This diploma thesis Family environment and adolescent alcohol consumpiton deals with a relationship between four dimensions of family environment and alcohol consumption of sixteen years old adolescents. These four dimensions are leisure time, family structure, parenting style and socioeconomic status. In the theoretical part family influence on child's development is described and then socialization process through which family influence child's development is delimited. Further, the relationship between family environment and alcohol consumption is discussed and then four dimensions of family environment are characterized in context of alcohol consumption. Relationship between family environment and alcohol consumption was studied using mixed research design. In the main quantitative part of the thesis general relationships between chosen dimensions of family environment and alcohol consumption indicators were examined using data from European School Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) from the year 2007. Then a typology of adolescent alcohol consumers was made. Results of this part continued in the qualitative part. There ten semistrctured interviews were made to examine deeper connections and direction of relationships discovered in the quantitative data analysis. This part was primarily...

Despite the general decline in alcohol use among adolescents, binge drinking in this age group remains a serious public health problem. The overarching aim of this study was to examine the association between family structure and adolescents' binge drinking and to what extent this association is accounted for by differences in parental monitoring. The study utilised data from the Stockholm School Survey 2014, involving 12,540 students in 9th and 11th grade in the Stockholm Municipality, Sweden. The analytical sample was restricted to 10,279 students. Descriptive statistics, cross tabulations with chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression were applied in the analyses. Controlling for sociodemographic characteristics including gender, grade, and parental education, family structure was significantly associated with adolescents' binge drinking, where binge drinking was higher among students in the non-nuclear family structure compared with those in the nuclear family structure. However, the association between family structure and adolescents' binge drinking was not accounted for by differences in parental monitoring. In conclusion, the non-nuclear family structure is a risk factor, but also high parental monitoring is a protective factor in relation to adolescents' binge drinking. Accordingly, the findings of the study may be used as a basis for preventive work.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between family type and criminal behavior of juveniles in Tennessee who were referred to Juvenile Court in 2006. The population used in the study comprised the juveniles who were referred to the Tennessee Juvenile Courts as reported by the Tennessee Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges in 2006. This investigation focused on the criminal behavior as indicated by number and type of referrals to the Juvenile and Family Court system in Tennessee. The data were analyzed by family-of-origin type, age group, and geographic region in Tennessee. The findings of this study indicate there was a difference in criminal behavior of children referred to the Juvenile and Family Court system in Tennessee in 2006 according to family-of-origin type with referrals. For the family-of-origin types with referrals to the juvenile courts (TCJFCJ), 20,734 (26.2%) of the referrals came from married couples, 5,899 (7.5%) of the referrals came from fathers only, 33,802 (42.8%) of the referrals came from mothers only, and 18,620 (23.6%) of the referrals came from other family-of-origin type. For all family-of-origin types in Tennessee (TN 2006) with referrals to the juvenile court system, 20,734 ( 4.4%) of the married couples had referrals , 5,899 (11.3%) of the fathers only had referrals, 33,802 (17.8%) of the mothers only had referrals, and 18,620 (3.2%) of the other family-of-origin type had referrals. The findings also show that as children approach the age of 18, there is a dramatic increase in illegal conduct and a less dramatic increase in status offenses. The number of referrals for offenses against persons and offenses against property tend to have a constant increase as children approach age 19. The results also show that in East Tennessee, status offenses had the highest number of offenses and offenses against persons had the lowest number of offenses. In West Tennessee, offenses against persons had highest number of referrals and status offenses had the lowest number of referrals.

Understanding the contingencies that explain whether divorce has positive or negative long-term effects for adult children is at the heart of this study. Although previous studies suggest an association between parental divorce and the divorce of adult offspring, less known is about whether the timing of divorce influences the relationship outcomes of adult children. Using a large nationally representative sample in terms of race (N=6,066), eight groups of individuals (males and females from intact homes, males and females who experienced divorce during adolescence, males and females who experienced divorce during middle childhood, and males and females who experienced divorce during preschool years) were analyzed to examine the impact of divorce and its timing on family impact, emotional regulation, and relationship quality. Findings indicate that divorce, in general, negatively influences family impact, emotional regulation, and relationship quality. However, the developmental timing of divorce does not appear to significantly alter the impact of these variables on relationship quality.

