passing of temporality, the intensity surrounding the focused case was lasting. From them, we could deduce an enunciatee in whose presence field tonicity is projected on temporality, creating an effect of persistence. This enunciatee is also marked by a tense wait, who wants to soften the impact of the event, while it reverberates or triggers new micro-events. The presence of an affected enunciatee was also observed, whose emotional state works in the manner of an amalgam, making him a part of a collective, social whole. The same enunciatee proved modalized by a want-to-know whose expectation was also overdetermined by other texts and discourses with which the case in question established intertextual and interdiscursive relations. He is, in short, an enunciatee that is configured in the tension and complexity of the axes of intensity and extent which explains the considerable duration of Isabella Nardoni Case. As for the semiotic reading of other faits divers, we could observe the following (in) variants: all of them are stand on a concessive basis, all pervaded by a passionate logic. However, not all are marked by a considerable duration. Through the recurrences observed in the corpus, marked out by a sine qua non relationship between intensity and extent, we inferred the categories duration (from least to most durative) and memory (from least to most memorable), and also the constitutive element passions. From this we could substantiate a tensive approach to fait divers. Finally, the analysis of a durative, rare, news report which through the discursive strategy extensivize the intensity demonstrated how an articulation of discursive regimes of the event and exercise from a tensive and therefore complex point of view may be possible.