The world is facing a food shortage as the world’s population increases and arable land decreases. Despite this, the food industry is wasteful, and 30% - 40% of all produced food is lost before reaching the end consumer. Emerging technologies aim to increase the amount of food that can be grown per m2 or allow the growing of food in climates or on lands previously impossible. Four main farming techniques utilising these emerging technologies are Controlled Environment Agriculture, Hydroponic Farming, Urban Farming and Vertical farming. When used together, these techniques form the basis for what can be called a Plant Factory. Despite the positive effects these technologies have on the production rate, few Plant Factories have managed to achieve profitability. By creating support for developing the post-harvesting system for a plant factory, this thesis aims to aid in the development of profitable plant factories. The thesis uses Design Research Methodology to achieve this aim in three parts. The first part identifies the underlying factors of the post-harvesting system affecting plant factory profitability. The second presents a set of support components that will aid the developers to improve key factors affecting profitability. The third part is a case study where the support components applicability at targeting the key factors are evaluated, and suggestions for further improvements and testing of the support is suggested.  Further, using Design Research Methodology, the methods used to develop support in this thesis are presented to easily be replicated by other researchers to aid them in developing support for other industries and circumstances. The suitability of the developed support was tested using the principles of an initial DS-II. The developed support proved very useful for the investigated case, and with its conditions, the application evaluation was considered a partial success. Two key factors were successfully improved and indicated that the intended support is ready for a comprehensive DS-II. A third support component needs more work to provide the intended support fully. Therefore a second  PS iteration is recommended before a comprehensive DS-II is done to increase its value.

The Farm is a speculative proposal for a self sustainable city block where as much food is produces as is consumed by it’s inhabitants. It is utilising the potential that arise when the greenery of farming is brought in to the cities in creating a new hybrid that blends with the city fabric with the aim of contributing to the areas multiplicity and vibrant life. The aim of the project has been that through architecture design; study the possibility to go from a throughput society, where everything we consume is produced outside of the community, to a society that produces what it consumes within the community in a cyclical integrated sustainable way. Can we produce what we consume with in a city and what happens when the production, which in this case is the cultivation of crops and plants, merge with the existing city fabric? What happens if the cultivation is combined with a traditional apartment program and what does it  become? Can the programs thrive together in symbiosis or will one of the programs become a parasite of the other? How does the vast open spaces required for farming relate to the small intimate spaces suitable for living spaces? What is their interrelationship, how do they effect each other?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly used in different parts of society for providing decision support in various activities. The agricultural sector is anticipated to benefit from an increased usage of AI and smart devices, a concept called smart farming technologies. Since the agricultural sector faces several simultaneous challenges, such as shrinking marginals, complicated pan-European regulations, and demands to mitigate the environmental footprint, there are great expectations that smart farming will benefit both individual farmers and industry stakeholders. However, most previous research focuses only on a small set of characteristics for implementing and optimising specific smart farming technologies, without considering all possible aspects and effects. This thesis investigates both technical and non-technical opportunities and hurdles when implementing AI in Swedish agricultural businesses. Three sectors in agriculture are scrutinized: arable farming, milk production and beef production. As a foundation for the thesis, a literature review revises former research on smart farming. Thereafter, an interview study with 27 respondents both explores the susceptibility and maturity of smart farming technologies and provides examples of technical requirements of three chosen applications of AI in agriculture. Findings of the study include a diverse set of aspects that both enable and obstruct the transition. Main identified opportunities are the importance smart farming has on the strategic agendas of several industry stakeholders, the general trend towards software technology as a service through shared machinery, the vast amount of existing data, and the large interest from farmers towards new technology. Contrasting, the thesis identifies main hurdles as technical and legislative challenges to data ownership, potential cybersecurity threats, the need for a well-articulated business case, and the sometimes lacking technical knowledge within the sector. The thesis concludes that the macro trend points towards a smart farming transition but that the speed of the transformation will depend on the resolutions for the identified obstacles.

