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Hot spots policing is a popular and effective evidence-based police intervention with several benefits. However, since the primary resource of the intervention is intensified police presence leading to an increase in citizen-police interactions, critics have argued that the intervention negatively affects police-citizen relationships and public perceptions and attitudes toward the police. To advance research on the effects of hot spots policing, this study examines the impacts of the hot spots policing intervention on residents’ trust in, and fear of, the police. The study utilized a secondary dataset from a U.S. DOJ/NIJ-funded project in New York City, NY (2012-2018) examining the effects of hot spots policing and police-resident familiarity on offender decision making and crime prevention. The results of chi-square test of association and ordinal logistic regression analyses show that the hot spots policing intervention has no significant impact on residents’ reported level of trust in, and fear of, the police. In addition, the impacts of residents’ age, race, gender, as well as familiarity are also analyzed. Further, the interaction between the intervention and police-resident familiarity does not significantly moderate the relationship between hot spots policing and residents’ reported level of trust in, and fear towards, the police. The implications of these findings are also discussed.

Recent research in second language acquisition has focused on the effects of group work on learning by examining various factors (i.e., motivation, age, task, gender differences, etc.). One particular factor that has not been heavily investigated is interlocutor familiarity, which is at the forefront of the present study. Two separate classes (in both classes, n = 23) of introductory Spanish (Spanish 1002) at Temple University were used in the present study. Subjects in Class #1 worked with the same partner of their choosing throughout the semester. Subjects in Class #2 did not repeat partners and were assigned a different partner during each group task throughout the semester. All subjects received the same treatment. Part of this treatment consisted of two separate lessons on slang terms from Spain that included creative group work assignments. Learners' written group work assignments were collected for analyses. To examine and compare learners' retention in each of the classes, a total of three slang retention tests were administered. All three tests were individual assignments. The first slang test (Slang 1 Immediate Test) was administered on the second class session following Slang Lesson #1 and consisted of slang terms from Slang Lesson #1. The second slang test (Slang 2 Immediate Test) was administered on the second class session following Slang Lesson #2 and consisted of slang terms from Slang Lesson #2. At the end of the semester the third slang retention test (Final Slang Retention Test) was comprehensive, consisting of the slang terms from both lessons. Results suggested that learners' overall retention was higher in Class #1 than in Class #2. At the end of the semester, a Group Work Attitudes Questionnaire was administered and revealed that Class #1 viewed interlocutor familiarity and group work as positive, whereas Class #2 viewed group work as problematic. In addition, learners in Class #1 produced larger quantities of text in the group work assignments and engaged in more slang play than Class #2. The findings suggest the need to further investigate the effects of interlocutor familiarity on language acquisition. / Spanish

Intro: Justice-involved persons with a mental illness are dually stigmatized, possessing two heavily stigmatized characteristics (i.e., mental illness and criminal history). Consequently, they are impacted by several barriers to re-entry, which are exacerbated in rural communities due to the lack of existing infrastructural supports. Thus, rural residents bear the responsibility to supply the conditions, resources, and opportunities necessary to increase re-entry success (e.g., employment, social support). As a result, it is critical to explore factors that contribute to and/or could reduce stigmatization among rural residents. Prior research suggests that different dimensions of familiarity and emotions evoked during contact with criminal justice involved persons with a mental illness may act as the operating mechanism through which familiarity impacts stigma. Aims: Thus, the present study employs an inductive approach to qualitatively examine the intersectionality of gradients of familiarity (e.g., intimacy and quality of contact), emotions (e.g., fear, disgust, sympathy), desire to social distance, government support, and perceptions regarding risk to reoffend for justice-involved persons with a mental illness. Methods: 47 rural residents participated in a semi-structured qualitative interview. Results: A thematic analysis revealed that negative quality interactions with mental illness and negative emotionality (e.g., fear, anger) were associated with increased stigmatizing beliefs and increased desire for social distance from persons with a mental illness. However, level of intimacy was not consistently associated with stigmatizing attitudes and beliefs. Further, many residents endorsed perceptions supporting re-entry (e.g., willingness to hire, government support). Implications: The findings provide insight into re-framing re-entry in rural communities and capitalizing on existing perceptions that are supportive of re-entry efforts.

