Le Grand hamster (Cricetus cricetus), l’un des mammifères les plus menacés d’Europe, est en voie d’extinction en France. Toutefois, nous manquons d’information sur les causes de son déclin et sur comment améliorer sa conservation. Durant ma thèse, je me suis intéressée à l’effet des cultures sur la reproduction du hamster. Les principaux résultats indiquent qu’une consommation importante de maïs conduit à une diminution drastique du succès reproducteur en raison d’une carence en vitamine B3. Une autre étude démontre que des associations de cultures (blé-soja ou maïs-tournesol) sont favorables au hamster et devraient être mises en place en Alsace. En parallèle, j’ai développé un tube anti-prédation (TAP) pour améliorer les passages à faune et reconnecter les populations sauvages. Des tests comportementaux ont révélé que les hamsters présentent des comportements audacieux face au prédateur, mais utilisent tout de même le TAP comme refuge, validant sa fonction anti-prédation. Le TAP sera maintenant mis en place dans plusieurs passages à faune en Alsace. Les résultats de cette thèse vont maintenant bénéficier à la conservation du hamster en France et en Europe. / The European hamster (Cricetus cricetus), one of the most endangered mammal in Europe, is on the verge of extinction in France. However, we are still lacking information on the causes of its decline and on how to improve its conservation. During my PhD, I therefore investigated for the nutritional effects of crops on hamsters’ fitness. The main results highlight that elevated maize consumption is severely reducing hamsters’ reproduction because of a major deficiency in vitamin B3. Then, I found that crop associations such as wheat-soybean and maize-sunflower are favorable to the species and should be implemented in the Alsace. I also developed an anti-predation tube (APT) that will serve to upgrade wildlife underpasses and ultimately allow to reconnect wild populations. Moreover, behavioral tests presented in this thesis reveal that hamsters display bold behaviors when facing a predator. Nonetheless, they use the APT as a refuge in such cases, which validated its anti-predatory function. Therefore, the APT will now be implemented in wildlife underpasses in the Alsace. Results of this PhD will now benefit the conservation of the species in France and in Europe.

Agrihoods are a recent trend in real estate development that integrate agricultural amenities - such as working farms, orchards, or community gardens - into residential or mixed-use communities. As an emergent trend, agrihoods have the potential to enhance farmland preservation and local and regional food systems, making them a ripe area for research. However, very little scholarly research has been carried out to characterize, contextualize or evaluate agrihood developments. Thus far, the development model has primarily been detailed in popular media sources. This thesis serves as a baseline study that seeks to understand how neighborhood food systems operate within agrihood developments and how residents engage with their agricultural amenities. A mixed-methods approach utilized an online survey for agrihood residents and interviews with developers and farm managers to describe a subset of agrihoods as case studies. Seventy-eight agrihoods were identified; six were selected for case study analysis, three of which provided results for the resident survey (n=388). Survey results indicate that the character of the community was a more important motivator for agrihood residents to move to their community compared to the agricultural amenities. While all vi case study agrihoods sell produce directly to consumers through a CSA, farm store, or both, few survey respondents indicated they were CSA members or regularly shopped at the neighborhood farm store, with cost and convenience identified as the biggest barriers. While resident engagement with the neighborhood farm may be limited, charging an annual resident fee to support the farm – an approach taken by four out six case study communities – may provide a guaranteed revenue source to the farm amidst low levels of resident engagement with the agrihoods’ sales outlets. Interviewees provided insight into the nuances of operating agrihood farms, enhancing resident engagement, and the spatial design of communities. The results of this thesis can help agrihood developers and managers, and land-use regulators to further understand this new development model. Furthermore, the findings in this thesis provide avenues for future research on how agrihoods contribute to farmland preservation and local and regional food systems.

