Bakgrund: Vad skulle du säga om din chef en dag sa till dig att du skulle vara med i ett projekt? Skulle du tycka att det var roligt och se det som något positivt? Eller skulle du tvärtom inte alls vara intresserad av att var med? Projekt har under de senaste 20 åren varit en organisationsform som ökat i popularitet. Ett brett spektrum av företag använder projekt för att åstadkomma förändringar i sin organisation. Förändring kan dock stöta på hinder, eller misslyckas, om de som ska vara med och förändra inte är motiverade, det blir därför viktigt för företag att förstå vad som motiverar projektovana medarbetare som för första gången går från sitt vanliga arbete till ett projekt. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vad som motiverar projektovana medarbetare, när det gäller att delta, och medverka, i projekt. Vi vill även skapa förståelse för vilka delar, dels i övergången från linje till projekt, men även under projektets gång, som är viktiga att hantera ur motivationssynpunkt. Genomförande: Studien har genomförts som en fallstudie baserad på kvalitativa intervjuer. Författarna har genomfört totalt 12 intervjuer med projektovana medarbetare från Toyota Material Handling Europe. Slutsatser och resultat: Det har i vår studie visat sig att förväntningar spelar en stor roll i huruvida en projektovan medarbetare är motiverad i både övergång till och arbete i projekt. De projektovana medarbetarna skapar innan projektet drar igång förväntningar på vad projektet ska innebära för dem själva, främst gällande personlig utveckling men även vad det gäller karriärsutveckling. Dessa initiala förväntningar följer sedan medarbetaren genom projektet och de som var motiverade in i, behåller även motivation i hög utsträckning genom hela projektet. Det har också visat sig att personer med ett stort behov att utvecklas trivts bättre i och har varit mer motiverade av projektet som arbetsform än den linjeorganisation de kommit ifrån. Bristen på kunskap om att arbeta i projekt har dock inneburit att förväntningarna inte varit särskilt välgrundade och många överraskades över arbetsbelastningen i projektet. Företag måste hantera dessa förväntningar och vara tydliga i informationen om projektet och vad projektet kommer att innebära för individen. / Background: What would you say if your boss one day told you that you were going to be part of a project? Projects have for the last 20 years become increasingly popular. Many different companies are using projects as a way to promote and drive change in their respective organization. Change however is not always easy and companies may face resistance even from their own workers who are not motivated or committed to change. Thus it has become important to know what motivates employees with low project familiarity that join a project for the first time. Aim: The purpose of this thesis is to examine what motivates project members with low project familiarity when it comes to joining and participating in projects. We also want to understand what parts of the transition from line to project as well as during the project that it is important to handle from a motivation standpoint. Completion: The study has been done as a single-case study based on qualitative interviews. The authors have interviewed 12 project members with low project familiarity all working at Toyota Material Handling Europe. Results: Our study has shown that expectations play a big role in whether a project member with low project familiarity is motivated both in transition to, as well as work in, a project. Project members with low project familiarity create their expectations before the project has started. These expectations include primarily what the project will mean for them in terms of learning and personal development, but also in terms of career advancement. These initial expectations follow the project member through the entire project. It has also become evident that people with a strong growth needs have found the way of work in the project to be very rewarding compared to their former workplace. The lack of knowledge on projects has meant that these expectations have not been based in reality and many project members have been surprised by the work load in the project. Companies must address these expectations and inform the prospective project members of what the project will mean for them.

Does visual recognition entail verifying an idea about what is perceived? This question was addressed in the three studies of this thesis. The main hypothesis underlying the investigation was that visual recognition is an active process involving hypothesis testing. Recognition of faces (Study 1), scenes (Study 2) and objects (Study 3) was investigated using eye movement registration as a window on the recognition process. In Study 1, a functional relationship between eye movements and face recognition was established. Restricting the eye movements reduced recognition performance. In addition, perceptual reinstatement as indicated by eye movement consistency across study and test was related to recollective experience at test. Specifically, explicit recollection was related to higher eye movement consistency than familiarity-based recognition and false rejections (Studies 1-2). Furthermore, valid expectations about a forthcoming stimulus scene produced eye movements which were more similar to those of an earlier study episode, compared to invalid expectations (Study 2). In Study 3 participants recognized fragmented objects embedded in nonsense fragments. Around 8 seconds prior to explicit recognition, participants began to fixate the object region rather than a similar control region in the stimulus pictures. Before participants’ indicated awareness of the object, they fixated it with an average of 9 consecutive fixations. Hence, participants were looking at the object as if they had recognized it before they became aware of its identity. Furthermore, prior object information affected eye movement sampling of the stimulus, suggesting that semantic memory was involved in guiding the eyes during object recognition even before the participants were aware of its presence. Collectively, the studies support the view that gaze control is instrumental to visual recognition performance and that visual recognition is an interactive process between memory representation and information sampling.

