O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a influência de dois modelos distintos de calçado esportivo falsificado (indoor e jogging) sobre características dinâmicas e eletromiográficas da locomoção humana. Oito voluntários participaram do estudo, dos quais cinco realizaram os testes com os calçados do modelo indoor e três realizaram os testes com os calçados do modelo jogging, testando a versão original e falsificada de seus respectivos modelos de calçado durante a marcha e a corrida. Foram coletados dados referentes à força de reação do solo (FRS) (esteira com plataformas de força - Sistema GAITWAY) e à atividade eletromiográfica (EMG 1000 Sistema Lynx). Os resultados mostram o aumento de Fy1, Imp50 e Imp75 durante a marcha, e o aumento de Fy1 e GC1 durante a corrida com o uso do calçado falsificado indoor, caracterizando situações de maior sobrecarga e influência negativa deste calçado. Ao usar-se o calçado falsificado indoor, observou-se também alteração no envoltório linear dos músculos tibial anterior, vasto lateral, bíceps femoral e reto femoral durante a marcha, aumento do valor RMS do m. vasto lateral e m. reto femoral durante a marcha e aumento do valor RMS do m. gastrocnêmio lateral durante a corrida, provavelmente em resposta ao aumento da carga externa. Por outro lado, o uso do calçado falsificado jogging não induziu a nenhuma alteração nos parâmetros de FRS e atividade muscular analisados, em nenhum dos movimentos estudados. Conclui-se que diferentes modelos de calçado falsificado influenciam de forma distinta a sobrecarga imposta ao aparelho locomotor e o comportamento muscular durante a locomoção / The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of two different types of falsified running shoes (indoor and jogging) upon dynamic and electromyographic characteristics during human locomotion. Eight subjects had participated of this study: five of them tested the original and falsified indoor running shoe, while three of them tested the original and falsified jogging running shoe. All subjects tested their shoes during walking and running. Data from ground reaction force (GRF) were obtained by a treadmill with force plates (GAITWAY System), while electromyographic data was obtained by EMG-1000 (LYNX System). The results show an increase in Fy1, Imp50 and Imp75 during walking and an increase in Fy1 and LR1 during running when wearing the falsified indoor running shoe, indicating a considerable increment in the mechanical load and a negative influence from this shoe. When wearing the falsified indoor running shoe, it is possible to observe alterations in the muscular activation pattern for the muscles Tibialis Anterior, Vastus Lateralis, Biceps Femoris and Rectus Femoris during walking; a higher RMS for m. Vastus Lateralis and m. Rectus Femoris during walking; and an increase in RMS for m. Gastrocnemius Lateralis during running. Probably, these alterations occurred in response to the higher external forces. On the other hand, the falsified jogging running shoe has not shown any alteration for GRF and muscular activation parameters. Its possible to conclude that different types of falsified running shoe can influence the mechanical load and the muscular behavior in different ways during locomotion

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a influência de dois modelos distintos de calçado esportivo falsificado (indoor e jogging) sobre características dinâmicas e eletromiográficas da locomoção humana. Oito voluntários participaram do estudo, dos quais cinco realizaram os testes com os calçados do modelo indoor e três realizaram os testes com os calçados do modelo jogging, testando a versão original e falsificada de seus respectivos modelos de calçado durante a marcha e a corrida. Foram coletados dados referentes à força de reação do solo (FRS) (esteira com plataformas de força - Sistema GAITWAY) e à atividade eletromiográfica (EMG 1000 Sistema Lynx). Os resultados mostram o aumento de Fy1, Imp50 e Imp75 durante a marcha, e o aumento de Fy1 e GC1 durante a corrida com o uso do calçado falsificado indoor, caracterizando situações de maior sobrecarga e influência negativa deste calçado. Ao usar-se o calçado falsificado indoor, observou-se também alteração no envoltório linear dos músculos tibial anterior, vasto lateral, bíceps femoral e reto femoral durante a marcha, aumento do valor RMS do m. vasto lateral e m. reto femoral durante a marcha e aumento do valor RMS do m. gastrocnêmio lateral durante a corrida, provavelmente em resposta ao aumento da carga externa. Por outro lado, o uso do calçado falsificado jogging não induziu a nenhuma alteração nos parâmetros de FRS e atividade muscular analisados, em nenhum dos movimentos estudados. Conclui-se que diferentes modelos de calçado falsificado influenciam de forma distinta a sobrecarga imposta ao aparelho locomotor e o comportamento muscular durante a locomoção / The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of two different types of falsified running shoes (indoor and jogging) upon dynamic and electromyographic characteristics during human locomotion. Eight subjects had participated of this study: five of them tested the original and falsified indoor running shoe, while three of them tested the original and falsified jogging running shoe. All subjects tested their shoes during walking and running. Data from ground reaction force (GRF) were obtained by a treadmill with force plates (GAITWAY System), while electromyographic data was obtained by EMG-1000 (LYNX System). The results show an increase in Fy1, Imp50 and Imp75 during walking and an increase in Fy1 and LR1 during running when wearing the falsified indoor running shoe, indicating a considerable increment in the mechanical load and a negative influence from this shoe. When wearing the falsified indoor running shoe, it is possible to observe alterations in the muscular activation pattern for the muscles Tibialis Anterior, Vastus Lateralis, Biceps Femoris and Rectus Femoris during walking; a higher RMS for m. Vastus Lateralis and m. Rectus Femoris during walking; and an increase in RMS for m. Gastrocnemius Lateralis during running. Probably, these alterations occurred in response to the higher external forces. On the other hand, the falsified jogging running shoe has not shown any alteration for GRF and muscular activation parameters. Its possible to conclude that different types of falsified running shoe can influence the mechanical load and the muscular behavior in different ways during locomotion