Den här uppsatsen undersöker bakgrundsmusikens tempo, kundernas igenkännande med musiken och dess påverkan på konsumenters emotioner och köpbeteende i en hemtextilbutik. Genom ett fältexperiment, samlades data in med enkäter och observationer från verkliga kunder, som exponerades för musik med varierande tempo (snabbt och långsamt) och igenkännande (bekant och obekant). Totalt samlades 101 enkätsvar in och genom S-O-R-modellen (Stimuli-Organism-Respons) undersöktes om emotionerna upphetsning och nöje, förmedlade av musikens tempo eller igenkännande som stimuli, har en inverkan på hur länge kunderna befinner sig i butiken, hur mycket de spenderade och deras variationssökande beteende. För att analysera resultaten användes oberoende t-tester, regressionsanalyser och variansanalyser.Studiens resultat visar att bakgrundsmusik i snabbare takt ökar kundernas upphetsningsnivåer, men kundernas igenkännande med musiken och interaktionen mellan snabbt tempo och hög igenkänning hade ingen signifikant påverkan på deras emotioner. Trots att kunderna upplevde mer upphetsning under sitt besök, visar resultaten ingen signifikant inverkan på hur länge kunderna stannade i butiken, hur mycket de spenderade eller deras variationssökande beteende. Studien fann dock att nöje har en positiv relation till kundernas spendering, vilket inte förmedlades av musiken utan kan bero på den samlade butiksmiljön och externa faktorer. / This essay examines the impact of background music tempo and customer recognition on emotions and purchasing behavior in a home textile store. Through a field experiment, data was collected from surveys and observations of 101 customers exposed to music with varying tempos (fast vs. slow) and levels of recognition (familiar vs. unfamiliar). Using the S-O-R (Stimulus-Organism-Response) model, the study explored whether emotions, such as pleasure and arousal, influenced by the music's tempo or familiarity, affect the time customers spend in the store, their spending amounts, and their variety-seeking behavior. To analyze the results, independent t-tests, regression analyses, and variance analyses were used.The results show that fast-tempo background music increases customers' arousal levels. However, recognition of the music and the interaction between fast tempo and high recognition had no significant effect on their emotions. Although customers experienced more excitement during their store visit, the study found no significant impact on the duration of their stay, their spending, or their variety-seeking behavior. Nonetheless, the study revealed that enjoyment positively correlates with customer spending, suggesting that factors other than music, such as the overall store environment or other external influences, might contribute to this relationship.