An important difference exists between the way humans communicate route knowledge and the turn-by-turn route directions provided by the majority of current navigation services. Navigation services present route directions with the same amount of detail regardless the route segment’s significance in the instructions, user’s distance from the destination, and finally the level of user’s familiarity with particular parts of the environment. (For complete abstract open document)

The purposes of this research study were to determine (a) in-service elementary teachers' familiarity, interest, conceptual knowledge of , and performance on science process skills and (b) how in-service elementary teachers' familiarity with, interest in conceptual knowledge of and performance on science process skills relate to each other. The science process skills include the basic skills [observation, classification, measuring, predicting, inferring, and communication,] and the integrated skills [hypothesizing, experimenting, identifying and controlling variables, formulating models, interpreting data, and graphing]. Twenty-four in-service elementary teachers enrolled in a master of math and science education degree program participated in this study. Participants completed questionnaires on their familiarity and interest in the science process skills, a science processes conceptual knowledge test, and a performance test on science process skills. Results indicate that these teachers were highly familiar with the science process skills, but moderately interested in these skills. Results also indicate that teachers were more interested in learning more about integrated process skills than basic process skills. Teachers possessed very low conceptual knowledge of the science process skills. However, teachers performed well on science process skills performance test. Significant correlations among the four constructs (familiarity, interest, conceptual knowledge and performance) were only significant between familiarity and interest. The implications, discussion and recommendations for future research and instruction on science process skills in teacher education programs have been presented.

There is a prevalent assumption in the recognition memory literature that the terms “novelty” and “familiarity” are words ascribed to differing extremities of a single memory strength continuum. The aim of the current thesis was to integrate experimental methodologies across human and rodents to further investigate novelty processing at both a cognitive and neural level, and assess whether it is dissociable from familiarity processing. This dissociation was questioned at a cognitive level in human participants in Experiments 1 to 3 and at a neural level in rats in Experiment 4 and 5. Participants were found to differentially assess novelty and familiarity when making confidence judgements about the mnemonic status of an item (Experiment 1). Additionally, novelty and familiarity processing for questioned items were found to be dissimilarly affected by the presence of a concurrent item of varying mnemonic statuses (Experiment 2 and 3). The presence of a concurrent familiar item did not impact novelty processing in the perirhinal cortex (Experiment 4 and 5), yet disrupted the neural networks established to be differentially engaged by novelty and familiarity (Experiment 5). These findings challenge the assumption that the terms “novelty” and “familiarity” relate to a single recognition memory process. Finally, to allow integration of the findings from the human and rodent experiments, the relationship between measures or recognition memory obtained from spontaneous object recognition (SOR) task in rats and recognition memory measures estimated from signal-detection based models of recognition memory in humans was investigated (Experiment 6 and 7). This revealed that novelty preference in the SOR was positively correlated to measures of recognition memory sensitivity, but not bias. Thus, this thesis argues for the future inclusion of a novelty as a dissociable process from familiarity in our understanding of recognition memory, and for the integrations of experimental methodologies used to test recognition memory across species.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de mettre en évidence l’influence automatique que peuvent avoir les croyances stéréotypiques sur nos comportements. Utilisant une technique d’amorçage indirecte et des mesures comportementales, nous démontrons que l’activation du stéréotype associé aux personnes handicapées mène à une détérioration non-intentionnelle et non-consciente des performances motrices chez des individus valides. Cette détérioration correspond au contenu spécifique du stéréotype associé à la catégorie sociale (performances réduites) et traduit un effet d’assimilation. Cet effet s’avère être plus important chez les personnes étant familières (contacts fréquents) avec des membres de la catégorie sociale activée que chez des personnes non-familières. Par ailleurs, nos résultats montrent que les personnes handicapées elles-mêmes subissent également l’influence délétère du stéréotype négatif associé à leur groupe d’appartenance, ceci notamment en situation d’évaluation potentielle. / The objective of this thesis is to show that stereotypic beliefs about a social group can automatically influence the guidance of behavior by demonstrating that priming the disability stereotype alters subsequent motor performance in a way that is consistent with the specific content of the considered stereotype (poor performance). Thus, this thesis emphasizes that priming able-bodied persons with the disability stereotype leads to such an assimilation effect, an effect which appears to be particularly pronounced with persons who are familiar with the members of the primed social group. In addition, the presented thesis shows that disabled people are themselves unfavorably influenced by the negative stereotype associated with their membership group, especially in situations where these individuals could feel like being under examination.