Falsified and substandard drugs are classified as a global problem and continue to increase as manufacturing becomes globalized and the complexity of distribution systems expands. The falsified and substandard drugs come with major health risks and socioeconomic consequences. The pharmaceutical supply chain is handled by several parties, making it harder to detect when falsified and substandard drugs end up in distribution. Since the rise of the cryptocurrency bitcoin, blockchain technology has been recognized for its transparency and security. Previous research describes blockchain as a decentralized database structure that preserves a chronological chain of blocks where each block contains a registered valid network activity verified by consensus of the participants in the network. The purpose of this study is to create a broader understanding of how blockchain can improve the transparency and traceability of the pharmaceutical supply chain in order to reduce the incidence of falsified and substandard drugs. The study is based on a qualitative method in the form of five semi-structured interviews with representatives from the pharmaceutical industry and two blockchain companies. In the study's discussion section, the literature study is set against the collected empirical material. Two tables also illustrate how the pharmaceutical industry is working with traceability and what effects blockchain can provide a supply chain. Finally, the study notes that regulations on the pharmaceutical industry primarily control which database structure is implemented on the supply chain. It is also stated that blockchain has characteristics that can improve transparency and traceability of a supply chain, but the technology is to some extent limited mainly by its large need for capacity

O Pontal do Paranapanema é um território em disputa. Assim foi desde sua ocupação baseada na expropriação indígena, na grilagem de terras e no desmatamento. Na atualidade a disputa está na luta entre as classes sociais envolvidas na região. Por um lado têm-se as terras historicamente tomadas indevidamente e ilegalmente, que estão sob o domínio dos fazendeiros; por outro as terras que foram retomadas por um processo de luta e que estão sob o domínio dos camponeses, territorializadas através dos assentamentos rurais. Há ainda uma grande parcela de terras em disputa judicial, movida principalmente pela pressão dos movimentos camponeses para que o Estado cumpra as determinações que a lei lhe compete, ou seja, discriminar e retomar as terras que são de patrimônio público. Somente com as ações dos movimentos sociais através das ocupações de terras, principalmente em meados da década de 90 do século XX, que o Estado procurou redefinir a destinação das terras públicas. Os acordos realizados entre Estado e fazendeiros, permitiu tanto a (re)produção do campesinato, na forma de assentamentos rurais, como dos fazendeiros ao indenizar benfeitorias que se converteram em valores próximos ao preço de mercado, possibilitando assim a compra de terras para outras regiões brasileiras. Na tese, revelamos o lento processo discriminatório e os entraves jurídicos na obtenção e julgamento dessas áreas griladas por fazendeiros e hoje questionadas pelos inúmeros movimentos camponeses existentes no Pontal do Paranapanema. / The Pontal do Paranapanema is a disputed territory. It has been this way through processes of indigenous expropriation, the falsification of land titles and aggressive deforestation. At present, the dispute is centered on struggle between social classes involved in the region. On the one hand, there is the historically traceable and unquestionably illegal process of falsifying titles to take land, lands which are clearly under the control of the landlord class. On the other, there are lands that have been retaken through a process of struggle, lands now under peasant control, territorialized as agrarian reform settlements. In the meantime, large numbers of tracts remain mired in judicial proceedings, disputed for by peasant movements, pressuring the State to honor the law it is charge to fulfill by retaking lands that are part of the public patrimony. It has only been through the direct action of social movements, principally the occupation of lands during the middle period of the 1990s that the State sought to redefine the final use of public lands. Accords reached between the State and landlords contributed to (re)producing both the peasantry, through the establishment of agrarian reform settlements, and landlords, through near-market indemnity payments made for improvements on falsely titled public lands, enabling them to buy land in other regions of Brazil. This dissertation examines the slow land title discrimination process and the legal barriers encountered in the struggle to adjudicate and obtain areas falsely claimed by landlords and today questioned by the innumerous peasant movements active in the Pontal do Paranapanema.

