The topic of this work is the structural characterization and theoretical modeling of organic single and heterolayers. The growth of sub-monolayers and monolayers (ML) of the two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons quaterrylene (QT) and hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC) on Ag(111) and Au(111) was investigated. A transition from a disordered, isotropic phase to an ordered phase with increasing coverage was found. The lattice of the ordered phase turned out to be coverage dependent. The intermolecular potential was modeled including Coulomb and van der Waals interaction by a force-field approach. The postulated repulsive character of the potential could be connected to the non-uniform intramolecular charge distribution and to a screening of the van der Waals forces. Furthermore, the influence of the variable lattice constant on the epitaxial growth of HBC was studied. The second part of this work deals with a ML of 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) on a ML of HBC. In dependency on the initial lattice constant of HBC, a total of three line-on-line (LOL) and point-on-line coincident phases of PTCDA (with respect to HBC) was found. Following an analysis of the general properties of LOL coincident systems via force-field calculations, a new method to predict the structure of such systems is introduced.:1 Introduction 2 Experimental Methods 2.1 Organic molecular beam epitaxy 2.2 Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) 2.3 Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) 2.4 Molecules and substrates: Basic properties and literature review 2.4.1 3,4,9,10-Perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride 2.4.2 Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene 2.4.3 Quaterrylene 2.4.4 Metal substrates: Au(111) and Ag(111) 3 Theory and Modeling 3.1 Reciprocal space and LEED 3.1.1 Fourier transform and geometrical LEED theory 3.1.2 Kinematic and dynamic LEED theory 3.1.3 Further applications of the Fourier transform 3.2 Computational chemistry 3.2.1 Calculating molecular properties 3.2.2 The atomic force-field method 3.2.3 Potential energy calculations in extended systems 4 Epitaxy in terms of potential energy 5 Interaction of QT and HBC at Sub-ML and ML Coverage 5.1 Experimental results 5.2 Modeling technique 5.3 Results of the model calculation 5.4 Discussion of results 5.5 Conclusion 6 The Ordered Phases of HBC on Ag(111) and Au(111 6.1 Geometrical analysis of epitaxy 6.2 Energetic gain of epitaxial structures 6.3 Comparison to experiment 6.4 Influence of the Au(111) surface reconstruction 6.5 Conclusion 7 Organic Heterosystems of PTCDA and HBC on Au(111) 7.1 PTCDA on Au(111) revisited 7.2 LEED and STM on PTCDA/HBC/Au(111) samples 7.2.1 A “compact” HBC layer substrate 7.2.2 A “loosely packed” HBC layer substrate 7.2.3 Summary of LEED results 7.2.4 STM results 7.3 Epitaxial relations in the system PTCDA/HBC/Au(111) 7.3.1 Geometrical analysis of epitaxy 7.3.2 Energetic gain of epitaxial structures 7.3.3 Mutual alignment of lattices 7.4 Heterosystems of PTCDA and HBC with inverted stacking sequence 8 General Properties of POL and LOL Epitaxy 8.1 A new coordinate system 8.2 Specific properties of the substrate-adsorbate potential 8.3 The “natural order” of the lattice lines 8.4 Prediction of epitaxial growth - a “LOL predictor” 8.4.1 Method 8.4.2 Results 9 General Conclusions and Future Perspectives 9.1 Conclusion 9.2 Outlook Appendix A.1 Conductance in a STM: The 1D WKB model A.2 Extraction of the DOS from STS measurements by means of the 1D WKB model A.3 Practical application of the 1D WKB model A.4 The normalized differential conductivity A.5 A new normalization method / Thema dieser Arbeit ist die strukturelle Charakterisierung von organischen Einfach- und Heterolagen sowie deren theoretische Beschreibung und Modellierung. Es wurden Submonolagen und Monolagen (ML) der polyzyklischen Kohlenwasserstoffe Quaterrylen (QT) und Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronen (HBC) auf Ag(111) und Au(111) Einkristallen untersucht und ein Übergang von einer ungeordneten, isotropen Phase zu einer geordneten Phase mit steigender Bedeckung beobachtet. Die geordnete Phase wies dabei bedeckungsabhängige Gitterkonstanten auf. Das intermolekulare Potential wurde unter Berücksichtigung von Coulomb und van der Waals Anteilen mittels Kraftfeldmethoden modelliert. Der postulierte repulsive Charakter des Potentials konnte auf die Ladungsverteilung im Molekül und eine Abschwächung des van der Waals Potentials zurückgeführt werden. Weiterhin wurde der Einfluss der variablen HBC Gitterkonstante auf die epitaktische Relation des Gitters zum Metallsubstrat untersucht. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit widmet sich der Untersuchung einer ML 3,4,9,10-Perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydrid (PTCDA) auf einer ML HBC. Dabei wurden, in Abhängigkeit von der HBC Gitterkonstante, insgesamt drei verschiedene Typen von line-on-line bzw. point-on-line Epitaxie nachgewiesen. Im Anschluss an eine Analyse der generellen Eigenschaften solcher epitaktischer Lagen mittels Kraftfeldrechnungen wird eine neue Methode zur Vorhersage der Struktur konkreter Systeme vorgestellt.:1 Introduction 2 Experimental Methods 2.1 Organic molecular beam epitaxy 2.2 Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) 2.3 Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) 2.4 Molecules and substrates: Basic properties and literature review 2.4.1 3,4,9,10-Perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride 2.4.2 Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene 2.4.3 Quaterrylene 2.4.4 Metal substrates: Au(111) and Ag(111) 3 Theory and Modeling 3.1 Reciprocal space and LEED 3.1.1 Fourier transform and geometrical LEED theory 3.1.2 Kinematic and dynamic LEED theory 3.1.3 Further applications of the Fourier transform 3.2 Computational chemistry 3.2.1 Calculating molecular properties 3.2.2 The atomic force-field method 3.2.3 Potential energy calculations in extended systems 4 Epitaxy in terms of potential energy 5 Interaction of QT and HBC at Sub-ML and ML Coverage 5.1 Experimental results 5.2 Modeling technique 5.3 Results of the model calculation 5.4 Discussion of results 5.5 Conclusion 6 The Ordered Phases of HBC on Ag(111) and Au(111 6.1 Geometrical analysis of epitaxy 6.2 Energetic gain of epitaxial structures 6.3 Comparison to experiment 6.4 Influence of the Au(111) surface reconstruction 6.5 Conclusion 7 Organic Heterosystems of PTCDA and HBC on Au(111) 7.1 PTCDA on Au(111) revisited 7.2 LEED and STM on PTCDA/HBC/Au(111) samples 7.2.1 A “compact” HBC layer substrate 7.2.2 A “loosely packed” HBC layer substrate 7.2.3 Summary of LEED results 7.2.4 STM results 7.3 Epitaxial relations in the system PTCDA/HBC/Au(111) 7.3.1 Geometrical analysis of epitaxy 7.3.2 Energetic gain of epitaxial structures 7.3.3 Mutual alignment of lattices 7.4 Heterosystems of PTCDA and HBC with inverted stacking sequence 8 General Properties of POL and LOL Epitaxy 8.1 A new coordinate system 8.2 Specific properties of the substrate-adsorbate potential 8.3 The “natural order” of the lattice lines 8.4 Prediction of epitaxial growth - a “LOL predictor” 8.4.1 Method 8.4.2 Results 9 General Conclusions and Future Perspectives 9.1 Conclusion 9.2 Outlook Appendix A.1 Conductance in a STM: The 1D WKB model A.2 Extraction of the DOS from STS measurements by means of the 1D WKB model A.3 Practical application of the 1D WKB model A.4 The normalized differential conductivity A.5 A new normalization method

In dieser Arbeit wird die Abhängigkeit der Photolumineszenz (PL) von CdSe/ZnS-Nanokristallen von der Umgebung und der Einfluss der Filmdicke und -morphologie auf die optische Absorption von Farbstofffilmen untersucht sowie die Oberfläche von Hybridstrukturen durch Funktionalisierung mit Farbstoff analysiert. Untersuchungen von CdSe/ZnS-Nanokristallen in Toluol-Lösung zeigen, dass die PL-Intensität der Nanopartikel durch Zugabe des organischen Halbleiters TPD gequencht wird. Die zusätzliche Auswertung der PL-Lebensdauer verdeutlicht, dass die Abnahme (fast) vollständig durch statisches Quenchen, infolge der Abnahme der Anzahl der mittierenden Nanokristalle verursacht wird, bei einem Anstieg der langlebigsten Lebensdauerkomponente. Die Analyse der PL-Unterbrechung einzelner Nanokristalle auf PVA und Siliziumoxid sowie eingebettet in PS und TPD zeigt eine Ab- bzw. Zunahme der Häufigkeit langer An- bzw. Aus-Zeiten und somit eine deutliche Abhängigkeit der PL-Unterbrechung von den dielektrischen Eigenschaften der Umgebung. Bei Variation der Anregungsleistung zeigt sich für