Deutschland ist wegen seiner verlässlichen Außenpolitik ein weltweit angesehener Partner. Jedoch gelingt es der deutschen Außenpolitik momentan nicht, mit den Entwicklungen der globalisierten Welt Schritt zu halten. Bei wichtigen Themen hat die deutsche Regierung zu selten versucht, Stellung zu beziehen. Die Fähigkeit zur friedlichen Konfliktlösung muss Hauptanliegen unserer Außenpolitik sein. Als Grundlage dafür muss ein ständiger Dialog auch mit den Ländern, die unsere Werte nicht teilen, vorangetrieben werden.

Die Arbeit behandelt die Entwicklung der sächsischen FDP seit 1990. SIe geht der Frage nach, wie und ob es den Liberalen gelang, nach den desaströsen Wahlergebnissen in den 1990er Jahren im politischen System Sachsen eine Etablierung zu erzielen.

Syfte: Syftet med denna laborativa pilotstudie var att undersöka huruvida en misfit mellan ettimplantat och en skruvretinerad bro ökade risken för sprickor och chip-off frakturer i porslinet, samt risken för uppskruvning av implantatskruvarna.Material och metod: Tjugo stycken implantatstödda skruvretinerade femledsbroar tillverkades i titan med ytporslin. Provkropparna fördelades lika mellan en testgrupp och en kontrollgrupp. I testgruppen skapades en misfit på 150 μm mellan bron och implantatet vid position 5.Provkropparna genomgick artificiellt åldrande i en cyklisk belastningsmaskin i 100 000 cykler.Synliga sprickor och chip-off frakturer noterades under och efter testet och skruvarna kontrollerades gällande uppskruvning.Resultat: Synliga sprickor i porslinet uppstod signifikant mer frekvent i testgruppen i jämförelse med kontrollgruppen. Nio broar i testgruppen uppvisade sprickor jämfört med en bro i kontrollgruppen. Tre chip-off frakturer uppstod i testgruppen jämfört med noll i kontrollgruppen, skillnaden var inte statistiskt signifikant. Vid kontroll av implantatskruvarna sågs inga signifikanta skillnader mellan varken implantatpositioner eller grupper gällande retorque-värde. Inga av skruvarna var lösa.Slutsats: Inom denna studies begränsningar tyder resultaten på att närvaron av en misfit mellan implantat och överkonstruktion kan öka risken för sprickbildning och/eller chip-off frakturer. Vidare studier krävs för att bekräfta dessa resultat. / Aim: The aim of this laboratory pilot study was to investigate whether a misfit between an implant and a FDP increase the risk of cracks, chip-off fractures and screw loosening of screw-retained implant-supported FDPs.Material and Method: Twenty screw-retained five-unit implant-supported FDPs were made intitanium with veneering porcelain. The specimens were evenly distributed into a test and control group. In the test group a misfit of 150 μm was created between the implant and FDP at position 5. All specimens underwent artificial aging in a cyclic loading machine for 100 000 cycles. Visible cracks and chip-off fractures were recorded during and after the test and the specimens were controlled for screw loosening.Results: Visible cracks within the porcelain veneer occurred significantly more often in the test group compared to the control group. Nine FDPs in the test group presented visible cracks, compared to one in the control group. Three chip-off fractures were recorded in the test group, none in the control group. This difference was not statistically significant. The retorque values of the screws presented no statistical significant differences neither between the implant positions nor the groups. None of the screws in the groups were loose.Conclusion: Within the limitations of this pilot study the results indicate that the presence of amisfit may increase the risk of cracking and/or chip-off fractures. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Analytic and force-directed placement methods that simultaneously minimize wire length and spread cells are receiving renewed attention from both academia and industry. However, these methods are by no means trivial to implement---to date, published works have failed to provide sufficient engineering details to replicate results. This dissertation addresses the implementation of a generic force-directed placer entitled FDP. Specifically, this thesis provides (1) a description of efficient force computation for spreading cells, (2) an illustration of numerical instability in this method and a means to avoid the instability, (3) metrics for measuring cell distribution throughout the placement area, and (4) a complementary technique that aids in minimizing wire length. FDP is compared to Kraftwerk and other leading academic tools including Capo, Dragon, and mPG for both standard cell and mixed-size circuits. Wire lengths produced by FDP are found to be, on average, up to 9% and 3% better than Kraftwerk and Capo, respectively. All told, this thesis confirms the validity and applicability of the approach, and provides clarifying details of the intricacies surrounding the implementation of a force-directed global placer.