L'objectif de ces travaux a été de démontrer l'intérêt d'appliquer la Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire (RMN) à des problématiques analytiques dans le domaine des produits de santé. Deux axes principaux ont été abordés. Le premier cible principalement les compléments alimentaires adultérés. Les études ont été menées par RMN à haut champ. Diverses expériences de RMN mono et bidimensionnelles ont permis de mettre en évidence la présence illicite, dans des compléments alimentaires déclarés comme naturels, de médicaments à visée érectile et/ou de leurs analogues structuraux. Ces substances actives peuvent induire, à l'insu du consommateur, des risques importants pour sa santé. De plus, des analyses menées par RMN 1H et 13C ont permis de révéler des cas d'adultération de compléments alimentaires pour sportifs par des substances considérées comme dopantes par la règlementation en vigueur. Le second axe a été mené en explorant les potentialités de la RMN à bas champ pour l'analyse de médicaments. Cette technique, moins onéreuse et plus adaptée à des analyses de routine que la RMN à haut champ, s'est avérée très efficace pour mettre en évidence des cas de médicaments falsifiés par de simples expériences RMN 1H monodimensionnelles. Des expériences bidimensionnelles de diffusion (DOSY : Diffusion Ordered SpectroscopY), qui permettent d'obtenir la séparation virtuelle des constituants d'un mélange complexe, ont été mises au point et appliquées, pour la première fois, à la dé-formulation d'un médicament. / The purpose of this research was to demonstrate the interest of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to deal with analytical issues in the field of health products. The studies focused on two main axes. The first one targeted adulterated dietary supplements and the studies were conducted with high-field NMR. Various mono and bidimensional experiments revealed the illegal presence in dietary supplements claimed as natural, of erectile drugs and/or their structural analogues. These active substances can induce, without the consumer's knowledge, significant risks to his health. Moreover, analyses conducted with 1H and 13C NMR, highlighted cases of adulteration of dietary supplements for exercise and athletic performance with doping substances. The second axis explored the potential of low-field NMR for drug analysis. This technique, which is less expensive and more suitable for routine analyses than high-field NMR, has proved very effective in detecting cases of falsified medicines by simple one-dimensional 1H NMR experiments. Two-dimensional diffusion experiments (DOSY: Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy), which provide virtual separation of the constituents of a complex mixture, were developed and applied for the first time to the de-formulation of a drug.

O Pontal do Paranapanema é um território em disputa. Assim foi desde sua ocupação baseada na expropriação indígena, na grilagem de terras e no desmatamento. Na atualidade a disputa está na luta entre as classes sociais envolvidas na região. Por um lado têm-se as terras historicamente tomadas indevidamente e ilegalmente, que estão sob o domínio dos fazendeiros; por outro as terras que foram retomadas por um processo de luta e que estão sob o domínio dos camponeses, territorializadas através dos assentamentos rurais. Há ainda uma grande parcela de terras em disputa judicial, movida principalmente pela pressão dos movimentos camponeses para que o Estado cumpra as determinações que a lei lhe compete, ou seja, discriminar e retomar as terras que são de patrimônio público. Somente com as ações dos movimentos sociais através das ocupações de terras, principalmente em meados da década de 90 do século XX, que o Estado procurou redefinir a destinação das terras públicas. Os acordos realizados entre Estado e fazendeiros, permitiu tanto a (re)produção do campesinato, na forma de assentamentos rurais, como dos fazendeiros ao indenizar benfeitorias que se converteram em valores próximos ao preço de mercado, possibilitando assim a compra de terras para outras regiões brasileiras. Na tese, revelamos o lento processo discriminatório e os entraves jurídicos na obtenção e julgamento dessas áreas griladas por fazendeiros e hoje questionadas pelos inúmeros movimentos camponeses existentes no Pontal do Paranapanema. / The Pontal do Paranapanema is a disputed territory. It has been this way through processes of indigenous expropriation, the falsification of land titles and aggressive deforestation. At present, the dispute is centered on struggle between social classes involved in the region. On the one hand, there is the historically traceable and unquestionably illegal process of falsifying titles to take land, lands which are clearly under the control of the landlord class. On the other, there are lands that have been retaken through a process of struggle, lands now under peasant control, territorialized as agrarian reform settlements. In the meantime, large numbers of tracts remain mired in judicial proceedings, disputed for by peasant movements, pressuring the State to honor the law it is charge to fulfill by retaking lands that are part of the public patrimony. It has only been through the direct action of social movements, principally the occupation of lands during the middle period of the 1990s that the State sought to redefine the final use of public lands. Accords reached between the State and landlords contributed to (re)producing both the peasantry, through the establishment of agrarian reform settlements, and landlords, through near-market indemnity payments made for improvements on falsely titled public lands, enabling them to buy land in other regions of Brazil. This dissertation examines the slow land title discrimination process and the legal barriers encountered in the struggle to adjudicate and obtain areas falsely claimed by landlords and today questioned by the innumerous peasant movements active in the Pontal do Paranapanema.

