As a point of departure in this inherently interdisciplinary endeavour, the concept "Holistic Multidisciplinary Management" ("HMM") is introduced a.s a macrocosmic adaption of principles of project management. In line with HMM, a number of submissions regarding terminology and definitions in the interdisciplinary context of medicine (and particularly clinical psychiatry) and law, are made, and the foundations of medical malpractice are examined. Building on the various foundations laid, specific types of conduct that can constitute clinical-psychiatric malpractice, are addressed. A common theme that emerges in the various contexts covered, is that the psychiatrist must negotiate various proverbial tightropes, involving inter alia tensions between restraint and freedom, excessive and insufficient medication, becoming too involved and not being involved enough with clients, as well as client confidentiality and the duty to warn third parties. It is concluded that law and medicine. must work harmoniously together to establish appropriate balance. This can be achieved only if mutual understanding and integrated functioning are promoted and translated into practice. / Law / LL.M.

Cette thèse étudie les représentations du passé par les marques et leur effet sur les consommateurs dans le cadre théorique de la distance temporelle. Que se passe-t-il lorsqu’une marque indique sa date de fondation sur un packaging, présente son histoire en page d’accueil du site internet ou fait de son fondateur le personnage central de ses créations publicitaires ? L’objectif de cette thèse est de qualifier ce phénomène, de mieux le comprendre et d’en mesurer les effets cognitifs et affectifs sur les consommateurs. La première partie de la thèse situe ce phénomène par rapport aux recherches sur le rôle du temps en marketing, et plus particulièrement à celles liées au passé comme le marketing rétrospectif, la nostalgie, l’authenticité et la consommation du passé. La seconde partie présente deux études qualitatives et cinq études quantitatives (chapitres 4 à 6) dont les résultats permettent de 1) proposer une nouvelle échelle pour mesurer la perception du patrimoine de marque, 2) démontrer que la mobilisation du patrimoine de marque augmente la distance temporelle entre le consommateur et la marque, 3) montrer que le patrimoine de marque est associé à des bénéfices cognitifs même si la causalité n’est pas vérifiée, et 4) prouver que le patrimoine de marque a un effet sur l’attachement à la marque, uniquement si les consommateurs en sont familiers. Ces résultats contribuent à la recherche sur la gestion de la temporalité de la marque, aux travaux sur le concept de patrimoine de marque, sur les effets cognitifs et affectifs des représentations du passé par les marques, et sur les effets de la distance temporelle dans le passé / This doctoral thesis explores brands’ representations of the past and their effect on consumers in the theoretical framework of temporal distance. What happens when a brand indicates its founding date on a packaging ? Or puts forward its history on its website ? Or uses its founder as the central character in an advertising campaign ? This thesis aims to qualify this phenomenon, to better understand it, and to measure its cognitive and affective effects on consumers. The first part of the dissertation situates this phenomenon with regards to existing research on the role of time in marketing, and most particularly, to the research relating to the past such as retrospective branding, nostalgia, authenticity and the commodification of the past. The second part details two qualitative and five quantitative empirical studies whose results : 1) suggested a new scale to measure the perception of brand heritage, 2) demonstrated that brand heritage increases temporal distance between the brand and its consumers, 3) showed that brand heritage is associated with cognitive benefits although causality is not assessed, and 4) proved the effect of brand heritage on brand attachment for familiar brands. Those results contribute to the research on temporality in brand management, on the concept of brand heritage and its measurement, on the cognitive and affective consequences of brands’ representations of the past, and on the temporal distance on the past

Decision making for fast-moving consumer goods involves a choice between numerous similar alternatives. Under such demanding circumstances, a decision is made for one product. The decision is dependent on the interaction between the environment and the mind of the consumer, both of which are filled with information that can influence the outcome. The aim of this dissertation is to explore how the mind and the environment guides attention towards considered and chosen products in consumer decision making at the point-of-purchase. Consumers are equipped with several effort reduction strategies to simplify complex decision making. The selection of strategies can be conscious or automatic and driven by information in the environment or the mind of the decision maker. The selected decision strategy reduces the set of options to one alternative in an iterative process of comparisons that are fast and rely on perceptual cues to quickly exclude irrelevant products. This thesis uses eye-tracking to explore this rapid processing that lacks conscious access or control. The purpose is to explore how product packaging and placement (as in-store factors), and recognition, preferences, and choice task (as out-of-store factors) influence the decision-making process through visual attention. The results of the 10 experiments in the five papers that comprise this thesis shed new light on the role of visual attention in the interaction between the environment and the mind, and its influence on the consumer. It is said that consumers choose with their eyes, which means that unseen is unsold. The results of this thesis show that it is just as important to be comprehended as it is to be seen. In split-second decision making, the ability to recognize and comprehend a product can significantly impact preferences. Comprehension stretches beyond perception as consumers infer value from memory structures that influence attention. Hence, the eye truly sees what the mind is prepared to comprehend.