From the socio-economic turmoil of the 20th century, Japan has repeatedly revealed its resilience. During these trying times, scientific work has been an important element in Japan's economic development. However, the 1990s revealed weaknesses in this “economic miracle.” During this period, several socio-structural factors have contributed to this social landscape. Future successes in Japanese socio-economic spheres will partially depend on scientific work. In this study, it is suggested that identifying structural factors in the Japanese “system” that contribute to its scientific organizations is key to ascertaining a more coherent assessment of scientific work in Japan. This assessment can lead to more in depth analyses of the interconnections between science and society. The focus of this study is on scientific institutes and their organizational structure. The social networks that interconnect these institutes and couple their scientific work with other elements of Japanese culture are essential in the analysis of Japan's scientific enterprise. In the present study, a qualitative case study methodology is used to explore socio-structural networks within the cultural field of scientific work in Tsukuba, Japan. The structure of scientific work in Japan is composed of several cultural and material elements which have been distilled into two themes for evaluative purposes. These themes include cultural factors and scientific production/economic affairs. Through a reflexive-thematic lens an analysis of scientific work is conducted. Central to the method used in this study is a series of structured and un-structured in-person interviews using a format of open-ended questions. Most informants in this study were chosen by administrators of the institutes involved. Although, I did participate in assuring diversity in the sample, there is possible bias inherent in management's choices of particular informants. These interviews were held during the month of October 2002 in five separate university and non-university institutes in Tsukuba, Japan. The findings in this study reveal common, contradictory and idiosyncratic aspects that have important cultural and scientific/economic effects across organizational types. Common attributes include the observation of universal “top-down” organizational hierarchies with networks of labor being accumulated through elite scientists. Generally, informants perceived little to no effect from the national economy on their particular institute's funding of science. Scientists spent an extraordinary amount of time at work and conducted highly specialized work tasks. The publishing activity concentrated among elite scientists while utilization of foreign scientists and contingent workers were segregated. Also, the use of tacit knowledge as a principal training tool was universally observed across institutes. Contradictory attributes include scientists' attitudes toward their work versus the city they live in, government policy versus actual laboratory work, and publishing versus conference presentations. The idiosyncratic attributes focus on levels of organizational formality across organizations. The organizational formality is related to the individual scientists' perceptions of what they enjoyed most about their work. Thus, scientists that enjoyed the 'processes' of their work tended to be located in more formal organizations whereas those scientists who enjoyed “discovery” were situated in less formal organizations. It is likely that the different levels of organizational formality observed in this study are associated with other elements of laboratory culture. Also, the composition of foreigners and women varied remarkably across institutes. Yet, their use in laboratories is relatively similar. / Ph. D.

Psykisk ohälsa i ungdomsåren är något som har ökat med tiden, samtidigt har det blivit vanligare att under uppväxten genomgå förändringar i familjekonstellationer till följd av att föräldrar har valt att separera. Detta kan leda till en helt ny livsstil där ungdomen behöver anpassa sig till förändringar som att leva med en ensamstående förälder alternativt styvföräldrar eller styvsyskon, ett nytt boende, förändrade ekonomiska resurser och materiella tillgångar för att nämna några. Nuvarande studie ämnar undersöka sambandet mellan familjekonstruktioner till följd av en föräldraseparation och psykisk ohälsa, för att bredda förståelsen kring effekterna av de nya levnadsstandarder som många ungdomar i dagens samhälle lever i.Datamaterialet innefattar svar från fyra olika svenska kommuner utifrån LoRDIA-programmet och nuvarande studie har undersökt fyra av programmets mättillfällen, vilket innefattar en studiepopulation på n=576. Datamaterialet har analyserats med deskriptiva data, bivariat samt genom multivariata linjära regressionsanalyser. Resultatet i studien visar att det finns signifikanta samband mellan att bo med en ensamstående förälder och att drabbas av symptom på psykisk ohälsa. Studien visar även att familjesammanhållningen kan fungera som en skyddsfaktor mot symtom på psykisk ohälsa och att ha en sämre familjeekonomi jämfört med klasskamrater kan vara en riskfaktor. Att uppleva tidiga symtom på psykisk ohälsa är en bidragande faktor för sannolikheten för utveckling av symtom på psykisk ohälsa under gymnasietiden. / Family structure in relation to symptoms of mental ill-health - a longitudinal study on the relationship between adolescents’ family constellation and symptoms of mental ill-health together with parenthood as a protective factorMental ill-health in adolescence is something that has increased over time, at the same time it has also become more common to go through changes in family constellations during childhood as a result of parents choosing to separate. This can lead to a completely new lifestyle where the adolescent needs to adapt to changes such as living with a single parent alternatively step-parents or step-siblings, a new home, changed financial and material resources. The current study aims to examine the connection between family structures as a result of parental separation in relation to ill-health in order to broaden the understanding of the effects of the new living standards that many young people in today’s society live in.The data includes responses from four different Swedish municipalities based on the LoRDIA program and the current study has examined four of the program's measurement occasions, which includes an analytical sample of n=576. The data has been analyzed using descriptive data, bivariate and multivariate linear regression analyses. The results show that there are significant relations between living with a single parent and suffering from symptoms of ill-health. Furthermore, family cohesion can act as a protective factor against symptoms of mental ill-health and having a low family economy compared to classmates can be a risk factor. Experiencing early symptoms of mental ill-health is a contributing factor to the likelihood of developing symptoms of mental ill-health during high school.