<p>Since time immemorial, agricultural changes in the Philippines have been inspired by the notion of self-sufficiency projected by developed and industrial countries. Through ethnographic writing and historical analysis, I visit the outcomes of the Green Revolution and how the development of new agricultural technology escalated violence embedded in communities that experienced multiple colonialism. These acknowledged and disclaimed forms of violence are perpetuated by occurring negotiations between community actors, primarily the landed and landless farmers, living in the context of precarity.</p> <p><br></p> <p>Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twenty-five farmers (aged 20 – 85), who mostly cultivated on borrowed land. I argue that in a post-colonial town like Nabua, the socio-cultural and socio-economic factors involved in farming do not coincide with the Philippine government’s plans for agricultural development and progress. These ethnographic essays investigate how colonial legacies manifest and perpetuate violence locally by examining Nabua’s historical experience with multiple colonialism, the outcomes of persisting precarity, and agricultural developments. In the first chapter, I contextualize precarity by analyzing the history of change from the Spanish colonial period to the peak of the Green Revolution, cruising through how national policies manifest in agricultural developments at the local level. For the second chapter, I dive into the present-day farming situation in Nabua and how violence and precarity are perpetuated by the national government’s agricultural development master plan. I conclude with a call to localize agricultural development and address local challenges to attain sustainable and progressive agricultural development.</p>

Världen står under en förändring med att en allt större andel av alla människor har flyttat eller flyttar in till städerna samtidigt finns en osäkerhet i hur klimatet kommer se ut i framtiden. Klimatet förväntas bli varmare, mer oförutsägbart samt få ett extremare väder. Detta ställer nya krav på framtidens matproduktion. FN har i Agenda2030 identifierat att jordbruket behöver bli mer motståndskraftigt mot dessa förändringar och samtidigt öka produktionen för att tillmötesgå den ökande efterfrågan på mat. Baserat på studiebesök på två odlingar i Stockholmsområdet (den ena en urban odling baserad under mark och den andra en kommersiell växthusodling ute på landet) samt på litteraturstudier jämförs odlingarna för att sedan diskutera hur de står sig med avseende på hållbarhet och hur de på ett hållbart sätt kan främja framtidens jordbruk och matförsörjning, framför allt med fokus på den urbana odlingen. Odlingen under mark uppfyller en del av FNs hållbarhetsmål men det finns stor potential för förbättring; bland annat med en ökad integration till byggnaden odlingen ligger i och med mer avancerad odlingsutrustning / The world is facing new challenges in the form of climate change and the fact that more and more people are moving to, and living in, cities. The climate is expected to become warmer, more unpredictable and trending towards more extreme weather conditions. These changes will undoubtedly have an effect on agriculture and food production all over the world which is one of the reasons that the UN has identified the need for more resilient agriculture and in Agenda2030 set goals for how to respond to these challenges and at the same time produce more food in order to meet the increasing demand. This study is looking at an urban farming project in Sweden and comparing it to a commercial greenhouse farm in order to identify similarities and differences between the farms and trying to relate them to sustainability. The urban farming project is based underground and relies solely on artificial light which sets it apart from its greenhouse counterpart. By analysing their different ways of producing crop, together with literature studies the sustainable opportunities of future food production is explored and related to the UN goals in Agenda2030. While the urban farm examined in this study might not be able to produce food in a sustainable way urban farming, especially in combination with an increased integration with buildings and industry, is identified as a farming method with great potential.