This thesis looks at literature by two South Asian, diasporic writers, Jhumpa Lahiri and Monica Ali, as a space where creative, cross-­cultural and independent identities for diasporic women might be created. The central claim of the thesis is that diasporic migration affects South Asian women in particular ways. The most positive outcome is that these women adopt new trans-­border identities but that these remain shaped by class, culture and gender. Hence a working class milieu such as the one depicted by Monica Ali, leads to an immigrant, ghetto-­ised, community-­based identity, located solely in the land of adoption, with return or travel to the homeland no longer possible. However, the milieu imagined in Jhumpa Lahiri’s text, a middle-class, suburban environment, creates a solitary, transnational identity, lived between countries, where travel between the land of birth and the land of adoption remains accessible. / English / M.A. (English)

As a point of departure in this inherently interdisciplinary endeavour, the concept "Holistic Multidisciplinary Management" ("HMM") is introduced a.s a macrocosmic adaption of principles of project management. In line with HMM, a number of submissions regarding terminology and definitions in the interdisciplinary context of medicine (and particularly clinical psychiatry) and law, are made, and the foundations of medical malpractice are examined. Building on the various foundations laid, specific types of conduct that can constitute clinical-psychiatric malpractice, are addressed. A common theme that emerges in the various contexts covered, is that the psychiatrist must negotiate various proverbial tightropes, involving inter alia tensions between restraint and freedom, excessive and insufficient medication, becoming too involved and not being involved enough with clients, as well as client confidentiality and the duty to warn third parties. It is concluded that law and medicine. must work harmoniously together to establish appropriate balance. This can be achieved only if mutual understanding and integrated functioning are promoted and translated into practice. / Law / LL.M.