No description available.

No description available.

En dépit de nombreuses interventions en santé reproductive en Afrique subsaharienne, la trilogie « IST/VIH/SIDA - grossesses précoces - avortements » persiste à des niveaux très élevés par rapport aux autres parties du monde. Cela indique que les nombreuses interventions en santé reproductive auprès des adolescents et des jeunes ont enregistré peu de succès en ce qui concerne le changement des comportements sexuels. Ces interventions se focalisent souvent sur l’individu, et négligent les environnements sociaux et culturels dans lesquels se forge le vécu de la sexualité chez les jeunes. Un de ces agents de socialisation est la famille, où les individus naissent, grandissent, et sont socialisés selon les valeurs et normes en vigueur. Fort de ce constat, l’objectif principal de la présente thèse est de resituer l’environnement familial au cœur des débats en santé reproductive chez les adolescents et les jeunes en Afrique subsaharienne. Trois questions spécifiques sont examinées dans cette thèse. Premièrement, elle aborde les associations entre les structures familiales et l’entrée en sexualité. Deuxièmement, elle analyse leurs influences sur les connaissances des modes de transmission et des moyens de prévention du VIH/SIDA. Troisièmement, elle cherche à déterminer les forces potentielles dans les familles dites « à risque » (ayant au plus un parent biologique) à partir de la théorie de résilience selon laquelle des facteurs familiaux et contextuels peuvent atténuer les comportements sexuels à risque chez les adolescents et jeunes. Cette thèse démontre substantiellement que vivre avec ses deux parents biologiques, la nature des relations entre parents/tuteurs et le jeune et un niveau élevé du contrôle parental sont significativement associés à de faibles risques des rapports sexuels prémaritaux. Par contre, les unions polygamiques, un statut socioéconomique élevé du ménage, et le fait d’être orphelin augmentent significativement le risque de rapports sexuels prémaritaux. L’étude démontre aussi que l’environnement familial et la communication sur la sexualité, aussi bien avec les parents/tuteurs qu’avec les pairs, jouent un rôle fondamental dans l’acquisition des connaissances correctes des modes de transmission et de prévention du VIH/SIDA. Néanmoins, le rôle des parents/tuteurs sur l’acquisition des connaissances sur le VIH/SIDA s’avère indirect puisqu’elle repose sur une hypothèse implicite. Seule une mesure directe des connaissances des parents sur les modes de transmission et les moyens de prévention peut mieux rendre compte de cette association. Les résultats obtenus à partir de la théorie de résilience indiquent, dans chaque type de familles, que la qualité des relations entre les parents/tuteurs et le jeune est significativement associée à une faible probabilité de comportement sexuel à risque, défini comme étant la cooccurrence de plusieurs partenaires sexuels au cours de 12 derniers mois et de non-utilisation du condom. Par contre, le contrôle parental est associé à une faible probabilité de comportement sexuel à risque seulement dans les familles à deux parents biologiques. Ce résultat suggère que l’influence du contrôle parental baisse une fois que les jeunes ont eu une expérience sexuelle. Les interventions en santé reproductive devraient promouvoir chez les parents/tuteurs les facteurs familiaux susceptibles de réduire les comportements sexuels à risque. / In spite of numerous reproductive health interventions in sub-Saharan Africa, the trilogy “STDs/HIV/AIDS - Unwanted pregnancies - Abortion” remains at the highest rates compared with other regions of the world. In fact, youth-oriented reproductive health programmes did not work adequately in sub-Saharan Africa, as regards changes in risky sexual behaviors. These interventions have often focused on individuals, and have neglected socio-cultural environments in which sexual behaviors are shaped. One of the most influential contexts is the family in which young people are born, grow up, learn and internalize norms and values about socially acceptable behaviors and sexual conduct. In order to fill this gap, this research aims to address the centrality of family structure in reproductive health debate in sub-Saharan Africa where little is known about its potential influences on sexual behaviors. Three issues are of interest in this thesis. Firstly, the study examines the interplay of family structure and premarital sexual intercourse. Secondly, it addresses the role of family structures in shaping accurate and inaccurate HIV/AIDS knowledge of transmission routes and preventive strategies. Thirdly, using the resilience theory, the study aims to determine the strengths within families “at-risk” that can prevent young people from engaging in risky sexual behaviors. The research substantiates that living in two-parent families, higher levels of parent/guardian monitoring, and good parent/guardian-youth relationships are associated with lower rates of premarital sexual intercourse. By