The world is facing many challenges to be able to ensure food security, such as anincreased food demand coming from an expanding world population andurbanisation, worsened agricultural opportunities from increased land deteriorationand significant environmental impacts coming from the food sector. Thus, there is aneed for new agricultural solutions to meet our needs whilst decreasing impactssimultaneously. A part of these solutions could be found in urban farming andhydroponic vertical farming systems (VFS). VFS uses artificial intelligence toregulate heat, lighting and irrigation to cultivate crops indoors. By placing thesesystems inside a grocery store, new opportunities for these crops are presented,such as water-and-nutrient recirculation, reductions in transports, usage ofpesticides and agricultural land, as well as opportunities for industrial symbiosis inheating and converting carbon dioxide to oxygen. Thus, the aim of this report is toassess the environmental hotspots and areas of improvement of an hydroponic VFSplaced in the grocery store using life cycle assessment (LCA). The study isconducted in partnership with Swegreen, which are the creators behind the studiedVFS model called SAGA, designed to be operated in medium sized grocery storesin Sweden. Results from the study show that energy consumption is a hotspot in most impactcategories, followed by impacts from infrastructure, fertilisers, packaging andconsumer waste management. However, for the climate change impact category,the sensitivity analysis indicates that the impact from the energy consumption ishighly dependent on what type of electricity mix that is being used, since thedifference in impact on climate change between the Swedish electricity mix, andNordic electricity mix ranged from 0.340 to 0.385 kg CO2 eq (carbon dioxideequivalents) per kg produced edible lettuce. Moreover, synergising effects fromintegrating the system into a grocery store, such as cleaning the air from carbondioxide and reusing residual heat from the system, showed the opportunities forgrocery stores to reduce impacts in climate change by up to 43% of the total climatechange impacts from the VFS. However, using these synergising effects effectivelywould require additional investments to build up the necessary infrastructure toachieve these avoided impacts. / Världen står inför många utmaningar för att kunna säkerhetsställalivsmedelsförsörjningen, såsom en ökad efterfrågan på livsmedel till följd av enväxande världsbefolkning och urbanisering, försämrade odlingsmöjligheter till följdav utarmad odlingsmark och växande miljöpåverkan från livsmedelssektorn. Detfinns därför ett behov av nya lösningar för att tillgodose våra behov och samtidigtminska påverkan inom jordbrukssektorn. En del av dessa lösningar kan hittas istadsodling och hydroponiska vertikala odlingssystem (VFS). VFS använderartificiell intelligens för att reglera värme, belysning och bevattning för att odla grödorinomhus. Genom att placera dessa system i en livsmedelsbutik skapas nyamöjligheter för dessa grödor, såsom recirkulation av vatten och näringsämnen,minskade transporter, användning av bekämpningsmedel och jordbruksmark, samtmöjligheter till industriell symbios vid uppvärmning och omvandling av koldioxid tillsyre. Syftet med denna rapport är att bedöma miljömässiga hotspots ochförbättringsområden för en hydroponisk VFS som placeras i livsmedelsbutiker medhjälp av livscykelanalys (LCA). Studien genomförs i samarbete med Swegreen, somär producenten av den studerade VFS-modellen kallad SAGA som är designad föratt drivas i medelstora livsmedelsbutiker i Sverige. Resultaten från studien visar att energiförbrukningen är en hotspot i de flestapåverkanskategorier, följt av påverkan från infrastruktur, gödningsmedel,förpackningar och konsumentens avfallshantering. För klimatpåverkan visarkänslighetsanalysen att påverkan från energiförbrukningen är starkt beroende avvilken typ av el som används, eftersom total klimatpåverkan för den Svenska elmixenoch den Nordiska elmixen var 0.340 respektive 0.385 kg CO2 -ekv(koldioxidekvivalenter) per kg producerad ätbar sallad. När systemet integreras i enlivsmedelsbutik bidrar det till synergieffekter från koldioxidavskiljning ochåteranvändning av spillvärme från systemet. Detta öppnar upp för möjligheter förmataffären att minska klimatpåverkan för upp till 43% av systemets totalaklimatpåverkan. Däremot skulle det krävas ytterligare investeringar för att bygga uppnödvändig infrastruktur för att uppnå dessa synergieffekter.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1949 B51 / Master of Science