This thesis examines the factors that affect the market price and rent for agricultural land in the district Mikroregionu Hlinecko, whitch is also going through the PLA Žďárské vrchy. The task is to conduct a survey of real estate market and analyze information obtained. The thesis aims to determine the factors that contribute to the market price and the level of rents.

abstract: The science community has made efforts for over a half century to address sustainable development, which gave birth to sustainability science at the turn of the twenty-first century. Along with the development of sustainability science during the past two decades, a landscape sustainability science (LSS) perspective has been emerging. As interests in LSS continue to grow rapidly, scholars are wondering what LSS is about and how LSS fits into sustainability science, while practitioners are asking how LSS actually contributes to sustainability in the real world. To help address these questions, this dissertation research aims to explore the currently underused problem-driven, diagnostic approach to enhancing landscape sustainability through an empirical example of urbanization-associated farmland loss (UAFL). Based mainly on multimethod analysis of bibliographic information, the dissertation explores conceptual issues such as how sustainability science differs from conventional sustainable development research, and how the past, present, and future research needs of LSS evolve. It also includes two empirical studies diagnosing the issue of urban expansion and the related food security concern in the context of China, and proposes a different problem framing for farmland preservation such that stakeholders can be more effectively mobilized. The most important findings are: (1) Sustainability science is not “old wine in a new bottle,” and in particular, is featured by its complex human-environment systems perspective and value-laden transdisciplinary perspective. (2) LSS has become a vibrant emerging field since 2004-2006 with over three-decade’s intellectual accumulation deeply rooted in landscape ecology, yet LSS has to further embrace the two featured perspectives of sustainability science and to conduct more problem-driven, diagnostic studies of concrete landscape-relevant sustainability concerns. (3) Farmland preservationists’ existing problem framing of UAFL is inappropriate for its invalid causal attribution (i.e., urban expansion is responsible for farmland loss; farmland loss is responsible for decreasing grain production; and decreasing grain production instead of increasing grain demand is responsible for grain self-insufficiency); the real problem with UAFL is social injustice due to collective action dilemma in preserving farmland for regional and global food sufficiency. The present research provides broad implications for landscape scientists, the sustainability research community, and UAFL stakeholders. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Sustainability 2020

Widespread extinction is a critical threat to biodiversity and is largely caused by human overexploitation of habitat and populations. A widely used and hence well studied organism group for indication of biodiversity is birds. In Europe especially, farmland specialists have suffered from intensified agricultural practices such as increase of monoculture, use of pesticides, and heavy machinery. This has been shown to be partly caused by an EU legislation called the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). A specific type of farmland, termed High Nature Value (HNV) farmland, seems to be particularly advantageous for farmland specialist birds and makes up an important conservation target. The current study was done in the Natura2000 reserve Târnava Mare, Romania, to find out which habitat types play an essential role for occurrence of farmland species. Farmlands in Târnava Mare are highly diverse in structure, characterizing a mosaic of grassland, meadows and fields, and low-intensity farming practices. With bird point count survey data from 2015 to 2019, I evaluated the effect of different habitat types on five species listed in the Farmland Bird Indicator (FBI) and as farmland specialists: red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio), yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella), Eurasian skylark (Alauda arvensis), Eurasian tree sparrow (Passer montanus), and common whitethroat (Sylvia communis). I compared habitat proportion in presence and absence of the species for 2019’s data with Mann-Whitney tests. They all showed significant results for meadow proportion. All species except the common whitethroat showed significant results for crop proportion, while only two species (red-backed shrike and yellowhammer) showed significant results for scrub. Independent of which habitat type was tested (meadow, crop or scrub), all species with significant result – except for Eurasian skylark with a negative relationship in crop habitat - showed a positive response to a higher proportion of the tested habitat. The same species except Eurasian tree sparrow were modelled with the generalized N-mixture model of Dail and Madsen (2011) to evaluate what is influencing abundance, recruitment rates, survival probabilities and detectability over five years. The day of the season affected the detectability of almost all species. The effect of habitat on recruitment rate and survival probability, however, could only be shown for yellowhammer. For the latter, proportion of meadow affected recruitment and proportion of reed affected survival. In conclusion, the presence of species seems to be generally higher in habitats associated with low-intensity farming on the single season scale. Over time, however, a significant effect on population dynamic parameters for the same species could not be shown for most species. This could be a result of insufficient data for each year, too few years of data, or that the tested habitat types are not affecting these parameters over time.