Analytic and force-directed placement methods that simultaneously minimize wire length and spread cells are receiving renewed attention from both academia and industry. However, these methods are by no means trivial to implement---to date, published works have failed to provide sufficient engineering details to replicate results. This dissertation addresses the implementation of a generic force-directed placer entitled FDP. Specifically, this thesis provides (1) a description of efficient force computation for spreading cells, (2) an illustration of numerical instability in this method and a means to avoid the instability, (3) metrics for measuring cell distribution throughout the placement area, and (4) a complementary technique that aids in minimizing wire length. FDP is compared to Kraftwerk and other leading academic tools including Capo, Dragon, and mPG for both standard cell and mixed-size circuits. Wire lengths produced by FDP are found to be, on average, up to 9% and 3% better than Kraftwerk and Capo, respectively. All told, this thesis confirms the validity and applicability of the approach, and provides clarifying details of the intricacies surrounding the implementation of a force-directed global placer.

Submitted by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-10-20T15:00:31Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação JAINA OLIVEIRA.pdf: 685670 bytes, checksum: af55fa07ae834cea2ed50ad3337b6e38 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-10-20T15:00:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação JAINA OLIVEIRA.pdf: 685670 bytes, checksum: af55fa07ae834cea2ed50ad3337b6e38 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-20T15:00:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação JAINA OLIVEIRA.pdf: 685670 bytes, checksum: af55fa07ae834cea2ed50ad3337b6e38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Faculdade de Medicina de Petrópolis. Faculdade Arthur Sá Earp Neto. Docente / Esta dissertação discute a atenção básica de Niterói, enfocando na transição do Programa Médico de Família (PMF) para Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF). O PMF foi implantado em 1992 no município de Niterói e possui características próprias, relacionadas ao desenvolvimento desse nível de atenção no âmbito local. A ESF implantada com essa configuração a partir de 2006 tem como um dos seus principais objetivos, estruturar a atenção básica do país. O estudo buscou investigar: o que pensam os atores sociais (profissionais da saúde e da gestão), sobre a transição do PMF para ESF? A análise dos dados se processou com base na leitura e discussão dos relatórios finais das Conferências Municipais de Saúde (CMS); na observação da 7ªCMS e nas entrevistas realizadas. Para análise dos dados foram estabelecidas três categorias: modelo assistencial; participação da população e processo de trabalho, que emergiram com os dados do campo. Os resultados apontaram que o município está em transição, para implementação da ESF. Foram identificadas características do PMF e da ESF. Na categoria modelo assistencial, foram identificadas mudanças: o aumento da população adscrita, da cobertura, aumento da equipe, diminuição das atividades de campo e concomitância de modelos (o hegemônico e o alternativo com o PMF e a ESF). Na categoria participação da população, consta a diminuição desta e a falta de consenso com relação à cogestão. Na categoria processo de trabalho, foram identificadas questões sobre a forma de contratação, ligadas ao modelo de gestão e questões relacionadas às mudanças no processo de trabalho, com a diminuição de visitas domiciliares e o aumento da população atendida. Os dados da pesquisa indicam o cenário complexo que a atenção básica está se desenvolvendo no país. Revela-se particularidades na implementação da ESF que extrapolam uma noção única, visto que cada município tem uma singularidade na sua implantação. Sugerem-se mais estudos, considerando o nível local, a fim de captar as particularidades e o desenvolvimento da atenção básica nos diferentes municípios do país. Assim como, mais estudos sobre o acompanhamento dos modelos alternativos e sua relação com os processos de trabalho. Esta pesquisa pretende contribuir também com a memória da Atenção Básica de Niterói / This thesis discusses the structure of Niterói‘s basic health care, focusing on the transition from the Niterói`s Family Doctor Program (FDP) to the Family Health Strategy (FHS). The FDP was established in 1992 in the city and has its own characteristics, related to its attention level in the local scope. The FHS, which was deployed in this configuration since 2006, has as one of its main the objectives the Basic Health Care structuration in the country. The study aimed to investigate what the social stakeholders (health and management professionals) think about the transition from FDP to FHS. The data analysis takes place through the reading and discussion of the final reports of the Municipal Health Conference (CMS); on the 7ªCMS observation and on interviews with professionals and health managers. There were three categories established for data analysis that emerged with the field data. The results indicated that the city is in transition for FHS implementation. Characteristics have been identified from FDP and FHS. In the assistance model category, changes have been identified: the increase in registered population, the increase of the coverage, increased staff, reduction in field activities and concomitant models (the hegemonic and the alternative with the FDP and the FHS). In the population's participation category, the field data indicate that there has been a decrease in participation and a lack of consensus in relation to the co-management. In the work process category, questions were identified about the hiring process, linked to the management model and issues related to changes in the labor process, with a decrease on home visits and increased population served. The survey data indicate aspects of how this level of care is developing in this country. It revealed particularities on the FHS implementation that goes beyond a single notion, since each municipality has a singularity on the model implementation. It is suggested further studies considering the local level in order to capture the characteristics and the development of basic health care in the different municipalities of the country. As well as more studies on the monitoring of alternative models and its relation to the work processes. This study also aims to contribute to the memory of Niterói`s Basic Health Care

Die Arbeit behandelt die Entwicklung der sächsischen FDP seit 1990. SIe geht der Frage nach, wie und ob es den Liberalen gelang, nach den desaströsen Wahlergebnissen in den 1990er Jahren im politischen System Sachsen eine Etablierung zu erzielen.