einzelne Nanokristalle auf Siliziumoxid und eingebettet in TPD eine lineare Zunahme der Blinkaktivität und eine Abnahme des An-Zeit-Anteils. Die Änderung der Verteilungen der An- und Aus-Zeiten zeigen eine deutliche Abhängigkeit von der Matrix. Die Untersuchung der optischen Absorption von aufgedampften MePTCDI- und Cl4MePTCDI-Filmen zeigt eine Verschiebung des energieärmsten optischen Überganges mit wachsender mittlere Filmdicke. Es wird ein (geometrisches) Schicht-Modell vorgestellt, das die energetische Verschiebung mit der mittleren Filmdicke korreliert und dabei die kristalline, nadelförmige Morphologie von MePTCDIFilmen und die amorphe Kugelkappen-Struktur von Cl4MePTCDI-Filmen berücksichtigt. Die Oberfläche von Hybridfilmen aus PMMA mit Siliziumoxid-Partikeln wird durch Anbindung von R6G an die Oxid-Partikel gezielt funktionalisiert. Die Ergebnisse von fluoreszenzmikroskopischen Untersuchungen zeigen, dass dadurch der Anteil der freien Oxid-Oberfläche bestimmt werden kann.

A new method, probability distribution of diffusivities (time scaled square displacements between succeeding video frames), was developed to analyze single molecule tracking (SMT) experiments. This method was then applied to SMT experiments on ultrathin liquid tetrakis(2-ethylhexoxy)silane (TEHOS) films on Si wafer with 100 nm thermally grown oxide, and on thin semectic liquid crystal films. Spatial maps of diffusivities from SMT experiments on 220 nm thick semectic liquid crystal films reveal structure related dynamics. The SMT experiments on ultrathin TEHOS films were complemented by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). The observed strongly heterogeneous single molecule dynamics within those films can be explained by a three-layer model consisting of (i) dye molecules adsorbed to the substrate, (ii) slowly diffusing molecules in the laterally heterogeneous near-surface region of 1 - 2 molecular diameters, and (iii) freely diffusing dye molecules in the upper region of the film. FCS and SMT experiments reveal a strong influence of substrate heterogeneity on SM dynamics. Thereby chemisorption to substrate surface silanols plays an important role. Vertical mean first passage times (mfpt) in those films are below 1 µs. This appears as fast component in FCS autocorrelation curves, which further contain a contribution from lateral diffusion and from adsorption events. Therefore, the FCS curves are approximated by a tri-component function, which contains an exponential term related to the mfpt, the correlation function for translational diffusion and a stretched exponential term for the broad distribution of adsorption events. Lateral diffusion coefficients obtained by FCS on 10 nm thick TEHOS films, thereby, are effective diffusion coefficients from dye transients in the focal area. They strongly depend on the substrate heterogeneity. Variation of the frame times for the acquisition of SMT experiments in steps of 20 ms from 20 ms to 200 ms revealed a strong dependence of the corresponding probability distributions of diffusivities on time, in particular in the range between 20 ms and 100 ms. This points to average dwell times of the dye molecules in at least one type of the heterogeneous regions (e.g. on and above silanol clusters) in the range of few tens of milliseconds. Furthermore, time series of SM spectra from Nile Red in 25 nm thick poly-n-alkyl-methacrylate (PnAMA) films were studied. In analogy to translational diffusion, spectral diffusion (shifts in energetic positions of SM spectra) can be studied by probability distributions of spectral diffusivities, i.e. time scaled square energetic displacements. Simulations were run and analyzed to study contributions from noise and fitting uncertainty to spectral diffusion. Furthermore the effect of spectral jumps during acquisition of a SM spectrum was investigated. Probability distributions of spectral diffusivites of Nile Red probing vitreous PnAMA films reveal a two-level system. In contrast, such probability distributions obtained from Nile Red within a 25 nm thick poly-n-butylmethacrylate film around glass transition and in the melt state, display larger spectral jumps. Moreover, for longer alkyl side chains a solvent shift to higher energies is observed, which supports the idea of nanophase separation within those polymers.