Le projet concerne la culture et le rôle social du vin français en Pologne entre la moitié de XVIIe et le début du XIXe siècle. Le but de ce travail est la présentation du procès de réception, de différentes formes de perception et de rôle social du vin dans le pays qui n’appartient pas à la zone de la culture de vin.Le XVIIIe siècle, c’est le temps des grands changements sociaux. Les changements des attitudes, de l’aspiration, de la sensibilité et des façons de communication sont les symptômes de la révolution de consommation. Les valeurs contemporaines d’économies chrétiennes se mettent à la négociation. C’est ce phénomène de la consommation qui provoque leur remplacement par l’égalitarisme et l’individualisme. À partir des informations concernant la vente, la consommation et la production de vin on peut montrer les modifications de la société en Pologne.Ce n’est pas que la société qui est soumise aux changements, mais si dynamiquement se varie le vin. Les nouvelles méthodes de production et de conservation apparaissent. Elles facilitent l’exportation non seulement de seule boisson, mais également de mode, de goûts et de culture matérielle liée à cette boisson. Les goûts de dîneurs ont évolué ensemble avec les ustensiles et la façon de laquelle le vin a été servi à la table – française ou polonaise.L’observation de l’influence du vin, si important élément de la culture française, sur la création des goûts des Polonais et leurs imaginations liées avec France et les Français, s’inscrit identiquement dans l’idée de la coopération franco – polonaise et donne les chances d’apparition d'influence mutuelle de deux cultures. / The project concerns the cultural and social role of French wine in Poland from the middle of the 17th to the beginning of the 19th century. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the process of reception, different forms of perception and social role of wine in a country not belonging to the wine culture sphere.The 18th century is a time of major social transformations. Changes in attitudes, aspirations, sensitivity and ways of communicating are signs of a consumer revolution. Old Christian principles are becoming to be negated and it is the phenomenon of consumerism which replaces them with egalitarianism and individualism. The analysis of information regarding the sale, consumption and production of wine helps to demonstrate the transformation of the Polish society.Apart from society, the wine itself also changes dynamically, with the appearance of new methods of its production and preservation enabling the export of not only the drink itself, but also of the fashion, taste and material culture connected with it. On its way from the cellar to the table, wine is accompanied by objects which become the inseparable elements of the drinking culture. The glasses and ways of serving wine evolve together with the taste of the banqueters.Research in the influence of wine on the development of Poles’ taste and their image of France and the French is naturally compatible with the idea of Polish-French cooperation and provides an opportunity to demonstrate the mutual influence of the two cultures.

The widespread availability of image editing tools and improvements in image processing techniques make image manipulation feasible for the general population. Oftentimes, easy-to-use yet sophisticated image editing tools produce results that contain modifications imperceptible to the human observer. Distribution of forged images can have drastic ramifications, especially when coupled with the speed and vastness of the Internet. Therefore, verifying image integrity poses an immense and important challenge to the digital forensic community. Satellite images specifically can be modified in a number of ways, such as inserting objects into an image to hide existing scenes and structures. In this thesis, we describe the use of a Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (cGAN) to identify the presence of such spliced forgeries within satellite images. Additionally, we identify their locations and shapes. Trained on pristine and falsified images, our method achieves high success on these detection and localization objectives.