Post-mining land use potentials are greatly influenced by mine soil properties. I analyzed and classified coal mine soils in SW VA and mineral sands mine soils in SE VA to aid development of appropriate post-mining land use interpretations. For coal mine soils, long-term pedogenesis was assessed in sandstone (SS) and/or siltstone (SiS) spoils with and without surface amendments. For mineral sands mined lands, I evaluated their spatial variability with respect to underlying relic mining influences and rowcrop productivity. Coal mine subsoils densified as root-limiting layers formed that were not observed initially and all soils had weak pedogenic development (^Bw; cambic horizons), particularly SS derived soils. Initial rock spoil type strongly influenced coal mine soils over time (i.e., SS had coarser textures and lower subsoil pH vs. SiS). However, most soil chemical properties (e.g., pH, EC, CEC) became similar in ^A horizons over time. Fe-oxides increased, and extractable-P decreased with weathering, raising concerns for long-term P-availability. Organic amendments applied to rock spoil surfaces sustained higher total-N (sawdust and biosolids) and extractable P (biosolids). Soil carbon sequestration rates did not differ among rock types or amendments (0.16 to 0.28 Mg ha yr-1). Further, mineral sands mine soils were limited by densic contacts and short-range variability of important properties (texture) appeared related to underlying relic mining features (pits and berms). Yields in reclaimed soils were more variable than in adjacent undisturbed farmland, but mean yields were only slightly reduced for soybean in 2020. Coloration and Fe-oxide spectral indices had weak to moderate negative correlations with yield. Berm positions supported better soybean growth (three out of five sites), while pit positions were redder/darker (one out of five sites). Current Soil Taxonomy conveys anthropogenic origins at the family (e.g., spolic) and subgroup (e.g., Anthroportic) levels. Existing taxa and proposed Artesols order criteria both acknowledge effective soil depth x compaction limitations (Anthrodensic subgroup), but Artesols more effectively recognizes pedogenesis (Inceptic subgroup) and acknowledges mine soils at the highest level. The biggest management limitation for both mine soil types is root-limiting compaction; thus, future efforts should focus on defining depth ranges and taxonomic interpretations for densic contacts. / Doctor of Philosophy / Surface mining results in drastic disturbances to the original soil, land, and water features. Actual impacts vary due to local site conditions and methods used for mineral extraction and reclamation. Advancing reclamation science requires an understanding of the resulting mine soil properties and how they vary spatially and develop over time. This research program involved two very different mining scenarios and resultant mine soil types in Virginia that were both evaluated in terms of soil properties, taxonomic placements, and land use interpretations. First, I assessed Appalachian coal mine soils in southwestern Virginia following 34 years of soil development in sandstone (SS) and/or siltstone (SiS) derived overburden with and without surface amendments. Over time, rocky mine spoils transformed into weakly developed soil profiles, commonly with four to five total distinct layers (horizons), along with apparent "self-compacted" layers at depth. SS soils were coarser textured with somewhat better subsoil structure, while SiS soils were finer textured and had higher subsoil pH. However, many chemical properties were similar in the soil surface. Organic amendments and topsoil return imparted only subtle differences over time. A secondary objective was to assess mineral sands mine soils, which originate from recombined Coastal Plain sediments. Due to the nature of their wet deposition during final reclamation, these mine soils exhibited high variability across local landforms. Soil profiles over former berm positions were composed mostly of sandier materials, while pit positions had more variable materials and features. Reclaimed rowcrop yields were moderately correlated with bare soil remotely sensed variables. Soils in pit positions were redder in color due to higher clay. While yields were variable, especially in drier years, berms appeared to support better soybean growth, but results were inconsistent across fields. For both mine soil types, root-limiting compaction is their biggest impediment to productive use. Forestry is the predominant post-mining land use on former coal mines, while rowcrop production is becoming more common on former minerals sands mines. Since these two different post-mining environments present unique challenges for correctly interpreting their post-disturbance land-uses, it is important to convey their special properties (e.g., densic contacts) and limitations in their classification.