No description available.

The purposes of this study were to explore the preference of the Chinese undergraduate music majors (N = 27) for Chinese Xi-Qu and Western opera audiovisual examples, the reasons for preference, influence of familiarity on preference, and the relationship between preference ratings and the emotions as detected by FaceReader. The mixed research method, convergent parallel design, was used to explore this topic in depth. As Xi-Qu and opera integrate multiple art forms, eight audiovisual examples (Xi-Qu, n = 4, opera, n = 4) were selected as the stimuli to show the characteristics of the two genres. The participants watched the audiovisual examples individually and responded to a questionnaire meanwhile their facial expressions were recorded for FaceReader analysis. The semi-structured interviews were administered to collect qualitative data pertaining to participants’ general opinions about the musical examples, familiarity, reasons for preference, and the emotions encompassing when watching the musical examples. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data obtained from the questionnaire. The facial expressions video files were analyzed by FaceReader. The qualitative data obtained from interviews were coded to find themes. The quantitative findings suggested that the operatic examples received higher mean preference ratings than the Xi-Qu examples. The top three preferred examples were all operatic pieces while the three least preferred examples were Xi-Qu pieces. Results of one-way ANOVA showed that the difference among the preference mean ratings showed the statistical significance, F (7, 208) = 14.15, p < .01. The operatic examples also received higher familiarity ratings than Xi-Qu examples. The difference among the familiarity mean ratings also showed the statistical significance, F (7, 208) = 2.99, p < .01. The preference and familiarity ratings showed a modest but statistically significant relationship (r = .45, p < .01). A statistically significant relationship was found between the preference ratings and tempo (r =. 23, < . 01). Furthermore, singing was always among the top three most liked elements in the operatic examples, but singing was always among the top three most disliked elements in the four Xi-Qu examples despite that singing was also among the top three liked elements in two Xi-Qu examples. Numerical FaceReader results showed a strong negative relationship between “angry” and preference (rho = -.976, p < .01). The moderate relationship was found between “sums of negative emotions” and preference (rho = .741, p < .05). No statistically significant relationship was found between valence and preference and between arousal and preference. The results of temporal FaceReader analysis showed that the participants’ emotional response to the audiovisual examples changed with the unfolding visual and audio information. The qualitative analysis revealed a model of Xi-Qu and opera preference. The model contained the factors influencing preference for Xi-Qu and opera, including personal factors, cultural and environmental factors, visual factors, musical factors, and musical response. Formal voice training was the most reliable indicator of preference for operatic examples. Familiarity gained through guided listening instead of random repetition was positively related preference for Xi-Qu examples. The unexpected findings were the influence of religion and static perspective on preference for music. Implications and recommendations were discussed, and the suggestions for future research were included.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka företags kommunikation på Facebook och deras förtroende hos allmänheten, och hur detta påverkar spridning och engagemang på Facebook (i form av gillamarkeringar, delningar och kommentarer). Den ska också undersöka om det finns skillnader i publiceringshastighet hos olika företag, och om detta har någon betydelse för allmänhetens förtroende. Det har inte varit möjligt att hitta tidigare forskning gällande sambanden mellan kommunikation och allmänhetens förtroende. Det finns liknande forskning om statliga institutioner, men det har inte gått att finna likande forskning gällande enskilda företag. Därför finns en lucka i forskningen att täcka in, vilket gör det mer intressant att undersöka detta samband. Följande frågeställningar kommer användas för att kunna besvara uppsatsens syfte: • Finns det skillnader gällande hur företag med olika högt förtroende hos allmänheten kommunicerar via Facebook, och hur ser dessa olikheter i så fall ut? • Finns det samband mellan företagets förtroende hos allmänheten och följarnas engagemang samt spridning av Facebookinlägg (i form av gillamarkeringar, kommentarer och delningar)? • Finns det samband mellan företags förtroende hos allmänheten och publiceringshastighet av Facebookinlägg? I denna uppsats kommer åtta företag att analyseras med hjälp av en kvantitativ innehållsanalys. Fyra företag som har ett högt förtroende och fyra företag som har ett lågt förtroende hos allmänheten valdes ut baserat på Förtroendebarometern 2017 och en undersökning utförd av Reputation Institute kallad Sweden RepTrak. Företagen som har ett högt förtroende är IKEA, Volvo, ICA och SAS. Företagen som har ett lågt förtroende är H&amp;M, SJ, Tele2 och Nordea. Alla utvalda företag har grundats i Sverige. Resultatet visade att företagen som har ett högt förtroende hos allmänheten oftare gör reklam för sina egna produkter och svarar även mer på kommentarer. Företag som har ett lågt förtroende hos allmänheten använder sig mer av videoklipp och gifs i sina inlägg. Resultatet visade även att företag som har ett högt förtroende får fler gillamarkeringar i högre antal, samt fler gillamarkeringar totalt sätt. Många av de företag som har lågt förtroende får inga delningar alls på sina inlägg, till skillnad från de företag som har ett högt förtroende. Det finns en koppling mellan förtroende och publiceringshastigheten av Facebookinlägg. De företag som har ett högt förtroende publicerar sina inlägg tolv procent snabbare jämfört med de företag som har ett lågt förtroende. Sammanfattningsvis finns det en koppling mellan företags kommunikation på Facebook och förtroende. Det är inte allmänhetens förtroende som påverkar hur företag kommunicerar, det är kommunikationen som påverkar hur stort förtroende som ett företag har. / The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between corporate communication on Facebook and public trust, and how this affects the spread of content and involvement (likes, shares and comments) on Facebook. It has not been possible to find any previous research about the relationship between communication and the spread of content on Facebook. The aim of this study is to find a link between these factors and the amount of public trust. There is similar research on government institutions, but there is no such research that focuses on companies. There is therefore a research gap to adress, which makes it interesting to analyze whether there is any connection inbetween these factors. This essay addresses the following questions: • Are there any differences regarding how companies with a different amount of public trust communicate through Facebook, and in that case what does these differences look like? • Is there a connection between the amount of public trust, the followers' involvement, and the spread of Facebook posts (in the form of likes, comments and shares)? • Is there a connection between the amount of public trust and publishing speed of Facebook posts? This essay is a quantitative study, which is limited to eight companies. Four companies with a high amount of trust and four companies with a low amount of trust were selected. These companies were chosen based on the list Förtroendebarometern 2017 and the Reputation Institute's survey Sweden RepTrak 2017. The companies with a high level of trust were IKEA, Volvo, ICA and SAS. The companies with a low level of trust were H&amp;M, SJ, Tele2 and Nordea. All selected companies originate in Sweden. The results showed that companies with a high level of trust advertise their own products and brands more often, they publish more pictures and reply more often to comments. Companies with a low level of trust use videos or gifs more often in their posts. The results also showed that companies with low trust get posts with fewer likes, while those with a high level of trust get more likes in total, and more posts with higher numbers of likes. Companies with a high level of trust also receive more comments on their posts, and they respond to comments more often. The companies with low trust have a large number of posts that have never been shared, in contrast to the companies with a high level of trust. There is also a link between trust and publishing speed of Facebook posts. Companies with a high level of trust publish their posts twelve percent faster than those with low trust. In conclusion, it can be stated that there is a clear connection between corporate communication on Facebook and the amount of public trust. It is not public trust that affects how companies communicate, it is communication that affects the level of trust.