A new method, probability distribution of diffusivities (time scaled square displacements between succeeding video frames), was developed to analyze single molecule tracking (SMT) experiments. This method was then applied to SMT experiments on ultrathin liquid tetrakis(2-ethylhexoxy)silane (TEHOS) films on Si wafer with 100 nm thermally grown oxide, and on thin semectic liquid crystal films. Spatial maps of diffusivities from SMT experiments on 220 nm thick semectic liquid crystal films reveal structure related dynamics. The SMT experiments on ultrathin TEHOS films were complemented by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). The observed strongly heterogeneous single molecule dynamics within those films can be explained by a three-layer model consisting of (i) dye molecules adsorbed to the substrate, (ii) slowly diffusing molecules in the laterally heterogeneous near-surface region of 1 - 2 molecular diameters, and (iii) freely diffusing dye molecules in the upper region of the film. FCS and SMT experiments reveal a strong influence of substrate heterogeneity on SM dynamics. Thereby chemisorption to substrate surface silanols plays an important role. Vertical mean first passage times (mfpt) in those films are below 1 µs. This appears as fast component in FCS autocorrelation curves, which further contain a contribution from lateral diffusion and from adsorption events. Therefore, the FCS curves are approximated by a tri-component function, which contains an exponential term related to the mfpt, the correlation function for translational diffusion and a stretched exponential term for the broad distribution of adsorption events. Lateral diffusion coefficients obtained by FCS on 10 nm thick TEHOS films, thereby, are effective diffusion coefficients from dye transients in the focal area. They strongly depend on the substrate heterogeneity. Variation of the frame times for the acquisition of SMT experiments in steps of 20 ms from 20 ms to 200 ms revealed a strong dependence of the corresponding probability distributions of diffusivities on time, in particular in the range between 20 ms and 100 ms. This points to average dwell times of the dye molecules in at least one type of the heterogeneous regions (e.g. on and above silanol clusters) in the range of few tens of milliseconds. Furthermore, time series of SM spectra from Nile Red in 25 nm thick poly-n-alkyl-methacrylate (PnAMA) films were studied. In analogy to translational diffusion, spectral diffusion (shifts in energetic positions of SM spectra) can be studied by probability distributions of spectral diffusivities, i.e. time scaled square energetic displacements. Simulations were run and analyzed to study contributions from noise and fitting uncertainty to spectral diffusion. Furthermore the effect of spectral jumps during acquisition of a SM spectrum was investigated. Probability distributions of spectral diffusivites of Nile Red probing vitreous PnAMA films reveal a two-level system. In contrast, such probability distributions obtained from Nile Red within a 25 nm thick poly-n-butylmethacrylate film around glass transition and in the melt state, display larger spectral jumps. Moreover, for longer alkyl side chains a solvent shift to higher energies is observed, which supports the idea of nanophase separation within those polymers.