The study was designed to assess the impact of irrigation schemes on livelihood strategies and food security status of smallholder maize farmers in North West Province of South Africa and covered three districts of the North West Province namely: Dr Ngaka Modiri Molema district, Bojanala district and Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati district. In this study, a descriptive survey design was used and a sample of farmers was interviewed from the list of farmers obtained from the extension workers. The targeted group was male farmers in irrigation farming and those who farm within the radius of the irrigation scheme. A questionnaire was designed as the primary tool for data collection and the process of collecting data involved face to face interviews and group discussions. Data collected were coded and entered into Microsoft Excel and then transferred to Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS). To analyse data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The results of multiple regression analysis of relationship between irrigation farming and livelihood strategies showed that the independent variables were significantly related to livelihood strategies of the farmers with an F value of 8.067, p< 0.05 and R value of 0. 788 showed that there was strong correlation between the independent variable and the household livelihood strategies. Significant determinants were marital status (t= 2.43), number of household (t= 5.41), nonfarm activity (t=1.73) and income (t= 6.59). The probit model was used to determine the influence of the socio-economic variables on household food security status. The model has a good fit and significant with two explanatory' variables being significant while eleven variables were insignificant. The significant variables were income and Land. The results of Forster Greer Thorbecke showed that about (1.5%) of the respondents are living below the threshold of (R9.2) per day, while the per capital income of respondents that are below the poverty line needed to be increased by (0.5%) to meet the level of poverty line. The results also showed severity of (0.1%), this implied that the gap of respondents from the poverty line is very small. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Agric Economics) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2013

Thesis (M.Sc.(Crop Science) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2011

Hill farming systems in Scotland are the result of long evolution and adaptation to financial, social and political changes. Farming in the hills is a major contributor to rural industry and plays an important role in the economy, environment and social cohesion of these areas. However, it is fragile and has been dependent for many decades on high and continued levels of support payments. Agricultural land managers in these hill areas are also under increasing pressure from the other land use groups whose interests lie outside farming. With recent agricultural reforms, shifts in policy orientations regarding land use and changes in support, the future role of hill farming remains uncertain. This thesis sets out to examine the role of hill farming in this context of change, by investigating how hill farmers respond to changing policy, by understanding what other interested stakeholders expect from the hills, and exploring how hill farmers may have to adapt their farming system in response to these changes and expectations. Using an adaptive conjoint analysis method, stakeholders’ expectations have been assessed. Multivariate analysis and participative research with hill farmers have also been carried out, to typify their management responses to policy changes, using the 2003 CAP reform as an example. Stakeholders’ expectations and farmers’ types were then used in a linear programming optimisation model, to explore how hill farmers can maximise their financial margins under different policy and market change scenarios, and how their motivation is a drive towards adaptation. The results suggest that whilst livestock production is identified by stakeholders as one of the most important features for the hill areas, the continuity of livestock farming in the hills is threatened, as hill farmers are strongly affected by policy and market changes. This research also shows that there is a strong diversity in hill farming systems and in hill farmers’ management styles and motivations. That, perhaps, is one of the most important factors to acknowledge when formulating policies. This research also highlights the vulnerability of hill farming businesses (especially hill cattle production) to market price volatility, policy, subsidies and support changes, making it difficult for any hill farmer to withstand these fluctuations. Although different land uses, such as planting forestry, potentially bring substantial economic benefits, they are dependent upon many other restricting factors, including government grants, and require long-term commitment before benefits are seen. Integration of different land uses and productions could be one economic option for these areas, but a set of measures, perhaps including livestock-linked subsidies that recognise the diversity of hill farmers is needed, as well as options for hill farmers to be able to provide other public goods. Unless there is stability in market prices, a policy drive towards increasing efficiency, adequate subsidies and support and more readily attractive diversification options, including the provision of other ecosystem services linked to these grassland systems, this thesis suggests that there is a danger of hill land abandonment, a further decrease in hill farming activity, leading eventually to a decline in rural areas, not unlike many other marginal hill and mountain areas in the UK and Europe.