Pascal Boyer’s theory of counterintuitive cultural representations asserts that concepts that violate developmentally natural intuitive knowledge structures demand more attention and are more transmittable than other concepts (Boyer and Ramble 2001: 535-64). Grounded in an empirically justified framework of ontological domain knowledge, counterintuitive representations have been identified across human cultures as consistently prevalent in religious beliefs and widely known folktales. Indeed, the ubiquity of counterintuitive representations of supernatural agents in world religions has led some to reason that its presence is a defining factor of “religion” (Atran 2002; Boyer 1994, 2001; Brown 1991; Pyysiäinen, Lindeman and Honkela 2003). The theory has attracted considerable attention from scholars. Boyer discussed and predicted the mnemonic advantages of culturally “familiar” counterintuitive representations (Boyer 2001: 58-105), yet this integral aspect has been poorly investigated, especially because subsequent free-recall studies have focused on novel representations that similarly violate assumptions about our intuitive ontologies. These studies have suffered from a variety of other shortcomings: small sample sizes that poorly represent population demographics and age ranges (most recruited university students); limited investigation of different modes of cultural transmission (most centred on written stimuli); emphasis on free recall at the expense of other measures of memory; and incomplete research into interactions of schema-level effects (e.g. positive and negative emotion, imagery, humour, and inferential potential) on the memorability of counterintuitive ideas. Although the theory claims universality across human cultures, purported differences between holistic and analytic types of cognition suggest that it is likely that East Asians process counterintuitive ideas differently from Westerners. But until this dissertation no data had yet been collected in East Asia. Hence, a large age-representative sample (N = 940), for three studies in both the UK and China, was used to investigate the interaction of template- and schema-level effects for wider forms of transmission biases endemic to cultural groups. The investigation comprised the interaction of the mnemonic effects of familiarity and counterintuitiveness and the impact of schema-level effects, employing a mixing of presentation media (Study #1), template-level preferences when generating schema-level ideas (Study #2), and transmission advantages for supernatural agents (Study #3). Study #1 consisted of two free-recall experiments: a minimal condition (subject-predicate statement) and elaborated condition (additional descriptive elements) of stimuli structure. The results were analysed by hierarchical linear model (HLM), with familiarity, counterintuitiveness, and delay as 2-level fixed factors, and age and schema-level effects as covariates. The findings revealed mixed support for predictions of the typical formulation of Boyer’s hypothesis. However, subsequent analyses revealed a significant interaction of counterintuitiveness x age and of counterintuitiveness x familiarity, for all conditions and cultural sites. Schema-level effects were also found to predict recall rate. Study #2 investigated template-level biases in a statement generation task. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) considering counterintuitiveness and the covariate of age revealed that children are significantly more likely to author counterintuitive ideas than older adults, in both UK and China. Study #3 (comparable in design to Study #1) found a significant interaction of counterintuitiveness x ontological category, revealed to be due to participants’ better recall rates, at both locations, for counterintuitive concepts belonging to the ontological category PERSONS. In summary, it appears that the counterintuitive effect is not as straightforward as it has been thought to be, and requires further theoretical development and empirical research to improve understanding about the interactive role of age, schema-level effects, and ontological category in the transmission and cultural epidemiology of such representations.

Over the last 30 or more years evidence has accumulated in favour of the view that memory is not a unitary faculty; rather, it can be subdivided into a num- ber of functionally independent subsystems. Whilst dividing memory phenomena into these distinct subsystems has undoubtedly advanced our understanding of memory as a whole, the approach of studying subsystems in isolation fails to address potential interactions between them. Over the last few decades there has been a gradual increase in the number of studies attempting to move be- yond dissociation by characterising functional interactions between subsystems of memory. The main aim of this thesis was to contribute to this endeavour, by examining interactions between two specific subsystems that are positioned on opposite sides of the declarative and non-declarative divide in long-term mem- ory: priming and episodic recognition. Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) were employed to monitor neural markers of repetition priming and episodic memory during recognition tests with masked priming of test cues. In the standard pro- cedure, half of the studied and unstudied test trials began with a brief (48ms) masked repetition of the to-be-recognized word prior to the onset of test items; the remaining unprimed trials were preceded by the word “blank”. The pattern of priming effects across experiments was reasonably consistent, with differences between experiments directly related to the intended manipulations. In contrast to priming effects, the pattern of memory effects was variable across experiments, demonstrating that the engagement of explicit recognition signals is influenced by the outcome of implicit processing, and suggesting that interactions between priming and explicit retrieval processes do occur. Taken together, results from experiments reported in this thesis indicate (1) that under certain circumstances, priming is sufficient to support accurate recognition and does not necessitate changes in memory performance, (2) that mid-frontal old/new effects indexing familiarity are not merely driven by repeated access to semantic information, and (3) that priming influences neural correlates of recollection by speeding their onset. Overall, the data clearly demonstrate that there are multiple potentially interacting routes to recognition.