<p dir="ltr">The expected rapid development of renewable energy in the United States has raised concerns about its effects on farmland prices, yet there is little empirical evidence on the impact of solar energy development on farmland prices. This study aims to examine the heterogenous impact of commercial and utility-scale solar energy on farmland prices in Indi- ana. Drawing on farmland transactions from 2015 to 2020, we employ quantile and expectile hedonic price regressions to estimate the heterogeneous impact of proximity to solar energy facilities across the conditional price distribution. This study finds an inverse, non-linear relation between the proximity to solar energy and per acre land prices. We find that solar farms provide a premium to neighboring farmland parcels. However, this premium is heterogenous, with higher premiums on parcels with higher conditional prices. As we move across the higher conditional expectiles, we observe a price drop ranging from 0.8% (0.1 expectile) to 1.8% (0.9 expectile) for an additional mile increase from neighboring solar farms. Similarly, price premium for a proximity to solar energy is as high as 2.1% for 99th expectile farmland price. Thus, policymakers should consider the effect of solar energy to avoid potential damage on agricultural production and land price movements.</p>

我國為配合加入WTO，紓緩日後大量農產品開放進口，對本土農地利用管理與農業生產所帶來的衝擊，政府乃大幅度修正農業發展條例（以下簡稱農發條例），以為因應。該條例及配套法案業於民國八十九年一月四日、六日及十三日經立法院三讀通過，並由總統於同年一月二十六日公布施行。本次農發條例之修正要點，在農地政策方面，主要側重於農地合理的利用、有效地管理與適當的釋出，其中最大的轉變在於調整為「放寬農地農有，落實農地農用」原則，不再限制農地移轉承受人之身份與資格，並有條件地許可農企業法人承受農地。這樣的變革，旨在建立更為開放競爭的耕地買賣市場，增進耕地的流動性，以利農業經營者取得耕地，調整農業經營結構，應值贊同。然而，條文內容有無疏漏不妥？仍有待深入檢討；條文原則性的規定能否落實？尚待相關法令的配合修訂，方能儘速建立合理農地利用、管理與釋出機制，以確保我國的農業發展。 　　緣此，本研究乃就農發條例之研修條文內容，深入探析農地政策與移轉規定之轉變，同時藉由實地調查（問卷調查與深度訪談）及拜訪農政等單位，以瞭解移轉制度變遷之實施現況及其對農業經營之影響程度，並訪察農業經營者之意向及博採各方之想法，據以確實地檢視現行農地移轉制度有關之爭議與問題，再提出研修現行條文、修訂行政命令及研議配合措施等改進意見，冀能有助於促進農地合理利用，並供後續法律修正、執行之參考。最後，再綜合本研究之成果，推衍以下結論： 　　一、調整農地農有制度係時勢潮流，農地農用管理機制應詳加落實。 　　二、實證調查發現，受訪者大抵認同目前農地移轉制度之變革規定，惟對促進農地流動及帶動農業升級助益不大。 　　三、引進農企業法人承受耕地之成效不彰，且牽涉法令繁多，亟待整合修訂。 　　四、制度規則未能公平提供誘因，且未能有效減低執行面之不確定性，應儘速檢討改進並確實執行之。 　　五、農民與農企業法人普遍欠缺對相關法令資訊的瞭解，應加強相關人員之專業訓練與宣傳輔導。 　　此外，在研究過程中，發現仍有相關課題有待未來後續研究，以促使農地更有效利用管理，並能確保農業永續發展，建議如下： 　　一、健全農企業法人承受耕地之管理制度。 　　二、建構重要農業區之區分與保護機制。 　　三、進一步研究農業產銷班與農地利用之關聯性。 / For joining WTO and moderating the impact of the import of agricultural products on agricultural lands use and, management and production, our government reacted by revising the Agricultural Development Act (ADA). The ADA has been revised by the Legislative Yuan on January 4 and promulgated by the Presidential Decree on January 26, 2000. The main point of the revision is to emphasis on reasonable farmland uses, effective management and adequate release of the land regulations in the agricultural policy. The main change is to adjust ADA’s principle from “the right to own and use farmland to be limited to the farmer” to “the release of the restriction on farmland transferee and realization of the substantial farmland