contrast, polygamous families, parent/guardian-youth communication about sexuality, higher household socioeconomic status, change in family structure, and orphanhood were significantly associated with higher rates of premarital sexual intercourse. The study also finds that family structure as well as family/peer communication about sexuality is key explanatory variable on which HIV education and prevention efforts should be directed at. A more direct effect of family structure must be addressed in future research, using direct measures of parent/guardian’s HIV knowledge. Finally, using the resilience theory, this thesis finds that good parent/guardian-youth relationships are associated with lower rates of risky sexual behaviors, captured by the co-occurrence of multi-partnership and condom non-use in the last 12 months preceding the surveys, irrespective of the type of family. Parental monitoring showed a protective effect only in two-parent families. This finding suggests that when young people are sexually experienced, parental monitoring becomes less efficient than when they are not. HIV interventions must put emphasis on these factors that help to reduce risky sexual behaviors among young people even among those living in the so-called “at-risk” families.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIR - Clarice M Reis.pdf: 561181 bytes, checksum: 8ffaedc71dc971fd38a2ee39826a0862 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-31 / The present paper, following the research line adopted by the graduate course in comparative civil law, has the purpose of analyzing the evolution of the paternal power/duty granted to the parents in relation to their children, evidencing the alteration in the family structure as an important legal event for the State. Changes and advances taken place in the family law, especially since the middle of the last century, are due to alterations in the patriarchal system, which had been always relied on the bonus pater familiae. Pater familae has been losing space at the same time women has become legal subject fully capable of rights. The historical overview of the present paper, which is the beginning of this topic, analyzes the current enforced legislation in Brazil and also in foreign countries, with the purpose of evidencing social structures that ground family organizations, and that are also influenced in the current positive law. The new Civil Code has adopted the usage of the term family power , referring so in Book IV (Family Rights), Title I (Personal Rights), Subtitle II (Blood relations), Chapter V (Family power), articles 1.630 to 1.638. It is important state that the same structure in relation to its order, sequence and content used in the previous Code has been remained. However, this structure was indeed adopted to the constitutional principles, especially in relation to the joint performance of such power by both father and mother. So, it is possible to say that the family power is a public munus that cannot be renounced nor disposed by the parents. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze modifications in the family structure and justify them on the present social and legal scenario / O presente estudo, dentro da linha de pesquisa adotada pelo programa de pós-graduação stricto sensu em direito civil comparado, propõese a analisar a evolução do poder/dever atribuído aos pais em relação à pessoa dos filhos, evidenciando a alteração da estrutura familiar como um fato jurídico-social importante para o Estado. São notórias as mudanças e os avanços experimentados no direito de família, notoriamente a partir de meados do século passado, em razão da modificação do sistema patriarcal, calcado na figura do bônus pater familiae, o chefe de família, que foi perdendo espaço na medida em que a mulher ganhou qualidade de sujeito de direito plenamente capaz. O esboço histórico do tema, ponto de partida do presente estudo, tem por finalidade evidenciar as estruturas sociais em que se baseiam as organizações familiares e, conseqüentemente, refletem na sistematização do direito positivo. A análise das legislações existentes em nosso direito pátrio e também no direito alienígena demonstra que a transformação do conceito de pátrio poder certamente não fica restrita ao plano terminológico. O novel diploma civil optou pela utilização do termo poder familiar , tratando-o dentro do Livro IV (Do Direito de família), Título I (Do Direito Pessoal), Subtítulo II (Das Relações de Parentesco), Capítulo V (Do Poder Familiar), artigos 1.630 a 1.638. Nota-se que foi mantida a estrutura legal do Código anterior no tocante à ordem, seqüência e conteúdo, simplesmente adaptando-os aos princípios constitucionais, especialmente quanto ao seu exercício conjunto pelo pai e pela mãe, podendo-se afirmar que o poder familiar constitui um múnus público irrenunciável pelos pais, indisponível e imprescritível. Enfim, o presente estudo procura justamente detectar as modificações da estrutura familiar e justificá-las dentro da realidade jurídica e social