No description available.

Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur olika axiala tryck och skjuvkrafter påverkade marginal och intern passform i en sexledsbro i titan i överkäkens frontregion.Material och metod: En litteratursökning gjordes för att insamla bakgrundsmaterial. Stödtänderna 13 12 11 21 22 23 preparerades på en plastmodell för en sexledsbro och en anatomiskt utformad bro i titan framställdes med hjälp CAD/CAM. En mastermodell av stödtänderna tillverkades i epoxyresin. Genom att använda replikateknik utvärderades brons passform vid olika cementeringstryck; 20, 35, 50, 70 N och 50 N med skjuvkrafter. Varje replika snittades med hjälp av en ”jig” och cementspalten analyserades i ett mikroskop. All data granskades statistiskt.Resultat: Resultatet visade att ett tryck med 20 N generellt gav en ej acceptabel passform och ett tryck med 35 N hade en stor spridning. Vid tryck med 50 N kunde mindre cementspalter ses. De blev inte mindre vid test med 70 N. När skjuvkrafter adderades försämrades resultaten jämfört med försöken med 50 N och 70 N.Konklusion: Ett tryck vid cementering som överstiger 50 N förbättrar ej passformen markant. Närvaro av skjuvkrafter påverkar passformen negativt. Ett lägre tryck på 20 N ger dock en mindre fördelaktig passform jämfört med skjuvkrafter förutsatt att ett tillräckligt högt tryck används. Alla slutsatser var statistiskt signifikanta. / Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how different axial seating loads and shear loads influences the marginal and internal fit of a titanium six unit FDP in the upper jaw frontal region.Materials and Methods: A literature search was made to acquire background material. Preparations of abutment teeth for a six unit FDP 13 12 11 21 22 23 were made on plastic teeth, and an anatomically designed titanium FDP was constructed using CAD/CAM. A master cast of the abutment teeth was fabricated in epoxy resin. Using the impression replica technique the fit of the FDP was evaluated by different seating loads during cementation; 20, 35, 50, 70 N and 50 N under the presence of shear loads. The replicas were sectioned using a jig and the cement gap was analysed using a microscope. All the data were statistically analysed.Results: The results showed that a seating load of 20 N generally gave an unacceptable fit and that the seating load of 35 N had great range. At seating loads of 50 N less cement gaps could be seen, i.e. more favourable fit. These results did not improve when testing with 70 N. With a presence of shear loads the results were poorer than when testing with 50 and 70 N.Conclusions: A seating load exceeding 50 N during cementation does not markedly give a more favourable fit. The presence of shear loads affects the fit negatively. A lower seating load of 20 N gives a less favourable fit compared to shear loads provided that a seating load high enough is used. All of these conclusions were statistically significant.

In daily activities, hand use is dominated by individuated thumb and finger movements, and by grasping. This thesis focused on the level of ???independence??? of the digits and its relationship to hand grasps, from the level of the motor units to the level of synergistic grasping forces. Four major studies were conducted in healthy adult volunteers. First, spike-triggered averages of forces produced by single motor units in flexor pollicis longus (FPL) in a grasp posture showed small but significant loading of the index, but not other fingers. This reflected a neural rather than anatomical coupling, as intramuscular stimulation produced minimal effect in any finger. Also, FPL had a surprisingly large number of low-force motor units and this may account for the thumb???s exceptional dexterity and force stability compared with the fingers. Second, independent control of extensor digitorum (ED) was more limited than flexor digitorum profundus (FDP), as more ED motor units of a ???test??? finger were recruited inadvertently by extension than by flexion of adjacent digits. Third, ???force enslavement??? in maximal voluntary tasks was greater in digit extension than flexion. The distribution of force enslavement (and deficits) matched the pattern of daily use of the digits (alone and in combination), and reveals a neural control system which preferentially lifts fingers together from an object by extension but allows an individual digit to flex to contact an object so the finger pads can engage in exploration and grasping. Finally, during grasping, irrespective of whether a digit had been lifted from the object, coherence among forces generated by the digits was similar. In addition, the coherence between finger forces was independent of any contraction of the thumb, was stable over 2 months, and required no learning. The pattern of coherence between digital grasping forces may be closely related to the level of digit independence and daily use. Overall, the grasp synergy was remarkably invariant over the various tasks and over time. In summary, this thesis demonstrates novel aspects of the properties of FPL, the lack of complete independence of the digits, and robustness in the production of flexion forces in hand grasps.