uses.” The revision does no longer set a limit to the status and qualification of transferees and permits the transferable rights of agribusiness on some certain conditions. It is approved that the revision is to establish a more open and competitive arable land market, to improve the liquidity of arable lands, to facilitate the acquirement of arable lands for agribusiness, and to adjust the agricultural production structure. However, we should review the completeness and realization of the revised ADA after the promulgation in order to assure the agricultural development. 　　Therefore, the main purpose of this thesis is to probe into the change of the agricultural land policy and transfer regulation from the provisions of the revised ADA, examine the exercising of transfer system change and its influence on agricultural operation, investigate the intention of agricultural managers for reviewing the relative debates and issues, and then offer some advice as references of revision in the future. The conclusion is described as follows: 　　1.It is a trend of the times to adjust the transfer system that the right to own and use farmland is limited to the farmer, and the mechanism of assuring the substantial farmland uses should be realized. 　　2.From empirical research, the interviewees almost agree to the new agricultural land transfer system, but think that it is not useful for accelerating the liquidity and promoting the level of agricultural industry. 　　3.It is not significant on introducing agribusiness to be the transferee of arable lands, and it is necessary for our government to integrate too many relative and complicated laws. 　　4.We should review and implement the revised ADA because the rules themselves cannot provide fair incentives and effectively reduce the uncertainty from exercising it. 　　5.Farmers and agribusinesses lack the knowledge of relative laws, so the government should enhance them the professional training and give them consultant service. 　　In addition, from this research, we also found that some issues need to be studied for effective management of agricultural lands and sustainable development of agricultural industry in the future. 　　1.How to sound the management institution when agribusinesses want to be the transferee of arable lands. 　　2.How to designate important agricultural zones and establish protection mechanism. 　　3.Study the correlation between the agricultural product marketing class and agricultural land uses.

No description available.

１９５０年代，中、韓兩國均針對地權不均與惡劣的租佃制度，進行土地改革，中華 民國台灣地區首先改善租佃制度，繼之推行耕者有其田政策。大韓民國則在消除租佃 制與創設自耕農的原則之下，實行農地改革。由於兩國所採取的改進措施有些不同， 而顯示不同的結果，隨著農業環境之變化，而面臨了新的租佃問題。於是筆者乃著眼 兩國之租佃問題之所在與已實行的改進措施，並比較分析相類點與相異點，導出相互 可供借鏡之處，以探尋向後租佃制之改進方向。 租佃制度與各種農業問題相互涉及的範圍相當廣泛，因此，本文的研究範圍限於租佃 制度之實態與已推行的改進措施。採用比較研究法，蒐集相關資料，進行整理分析， 俾能了解兩國的租佃制，並提出改進意見，以供兩國之參考。 第一章導論，分析本論文之研究動機、目的目、方法及範圍。 第二章首先諭論及租佃問題之所在與其改進措施，加以說明租佃制與農地利用關係。 第三、四章探討中、韓兩國之租佃制，分析農地改革前之租佃問題，加以說明其改善 措施與結果。 第五章比較分析，探討農地改革以來租佃制之演變過程與問題之背景等，加以比較兩 國所採用的改進措施與當前課題。 第六章提出改進意見，做為結論與建議。