The perirhinal cortex (PRC) is a medial temporal lobe (MTL) structure known to be involved in assessing whether an object is familiar (i.e., meaningful) or novel. Recent evidence shows that the PRC is sensitive to the familiarity of both whole object configurations and their parts, and suggests the PRC may modulate part familiarity responses in V2. Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated age-related decline in the PRC's sensitivity to part/configuration familiarity and assessed its functional connectivity to visual cortex in young and older adults. Participants categorized peripherally presented silhouettes as familiar ("real-world") or novel. Part/configuration familiarity was manipulated via three silhouette configurations: Familiar (parts/configurations familiar), Control Novel (parts/configurations novel), and Part-Rearranged Novel (parts familiar, configurations novel). "Real-world" judgments were less accurate than "novel" judgments, although accuracy did not differ between age groups. The fMRI data revealed differential neural activity, however: In young adults, a linear pattern of activation was observed in left hemisphere (LH) PRC, with Familiar > Control Novel > Part-Rearranged Novel. Older adults did not show this pattern, indicating age-related decline in the PRC's sensitivity to part/configuration familiarity. A functional connectivity analysis revealed a significant coupling between the PRC and V2 in the LH in young adults only. Older adults showed a linear pattern of activation in the temporopolar cortex (TPC), but no evidence of TPC-V2 connectivity. This is the first study to demonstrate age-related decline in the PRC's representations of part/configuration familiarity and its covariance with visual cortex.