Au cours de la dernière décennie, plusieurs études ont montré que le traitement des mots est influencé par leurs caractéristiques orthographiques, lexicales et sémantiques. Les valeurs élevées des variables sémantiques, telles que la familiarité conceptuelle, l’imageabilité, la concrétude et l’expérience sensorielle, sont généralement associées à un traitement plus rapide et plus précis des mots lors d’une tâche de décision lexicale sur présentation écrite. Cependant, les normes relatives à l’une des variables sémantiques cruciales, comme la familiarité conceptuelle, et à une autre nouvelle variable, celle de la force perceptuelle d’une modalité spécifique, ne sont pas disponibles pour une large base de données francophones. Cette thèse présente des normes de familiarité conceptuelle, de force perceptuelle visuelle et auditive pour 3 596 mots en français. Ces normes ont été collectées auprès de 313 participants franco-canadiens, âgés entre 18 et 35 ans. Des statistiques descriptives et des analyses corrélationnelles ont été conduites sur ces normes et sur d’autres variables subjectives déjà publiées (âge d’acquisition, imageabilité, concrétude) et objectives (nombre de lettres, fréquence objective). Les analyses de corrélation ont révélé la nature sémantique de nos variables. Plus spécifiquement, les estimations de la force perceptuelle visuelle et auditive ont montré une relation forte avec les variables sémantiques, d’où l’importance du rôle de l’expérience perceptuelle dans la représentation conceptuelle des mots. Nous avons ensuite démontré l'utilité de ces nouvelles normes, de familiarité conceptuelle et de force perceptuelle, en évaluant leur contribution aux temps de réponse dans une tâche de décision lexicale. En utilisant des analyses de régression par étapes, nous avons démontré l’apport indépendant de la familiarité conceptuelle et de la force perceptuelle au-delà d’autres variables psycholinguistiques bien connues, telles que la longueur des mots, la fréquence, l’imageabilité, l’âge d’acquisition et la concrétude. Nos résultats procurent des données probantes en français sur la connaissance des caractéristiques psycholinguistiques et leurs impacts dans le traitement des mots. Les banques de données développées dans ces études constituent un apport significatif sur les études futures qui éclaireront davantage l'interaction entre les systèmes linguistique, sémantique et perceptuel. Ces études aideront les chercheurs à sélectionner des stimuli en français avec des caractéristiques psycholinguistiques spécifiques pour des expériences dans lesquelles la familiarité conceptuelle et la force perceptuelle doivent être prises en compte. Ces normes auront également un large domaine d’utilisation, comme la recherche sur les sciences humaines de la santé et la création de matériel didactique et des tests d’évaluation du langage. / Over the past decade, research has shown that word processing is influenced by the orthographic, lexical, and semantic features of words. High values of semantic variables, such as conceptual familiarity, imageability, concreteness and sensory experience, are usually associated with faster and more accurate word processing as, for instance, measured with a written lexical decision task. However, norms for crucial semantic variables, such as conceptual familiarity, and another new variable of modality specific perceptual strength, are not available for a large set of French words. This thesis presents norms for conceptual familiarity, visual and auditory perceptual strength for 3,596 French words. We collected these norms from approximately 300 healthy participants, all French-Canadian native speakers, between 18 and 35 years of age. Descriptive statistics and correlational analyses were conducted on these norms and on other known subjective variables (age of acquisition, imageability, concreteness) and objective variables (number of letters, objective frequency). Correlation analyzes revealed the semantic nature of our variables. More specifically, values of visual and auditory perceptual strength have shown a strong relationship with semantic variables. This highlights the importance of the role of perceptual experience in the conceptual representation of words. We then demonstrated the usefulness of these new norms of conceptual familiarity and perceptual strength by evaluating their impact on latencies in a written lexical decision task. Using stepwise regression models, conceptual familiarity and perceptual strength demonstrated independent contribution to latencies, beyond the contribution of other well-known psycholinguistic variables, such as word length, frequency, imageability, age of acquisition and concreteness. The databases developed in these studies are a meaningful contribution to future studies that will shed further light on the interaction between the linguistic, semantic and perceptual systems. These studies will help researchers to select French stimuli with specific psycholinguistic characteristics for experiments in which conceptual familiarity and perceptual strength must be taken into account. These norms will also have a broad area of use, such as research in human health sciences and the creation of teaching materials and language assessment tests.

While the role of photography in enforcing hegemonic ideologies has been amply studied, this thesis addresses the under-researched topic of how photography undermined dominant narratives in specific historical circumstances. I argue that, in the later part of the long nineteenth century, photographs were used to represent the natural world in contexts where their functions were uncertain and their capacities not clearly defined, and that these hesitations allowed for the expression of resistances to dominant social attitudes towards nature. I analyse how these divergences were articulated through three independent case studies, each addressing a corpus of photographs which has been marginalised in scholarly discourse. The case studies all concern photographs of vegetation. The first one discusses photographs produced around Fontainebleau during the Second French Empire, commonly understood as auxiliary materials for Barbizon painters, and argues that they were in fact autonomous representations, reflecting marginal modes of experiencing nature which resisted its prevailing construction as spectacle. The second case study examines a photographic series depicting Amazonian vegetation, published between 1900 and 1906, and shows how, in attempting to satisfy conflicting ideological demands, these photographs undermined the hierarchies enforced upon the natural world by colonial science. The third case study analyses photographs from an early twentieth-century environmentalist treatise, and demonstrates how, while the author's discourse seemingly complied with conventional attitudes towards nature, the photographs instituted an ethical stance opposed to early conservation's aesthetic focus and anthropocentrism. Throughout the case studies, I argue that the photographs were consubstantial to the emergence of these resistances; that dissenting representations stemmed from a tension between their producers' lived experience and the ideological frameworks which informed each context; and that this process engendered remarkable formal innovations, which are not usually associated to non-artistic images. I contend that radical renewals of visual expression occur in all representational contexts, as image producers adapt their tools or forge new ones according to circumstances, and that more attention must be paid to such visual innovations outside the field of artistic production.